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Tenkasi Travel Guide - http://www.ixigo.com/travel-guide/tenkasi page 1 Sep When To Cold weather. Carry Heavy woollen. Tenkasi Max: 21.0°C Min: 19.5°C Rain: 15.0mm Tenkasi is a lovely town in Tamil Oct Nadu, located on the foothills of VISIT Pleasant weather. Carry Light woollen, umbrella. the Western Ghats. The enthralling http://www.ixigo.com/weather-in-tenkasi-lp-1064261 Max: 28.9°C Min: 25.6°C Rain: 78.0mm beauty of Courtallam Waterfalls is a sight not to be missed, while the Nov Jan Cold weather. Carry Heavy woollen. healing spas rejuvenate your mind Pleasant weather. Carry Light woollen. Max: 22.4°C Min: 18.9°C Rain: 3.0mm and body. Famous For : City Max: 27.1°C Min: 23.0°C Rain: 0.0mm Dec Feb Traverse through the hilly terrains of this Pleasant weather. Carry Light woollen. Cold weather. Carry Heavy woollen. Max: 25.0°C Min: 20.1°C Rain: 15.0mm scenic town as the resplendent waterfalls Max: 23.7°C Min: 16.5°C Rain: 0.0mm wash away your worries. The town is especially famous for its Ulagamman Mar Temple, devoted to Lord Shiva and hailed as Cold weather. Carry Heavy woollen. What To having the second highest gopuram in Tamil Max: 20.6°C Min: 14.7°C Rain: 6.0mm Nadu. In terms of trade, this agriculture- Apr SEE dominated town offers good textiles and Cold weather. Carry Heavy woollen. 5 Sights jewelery. Max: 19.2°C Min: 18.0°C Rain: 0.0mm http://www.ixigo.com/places-to-visit-see-in-tenkasi-lp-1064261 May 1 Courtallam Falls Pleasant weather. Carry Light woollen. Max: 23.5°C Min: 19.1°C Rain: 0.0mm 2 Bhagya Lakshmi Jun Cold weather. Carry Heavy woollen. Max: 13.8°C Min: 22.6°C Rain: 0.0mm 57, East Car Street, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India Jul Cold weather. Carry Heavy woollen. 3 Padamam Cinema Max: 17.5°C Min: 18.4°C Rain: 15.0mm This Pdf and its contents are copyright © 2013,ixigo.com, all rights reserved. ixigo logo, the Tenkasi, Tamil Nadu, India character and all other marks displayed herein are Aug registered and/or common law trademarks of ixigo.com and/or third parties. Cold weather. Carry Heavy woollen. Max: 20.7°C Min: 14.2°C Rain: 9.0mm 4 Kashi Vishwanathan Temple Tenkasi Travel Guide - http://www.ixigo.com/travel-guide/tenkasi page 2 Central Town, Library Road, 43, Mattappa Street Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India 04633 283328 5 Vadakathiamman Kovil Vadakathiamman Temple, Poochakkapatti, Tamil Nadu, India Where To Eat 5 Places http://www.ixigo.com/foods-in-of-tenkasi-lp-1064261 1 Hotel New Arya Bhawan Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India 2 Arbind Restaurant 3 Dosai Stall Tiruchendur - Palayamkottai - Ambasamudram - Tenkasi - Courtallam - Shencottah Road, Tenkasi, Tamil Nadu, India 4 Akshaya Restaurant Akshaya Restaurant, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India 5 ask food tenkasi.

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ANSWERED ON:11.05.2005 AUTOMATIC and MODERN TELEPHONE EXCHANGES in TAMIL NADU Kharventhan Shri Salarapatty Kuppusamy
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO:6879 ANSWERED ON:11.05.2005 AUTOMATIC AND MODERN TELEPHONE EXCHANGES IN TAMIL NADU Kharventhan Shri Salarapatty Kuppusamy Will the Minister of COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY be pleased to state: (a) the details of automatic and modern telephone exchanges set up in Tamil Nadu during the last three years, location- wise; (b) the details of such exchanges proposed to be set up in Tamil Nadu during the current year; (c) the details of the telephone exchanges whose capacities were expanded in the current financial year; and (d) the details of telephone exchanges where waiting list for telephone connection still exists? Answer THE MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS ANDINFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (DR. SHAKEEL AHMAD) (a) The details of automatic and modern telephone exchanges set up in Tamilnadu during the last three years are given in the Annexures- I(a), I(b) & I(c). (b) The details of such exchanges proposed to be set up in Tamilnadu during the current year are given in Annexure-II. (c) The details of the telephone exchanges whose capacities were expanded in the current financial year are given at Annexure-III. (d) The details of telephone exchanges where waiting list for telephone connection still exists are given in Annexure- IV. ANNEXURE-I(a) DETAILS OF TELEPHONE EXCHANGES SET UP DURING 2002-03 IN TAMILNADU Sl Name of Exchange Capacity Type/Technology District No.(Location) 1 Avinashi-II 4000 CDOTMBMXL Coimbatore 2 K.P.Pudur
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Annexure-District Survey Report
TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT PROFILE Tirunelveli district is bounded by Virudhunagar district in the north, Thoothukudi district in the east, in the south by Gulf of Mannar and by Kerala State in the west and Kanniyakumari in the southwest. The District lies between 08º08'09’’N to 09º24'30’’N Latitude, 77º08'30’’E to 77º58'30’’E Longitude and has an areal extent of 6810 sq.km. There are 19 Blocks, 425 Villages and 2579 Habitations in the District. District Map of Tirunelveli District Google Map of Tirunelveli District Administrative Details Tirunelveli district is divided into 9 taluks. The taluks are further divided into 19 blocks, which further divided into 586 villages. Basin and sub-basin The district is part of the composite east flowing river basin,“ Between Vaippar and Nambiar ” as per the Irrigation Atlas of India. Tambarabarani, Vaipar and Nambiar are the important Sub-basins. Drainage Thamarabarani, Nambiar, Chittar and Karamaniar are the important rivers draining the district. amarabarani originating from Papanasam flows thorough the district.The Nambiyar river originates in the eastern slopes of the Western ghats near Nellikalmottai about 9.6 km west of Tirukkurugundi village at an altitude of about 1060 m amsl At the foot of the hills, the river is divided into two arms. The main arm is joined by Tamarabarani at the foothills. Chittar originates near Courtallam and flows through Tenkasi and confluences with Tamarabarani. The hilly terrains have resulted in number of falls in the district. There are three major falls in ManimuttarReservoir catchments area and there are few falls in the Tamarabarani river also.
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Sengottai Final Report Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu - 1
City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sengottai Final Report Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu - 1 - 1 PROJECT OVERVIEW 1.1 ASSIGNMENT BACKGROUND The World Bank has been a partner in urban reform program of Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN) with engagement through Tamil Nadu Urban Development Project (TNUDP) - TNUDP-I, TNUDP-II and TNUDP-III (in progress). Towards taking forward the urban reform agenda, the GoTN is now implementing the TNUDP-III with focus on furthering the reforms initiated under TNUDP-II. The Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited (TNUIFSL), as a financial intermediary, intends to assist the Commissioner of Municipal Administration (CMA) in strengthening and improving the financial position of its Municipalities for effective capital investment management and urban service delivery. These towns possess a good potential for implementation of such financial reforms for which it is essential to formulate a City Corporate Cum Business Plan. The CMA has started the process of capacity building in Municipalities through this process to enhance the vision of the ULBs in growth of their towns. The TNUIFSL has appointed M/s. Community Consulting India Private Limited (CCI) to prepare City Corporate Cum Business Plan (CCBP) for Sengottai Municipality. 1.1.1 CITY CORPORATE PLAN A City Corporate Plan (CCP) is the ULB’s corporate strategy that presents both a vision of a desired future perspective for the city and the ULB’s organization, and mission statements on how the ULB, together with other stakeholders, intends to work towards achieving their long- term vision in the next ten years. A CCP translates mission into actions and actions into outcomes.
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I Year Dkh11 : History of Tamilnadu Upto 1967 A.D
M.A. HISTORY - I YEAR DKH11 : HISTORY OF TAMILNADU UPTO 1967 A.D. SYLLABUS Unit - I Introduction : Influence of Geography and Topography on the History of Tamil Nadu - Sources of Tamil Nadu History - Races and Tribes - Pre-history of Tamil Nadu. SangamPeriod : Chronology of the Sangam - Early Pandyas – Administration, Economy, Trade and Commerce - Society - Religion - Art and Architecture. Unit - II The Kalabhras - The Early Pallavas, Origin - First Pandyan Empire - Later PallavasMahendravarma and Narasimhavarman, Pallava’s Administration, Society, Religion, Literature, Art and Architecture. The CholaEmpire : The Imperial Cholas and the Chalukya Cholas, Administration, Society, Education and Literature. Second PandyanEmpire : Political History, Administration, Social Life, Art and Architecture. Unit - III Madurai Sultanate - Tamil Nadu under Vijayanagar Ruler : Administration and Society, Economy, Trade and Commerce, Religion, Art and Architecture - Battle of Talikota 1565 - Kumarakampana’s expedition to Tamil Nadu. Nayakas of Madurai - ViswanathaNayak, MuthuVirappaNayak, TirumalaNayak, Mangammal, Meenakshi. Nayakas of Tanjore :SevappaNayak, RaghunathaNayak, VijayaRaghavaNayak. Nayak of Jingi : VaiyappaTubakiKrishnappa, Krishnappa I, Krishnappa II, Nayak Administration, Life of the people - Culture, Art and Architecture. The Setupatis of Ramanathapuram - Marathas of Tanjore - Ekoji, Serfoji, Tukoji, Serfoji II, Sivaji III - The Europeans in Tamil Nadu. Unit - IV Tamil Nadu under the Nawabs of Arcot - The Carnatic Wars, Administration under the Nawabs - The Mysoreans in Tamil Nadu - The Poligari System - The South Indian Rebellion - The Vellore Mutini- The Land Revenue Administration and Famine Policy - Education under the Company - Growth of Language and Literature in 19th and 20th centuries - Organization of Judiciary - Self Respect Movement. Unit - V Tamil Nadu in Freedom Struggle - Tamil Nadu under Rajaji and Kamaraj - Growth of Education - Anti Hindi & Agitation.
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(Gekkonidae: Reptilia) from Tenkasi District, Tamil Nadu State, India
International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences ISSN: 2455-9571 Volume 5, Issue 6, pp: 283-287, 2020 http://www.ijzab.com https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4321925 Research Article REPORT OF GROUND-DWELLING GECKOS (GEKKONIDAE: REPTILIA) FROM TENKASI DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU STATE, INDIA *1Selvaraj Selvamurugan,2Usha Balasubramanian and 2K.Vasanthi 1Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree breeding, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu-642 002, India 2Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtallam, Tamilnadu-627 802, India Article History: Received 28th September 2020; Accepted 16th October 2020; Published 14th December 2020 ABSTRACT We report for recently described species of geckos from South Tamilnadu, India. During a field study conducted on October 2019 at Tenkasi District of Tamilnadu State, India. We have recorded on reptile species namely are Cnemaspis agarwali, Cnemaspis ornate, Hemiphyllodactylus nilgiriensis based on the photographs. In this paper discuss in distribution and conservation status. Recently new descriptions of Cnemaspis and Hemiphyllodactylus species together with the present discovery show that the southern Western Ghats species of documents. Therefore we suggest further studies to evaluate the diversity of reptile in this region. Keywords: Cryptic species, Gekkonidae, Cnemaspis, Hemiphyllodactylus, Tenkasi, Tamilnadu. INTRODUCTION with a largely montane distribution separating deeply divergent lineages (paleoendemics; sensu (De The gekkonid genus Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker has 35 Rham et al., 2011; Murdoch et al., 2016) is species
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Annexure – 1 List of Tourist Places in Tamil Nadu -..::Tamilnadu Tourism
Annexure – 1 List of Tourist Places in Tamil Nadu Name of Beaches Eco- Tourism Wildlife / Bird Others Art & Culture / Heritage Pilgrim Centers Hills the District (1) (2) Sanctuary (4 & 5) (6) Stations ( 3) Chennai 1.Elliots Beach 1.Guindy, 1.High Court of 1.St. George Fort 1. AshtalakshmiTemple, 2. Marina Beach Children’s Park Madras 2. Ameer Mahal Chennai2.KapaleeswararTemple, 3. Light House 2.SnakePark 2.Madras University 3. VivekanandarIllam Mylapore 3.Parthasarathi Temple, 3.Rippon Building 4.Valluvar Kottam Triplicane 4. TidelPark 5.Gandhi Mandapam 4.Vadapalani Murugan Temple 5.BirlaKolarangam 6.Kamarajar Memorial 5.St.Andru’s Church 6.Lait Kala Academy 7.M.G.R Memorial 6.Santhome Catherdral 7. AnnanagarTower 8.Periyar Memorial 7.Makka Mosque, Thousand Lights 8.Apollo Hospital 9.Connemara public library 8.Shirdi SaibabaTemple, Mylapore 9.SankaraNethralaya 10.Govt. Museum, Egmore 9.KalingambalTemple, Parry’s 10. Adayar cancer 11.Fort Museum 10.Marundeeswarar Temple, Hospital and 12. Kalashethra Tiruvanmiyur Institute 13. Rail Museum, Perambur 11.Jain Temple 11. Vijaya Hospital, 14. Rajaji Hall 12.Iyyappan Vadaplani 15.Anna Square Temple,Mahalingapuram&Annanagar 12.Sankara 16.Barathiyar Memorial 13.Thirumalai TirupattyDevasthanam, NethralayaEye 17. M.G.R. Illam T. Nagar Hospital. 18. Govt. Fine Arts Collage. 14.Buddhavihar, Egmore 13. Adyar 15.Madhiya Kailash Temple, Adyar BaniyanTree 16.RamakrishnaTemple 14. Arvind Eye 17. Velankanni Church, Beasant Nagar Hospital 18.St. George Catherdral 19. BigMosque,Triplicane. Name of Beaches Eco- Tourism Wildlife / Bird Others Art & Culture / Heritage Pilgrim Centers Hills the District Sanctuary Stations Ariyalur 1.Karaivetti 1.Fossile Museum 1.JayankondamPalace 1.Adaikala Madha Shrine, Elakurichi Bird Sanctuary 2.
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Threatened Plants of Tamil Nadu
Threatened Plants of Tamil Nadu Family/ Scientific Name RDB Status Distribution sites & Average altitude ACANTHACEAE Neuracanthus neesianus Endangered North Arcot district. 700-1500 m Santapaua madurensis Endangered Endemic to the S.E. parts of Tamil Nadu. Nallakulam in Alagar hills in Madurai district, Narthamalai in Pudukkottai district, Thiruthuraipoondi in Tanjore district, above 200 m. AMARANTHACEAE Avera wightii Indeterminate Courtallum in Tirunelveli district. ANACARDIACEAE Nothopegia aureo-fulva Endangered Endemic to South India. Tirunelveli hills. ANNONACEAE Desmos viridiflorus Endangered Coimbatore, Anamalais. 1000 m. Goniothalamus rhynchantherus Rare Tiruneveli, Courtallam, Papanasam hills, Kannikatti & Valayar Estate area. 500-1600 m. Miliusa nilagirica Vulnerable Endemic to South India. Western Ghats in the Wynaad, Nilgiris and Anamalai hills. 1500 m. Orophea uniflora Rare Coorg, Wynaad and Travancore, Tirunelveli. 1200 m. Polyalthia rufescens Rare Cochin & Travancore, Tiruvelveli, 800 m. Popowia beddomeana Rare Tirunelveli : Kannikatti and Agastyamalai (Tamil Nadu), 1000-1500 m. APIACEAE Peucedanum anamallayense Rare Anamalai hills,Coimbtore district, Madurai. 1 APONOGETONACEAE Aponogeton appendiculatus Indeterminate - ASCLEPIADACEAE Ceropegia decaisneana Rare Anamalai hills, Nilgiris, Thenmalai Palghat forest divisions. 1000 m. Ceropegia fimbriifera Vulnerable Endemic to South India, 1500-2000 m. Ceropegia maculata Endangered/ Anamalai hills, Naduvengad. 1000 m. Possibly Extinct Ceropegia metziana Rare 1200-2000 m. Ceropegia omissa Endangered Endemic to Tamil Nadu, Travnacore, Courtallum, Sengalteri, Tirunelvelly. Ceropegia pusilla Rare Endemic to South India Nilgiris. 2000 m. Ceropegia spiralis Vulnerable Endemic to Peninsular India. 2500 m. Ceropegia thwaitesii Vulnerable Kodaikanal. Toxocarpus beddomei Rare Kanniyakumari district, Muthukuzhivayal. 1300-1500 m. ASTERACEAE Helichrysum perlanigerum Rare Endemic to Southern Western Ghats (Anamalai hils). Anamalai hills of Coimbatore, Konalar-Thanakamalai of Anamalai hills. 2000 m.
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Seyad School
+91-9489050986 Seyad School https://www.indiamart.com/seyad-school/ The School is located on a 35acre campus at the foot of the Podhigai Hills of the Western Ghats in a serene atmosphere. It is very near the Five Falls on Ilanji Road, Courtallam, about 8 kms. from Tenkasi town. The faculty members are residing ... About Us The School is located on a 35acre campus at the foot of the Podhigai Hills of the Western Ghats in a serene atmosphere. It is very near the Five Falls on Ilanji Road, Courtallam, about 8 kms. from Tenkasi town. The faculty members are residing on the campus to guide the students at every step. It is our fervent hope that students, over the years, will develop the self-assurance and confidence needed to face the challenges of modern living.The School:The Seyad School on the outskirts of Courtallam is the first of its kind in the southernmost part of Tamil Nadu offering a unique spectrum of exceptional opportunities for study, interactive learning, experimentation and outbound activities. The academic and cultural ambience of the residential system in the School will expose the students to a wide range of activities. Their interest in sports, cultural activities and arts is awakened through encouragement and constant interaction. The School is Co-educational. Both boys and girls from nearby places can join the School as Day Scholars. There are separate Hostels for boys and girls.. The Emblem:The School emblem consists of a broad dome and a book laid open. The broadness and sharpness of the dome symbolize the broad outlook and sharp intellect expected of every student.
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Standard Seven Term - I Volume - 3
GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU STANDARD SEVEN TERM - I VOLUME - 3 SCIENCE SOCIAL SCIENCE A publication under Free Textbook Programme of Government of Tamil Nadu Department of School Education Untouchability is Inhuman and a Crime VII Std Science Term-1 EM Introduction Pages.indd 1 09-03-2019 2.44.09 PM Government of Tamil Nadu First Edition - 2019 (Published under New Syllabus in Trimester Pattern) NOT FOR SALE Content Creation The wise possess all State Council of Educational Research and Training © SCERT 2019 Printing & Publishing Tamil NaduTextbook and Educational Services Corporation www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in II VII Std Science Term-1 EM Introduction Pages.indd 2 09-03-2019 2.44.09 PM STANDARD SEVEN TERM - I VOLUME - 3 HISTORY 108 7th Social Science_Term I English Unit 01.indd 108 09-03-2019 2.52.24 PM CONTENTS History Unit Titles Page No. 1. Sources of Medieval India 110 2. Emergence of New Kingdoms in North India 100 Emergence of New Kingdoms in South India: 112 3. Later Cholas and Pandyas 4. The Delhi Sultanate 128 Geography 1. Interior of the Earth 143 2. Population and Settlement 171 3. Landforms 188 Civics 1. Equality 196 2. Political Parties 203 Economics 1. Production 200 E - Book Assessment Digi - links Lets use the QR code in the text books ! How ? • Download the QR code scanner from the Google PlayStore/ Apple App Store into your smartphone • Open the QR code scanner application • Once the scanner button in the application is clicked, camera opens and then bring it closer to the QR code in the text book.
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S.NO Name of District Name of Block Name of Village Population Name
STATE LEVEL BANKERS' COMMITTEE, TAMIL NADU CONVENOR: INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK PROVIDING BANKING SERVICES IN VILLAGE HAVING POPULATION OF OVER 2000 DISTRICTWISE ALLOCATION OF VILLAGES -01.11.2011 Name of S.NO Name of Block Name of Village Population Name of the Bank Name of Branch District 1 Ariyalur Andiamadam Anikudichan (South) 2730 Indian Bank Andimadam 2 Ariyalur Andiamadam Athukurichi 5540 Bank of India Alagapuram 3 Ariyalur Andiamadam Ayyur 3619 State Bank of India Edayakurichi 4 Ariyalur Andiamadam Kodukkur 3023 State Bank of India Edayakurichi 5 Ariyalur Andiamadam Koovathur (North) 2491 Indian Bank Andimadam 6 Ariyalur Andiamadam Koovathur (South) 3909 Indian Bank Andimadam 7 Ariyalur Andiamadam Marudur 5520 Canara Bank Elaiyur 8 Ariyalur Andiamadam Melur 2318 Canara Bank Elaiyur 9 Ariyalur Andiamadam Olaiyur 2717 Bank of India Alagapuram 10 Ariyalur Andiamadam Periakrishnapuram 5053 State Bank of India Varadarajanpet 11 Ariyalur Andiamadam Silumbur 2660 State Bank of India Edayakurichi 12 Ariyalur Andiamadam Siluvaicheri 2277 Bank of India Alagapuram 13 Ariyalur Andiamadam Thirukalappur 4785 State Bank of India Varadarajanpet 14 Ariyalur Andiamadam Variyankaval 4125 Canara Bank Elaiyur 15 Ariyalur Andiamadam Vilandai (North) 2012 Indian Bank Andimadam 16 Ariyalur Andiamadam Vilandai (South) 9663 Indian Bank Andimadam 17 Ariyalur Ariyalur Andipattakadu 3083 State Bank of India Reddipalayam 18 Ariyalur Ariyalur Arungal 2868 State Bank of India Ariyalur 19 Ariyalur Ariyalur Edayathankudi 2008 State Bank of India Ariyalur 20 Ariyalur
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Details of Dams and Reservoirs in Tirunelveli District
District Statistical Hand Book 2014-2015 Department of Economics and Statistics Tirunelveli District TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT BLOCKS TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT TALUKS TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT REVENUE DIVISIONS SALIENT FEATURES OF THE DISTRICT Introduction: Tirunelveli District was formed in 1790 by the East India company, later came under the direct control of the British Crown Queen Victoria. The name Tirunelveli has been composed from the three Tamil words i.e. ‘Thiru – Nel – Veli’ meaning Sacred Paddy Hedge. Geographical Location: Tirunelveli District having geographical area of 6759 sq.kms, in the South eastern portion of Tamil Nadu is triangular in shape. It lies between 8°.05’ and 9°.30’ of the Northern latitude and 77°.05’ and 78°.25’ of Eastern longitude. Topography: The district is located in the southern part of Tamil Nadu and surrounded by Virudhunagar District in the north, Western Ghats in the West, Kannyakumari District in the south and Tuticorin District in the East. The lifeline of the district river Tamiraparani feeds the district and quenches the thirst of residents of Tirunelveli and Tuticorin district too. Administrative Setup: The District has 3 Revenue Divisions consisting of 12 Taluks, 60 Firkas 19 Development Blocks, 616 Revenue Villages and 425 Village Panchayats. Demographic Details: The population of the District was 2723988 in 2001 Census and 3077233 as per 2011 census. The Density of Population per sq.km. was 399 in 2001 census and 460 persons as per 2011 census. Tirunelveli, Tenkasi and Ambasamudram are the most densely populated Taluks in the District as per 2011 census. The Sex ratio is 1023 females for every 1000 males.
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II Political Parties
Polity and Society Administrative Divisions State Pandy nadu, as in Chola state, consisted of many provinces known as vala-nadus, which, in turn, Pandya kings preferred Madurai as their were divided into many nadus and kurrams. capital. Madurai has been popularly venerated The administrative authorities of nadus were as Koodal. The kings are traditionally revered the nattars. Nadu and Kurram contained as Koodal-kon, Koodal Nagar Kavalan. The settlements, viz. mangalam, nagaram, ur and Pandyas derived military advantage over kudi, where different social groups inhabited. their neighbours by means of their horses. Village Administration They imported these horses through Arabs with whom they had commercial and cultural An inscription from Manur (Tirunelveli district) contact. dated A.D. (CE) 800 provides an account of village administration. It looks similar to The king claimed that he was ruling Chola’s local governance that included village according to Manu Sastra. This doctrine assemblies and committees. Both civil and supported the social hierarchy in the military powers seem to have been vested in the society. Kings and local chiefs created same person. Brahmin settlements called Mangalam or Irrigation Chatur-vedi-mangalam with irrigation facilities. The actual landowning groups are The Pandya rulers created a number of irrigation described as the Bumiputtirar, otherwise called sources. On either side of the rivers Vaigai and the vellalar. Historically they were locals and Tamiraparani, channels leading to the irrigation hence they were referred to as nattu-makkal. tanks were built. In southern Tamilnadu, The communal assembly of this group is like the Cholas, Pandyas introduced the new Cittira Meli Periyanattar.
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