DOCSLIB.ORG

Bolted Joint Analysis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bolted Joint Analysis EXPERIMENTAL AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLIFIED AIRCRAFT WHEEL BOLTED JOINT MODEL A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Masters of Mechanical Engineering in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kathryn J. Belisle ***** The Ohio State University 2009 Thesis Defense Committee: Approved by Dr. Anthony Luscher, Adviser _____________________________ Dr. Mark Walter Adviser Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering Copyright © by Kathryn J. Belisle 2009 ABSTRACT The goal of this thesis is to establish a correlation between experimental and finite element strains in key areas of an aircraft wheel bolted joint. The critical location in fatigue is the rounded interface between the bolt-hole and mating face of the joint, called the mating face radius. A previous study considered this area of a bolted joint but only under the influence of bolt preload. The study presented here considered both preload and an external bending moment. This study used a more complete single bolted joint model incorporating the wheel rim flange and the two main loads seen at the bolted joints; bolt preload and the external load created by tire pressure on the wheel rim. A 2x3 full factorial DOE was used to establish the joint’s response to various potential load combinations assuming two levels of preload and three levels of external load. The model was analyzed both experimentally and in finite element form. The strain results around the mating face radius were compared between the two analyses. Several parameters were identified that could affect the correlation between the results. The finite element model was modified to incorporate each of these factors and the new results were compared against the original finite element results and the experimental data. The best correlation was found ii when the finite element model preload was adjusted such that the mating face radius strains under only preload matched those of the experimental results. iii This thesis is dedicated to my parents for always encouraging me, for listening when I was frustrated, for picking me up when I was down, for helping me however they could, and for taking pride in my triumphs. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Goodrich Aircraft Wheels and Brakes for allowing me the use of their resources. I would particularly like to acknowledge Bud Runner of Goodrich who was a constant source of expertise, advice, and support. I would like to thank all the faculty and staff of the Ohio State University who helped me throughout the course of my research. I would also like to recognize my fellow graduate students for their support and help. Finally, I would like to acknowledge my family and friends for being constant sources of support and encouragement. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... v List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1: Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 2: Background and Literature Review ............................................................ 5 2.1 Bolted Joint Models ................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Experimental Setup ................................................................................................. 7 2.3 Finite Element Modeling ........................................................................................ 8 2.4 Comparison of Experimental and Finite Element Results .................................... 10 2.5 Sensitivity Analysis Summary .............................................................................. 11 2.6 Torque Free Preload Experiment .......................................................................... 12 2.7 Literature Review.................................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER 3: Experimental Analysis .............................................................................. 16 3.1 Experimental Model Development ....................................................................... 16 3.2 Experimental Measurement and Data Acquisition System .................................. 21 3.3 Design of Experiment ........................................................................................... 28 3.4 Test Setup and Procedure ...................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 4: Experimental Results ................................................................................ 34 4.1 Statistical Analysis of Experimental Results ........................................................ 35 4.2 Design of Experiment Results .............................................................................. 38 4.3 Preload Variability Study ...................................................................................... 42 vi 4.4 Bolt Bending Results ............................................................................................ 44 4.5 Experimental Data for Finite Element Comparison.............................................. 45 CHAPTER 5: Finite Element Modeling .......................................................................... 47 5.1 Preliminary Model Setup ...................................................................................... 48 5.2 Preliminary Finite Element Analysis .................................................................... 53 5.3 Final Finite Element Model Setup ........................................................................ 56 CHAPTER 6: Finite Element Results .............................................................................. 63 6.1 Finite Element Results Acquisition ...................................................................... 63 6.2 Finite Element Convergence ................................................................................. 64 6.3 General Finite Element Results ............................................................................ 67 CHAPTER 7: Finite Element and Experimental Comparison ......................................... 69 CHAPTER 8: Summary and Conclusions ....................................................................... 91 List of references ............................................................................................................... 98 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................. 99 APPENDIX A: Labview Block Diagrams and Setup .............................................. 100 APPENDIX B: Bolt Bending Calculations.............................................................. 105 APPENDIX C: Raw Experimental Data.................................................................. 108 APPENDIX D: Statistical Results of the DOE ........................................................ 112 APPENDIX E: Finite Element Data ........................................................................ 118 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Strain Gage Location Descriptions (*MFR = Mating Face Radius) .............. 22 Table 3.2: Bolt Preload and External Load Values .......................................................... 29 Table 3.3: Loading Conditions ........................................................................................ 33 Table 4.1: Bolt Bending and Tensile Results................................................................... 45 Table 4.2: Results at Mating Face Radius Locations for Preload Only (microstrain) ..... 46 Table 4.3: Results at Mating Face Radius Locations (microstrain) ................................. 46 Table 5.1: Material Properties .......................................................................................... 50 Table 5.2: Material Property Combinations ..................................................................... 60 Table 5.3: Adjusted External Loads ................................................................................. 61 Table 5.4: Adjusted Bolt Preloads ................................................................................... 61 Table B.1: Bolt Bending Calculation Spreadsheet ........................................................ 106 Table C.1: Experimental Principal Strains for 12:00 MF Radius Gages ....................... 109 Table C.2: Experimental Principal Strains for 3:00 MF Radius Gages ......................... 110 Table C.3: Experimental Principal Strains for 6:00 MF Radius Gages ......................... 111 Table D.1: Experimental Principal Strains for 6:00 MF Radius Gages ......................... 113 Table E.1: Descriptions of Models ................................................................................ 119 Table E.2: Finite Element Mating Face Radius Data .................................................... 120 Table E.3: Finite Element Mating Face Radius Data for Preload Only ......................... 121 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Aircraft Wheel Assembly ...............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • [email protected]
    BOLTING Basics, Tips & Best Practices g... urin Feat SmartBolts® Direct Tension Indicating Fasteners™ Address: 202 Perry Parkway, Suite 7 Gaithersburg, MD 20877 United States Phone: +1 (240) 631-7246 Fax: +1 (240) 750-6025 Email: [email protected] URL: www.smartbolts.com www.stressindicators.com Stress Indicators Incorporated is a solutions-driven engineering and manufacturing firm based in Maryland, USA. Formed in 1992, we provide innovative Visual Indication Systems™ solutions for customers worldwide. Stress Indicators Incorporated invented and developed SmartBolts® technology and commercialized the products to enable broad industry acceptance. All SmartBolts® are manufactured from quality fasteners at our USA facility. Disclaimer While we try to make sure that all data/information posted in this report is accurate at all times, we are not responsible for typographical and other errors that may appear. Data/Information is subject to change without notice. Stress Indicators assumes no responsibility or liability for any damages incurred directly or indirectly as a result of any data errors, omissions, or discrepancies. BOLTING Basics, Tips & Best Practices Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Part One: Basics of Specifying a Bolt Step One: Specifying the Basics of a Fastener .......................................................................................... 6 Selecting a Head Type .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fastener Identification Guide • 4.13 KM • Printed in the USA
    HEAD STYLES Hex Cap Screw Bugle Hex cap screws feature a washer face on the Button Washer bearing surface, a chamfered point, and tighter body tolerances than hex bolts. Pan Binding Undercut Hex Bolt Similar to hex cap screw, hex bolts do not require a washer face or a pointed end and have a greater tolerance range in the body. Round Head Fillister Socket Head Cap Screw Socket heads feature an internal hexagonal drive DRIVES socket and close tolerances for precision assembly. Flat 82° Cross Recess Button Head Socket Cap Screw Type I FASTENER (Phillips) Button heads feature a dome shaped head, though Flat 100° this feature reduces the tensile capacity. Cross Recess Flat Head Socket Cap Screw Type IA Flat heads feature an 82° countersunk head for Flat Undercut (Pozidriv®) IDENTIFICATION flush connections. Like the button heads, this feature reduces the tensile capacity. Cross Recess Type II (Frearson) Low Head Socket Cap Screw Indented Hex Low heads are similar to standard socket heads, but with a shorter head for applications where clearance Cross Recess Square GUIDE is an issue. This head configuration also reduces the Combo strength capacity. Indented Hex Washer (Quadrex®) NUTS Carriage Bolt A round head bolt with a square neck under the Slotted head. These must be tightened with a nut. Serrated Hex Finished Hex Nuts: Hex Coupling Nuts: Washer Hexagonal shaped nuts with internal screw Designed to join two externally threaded Plow Bolt threads. Finished hex nuts are one of the most objects, usually threaded rod, together. Combination Similar to a carriage bolt, these have a flat head common nuts used.
    [Show full text]
  • Threaded Fasteners
    Threaded Fasteners Introduction If you are designing and building a Formula SAE vehicle, threaded fasteners will likely be used to join the various components and systems together and allow the vehicle to function as a unified machine. The reliability of your vehicle is key to realize your potential at the competition. Even though threaded fasteners have been in use for hundreds of years and are in products that we use every day, their performance is dependent on a wide range of factors. This chapter covers some of the main factors that can influence reliability and is intended as an aid in joint design, fastener selection, and installation. The first portion of this chapter covers several design and installation factors that can work together to improve the reliability of your vehicle’s bolted joints. These topics include, the importance of generating and maintaining clamp load, and how clamp load, along with joint stiffness, can work together to prevent self-loosening and improve fatigue performance. The second portion of this chapter reviews how installation method and torque are related to clamp load, and also includes a comparison between common fastener types to aid in selection. The chapter concludes with a short tutorial showing how to obtain Mil Spec information on fasteners and similar hardware. Disclaimer – Multiple factors on each component in a bolted joint affect its performance. Additionally, service requirements for every joint differ. Each joint must be evaluated and tested for its ability to perform the desired function. The information in this chapter provides general background and does not represent how a specific design or piece of hardware will perform.
    [Show full text]
  • Inspection of Wooden Vessels
    Guidance on Inspection, Repair, and Maintenance of Wooden Hulls ENCLOSURE (1) TO NVIC 7-95 COMPILED BY THE JOINT INDUSTRY/COAST GUARD WOODEN BOAT INSPECTION WORKING GROUP August 1995 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A-1 LIST OF FIGURES F-1 GLOSSARY G-1 CHAPTER 1. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS A. Introduction 1-1 B. Acceptable Classification Society Rules 1-1 C. Good Marine Practice 1-1 CHAPTER 2. PLAN SUBMITTAL GUIDE A. Introduction 2-1 B. Plan Review 2-1 C. Other Classification Society Rules and Standards 2-1 D. The Five Year Rule 2-1 CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS A. Shipbuilding Wood 3-1 B. Bending Woods 3-1 C. Plywood. 3-2 D. Wood Defects 3-3 E. Mechanical Fastenings; Materials 3-3 F. Screw Fastenings 3-4 G. Nail Fastenings 3-5 H. Boat Spikes and Drift Bolts 3-6 I. Bolting Groups 3-7 J. Adhesives 3-7 K. Wood Preservatives 3-8 CHAPTER 4. GUIDE TO INSPECTION A. General 4-1 B. What to Look For 4-1 C. Structural Problems 4-1 D. Condition of Vessel for Inspection 4-1 E. Visual Inspection 4-2 F. Inspection for Decay and Wood Borers 4-2 G. Corrosion & Cathodic Protection 4-6 H. Bonding Systems 4-10 I. Painting Galvanic Cells 4-11 J. Crevice Corrosion 4-12 K. Inspection of Fastenings 4-12 L. Inspection of Caulking 4-13 M. Inspection of Fittings 4-14 N. Hull Damage 4-15 O. Deficiencies 4-15 CHAPTER 5. REPAIRS A. General 5-1 B. Planking Repair and Notes on Joints in Fore and 5-1 Aft Planking C.
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Timber Connections
    WoodWorks Connection Design Workshop Bernhard Gafner, P.Eng, MIStructE, Dipl. Ing. FH/STV [email protected] Adam Gerber, M.A.Sc. [email protected] Disclaimer: This presentation was developed by a third party and is not funded by WoodWorks or the Softwood Lumber Board. “The Wood Products Council” This course is registered is a Registered Provider with with AIA CES for continuing The American Institute of professional education. As Architects Continuing such, it does not include Education Systems (AIA/CES), content that may be Provider #G516. deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of Credit(s) earned on construction or any method completion of this course will or manner of handling, be reported to AIA CES for using, distributing, or AIA members. Certificates of dealing in any material or Completion for both AIA product. members and non-AIA __________________________________ members are available upon Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed request. at the conclusion of this presentation. Description For engineers new to mass timber design, connections can pose a particular challenge. This course focuses on connection design principles and analysis techniques unique to mass timber products such as cross-laminated timber, glued-laminated timber and nail-laminated timber. The session will focus on design options for connection solutions ranging from commodity fasteners, pre- engineered wood products and custom-designed connections. Discussion will also include a review of timber mechanics and load transfer, as well as considerations such as tolerances, fabrication, durability, fire and shrinkage that are relevant to structural design.
    [Show full text]
  • Fastener Guide
    Experts in supplying Vendor Managed fasteners and industrial Inventory Programs products to manufacturers and sub-contract On-Site Parts assemblers. Kitting Department 763.535.0400 763.535.0400 Table of Contents Standard Fasteners.................................................................. 3 Hex Bolt Sizes and Thread Pitches Size Chart.............................................................. 4 Standard US Machine Screw Size Chart....................................................................... 7 Sheet Metal Screw Size Chart....................................................................................... 8 Shoulder Bolt Size Chart................................................................................................ 9 Socket Button Head Size Chart.................................................................................... 11 Socket Cap Size Chart................................................................................................. 12 Socket Flat Head Size Chart........................................................................................ 15 US Nuts Size Chart...................................................................................................... 17 SAE Flat Washer Size Chart........................................................................................ 20 USS Flat Washer Size Chart........................................................................................ 21 Screw Eye Size Chart.................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • About Bolt Fastening Systems
    GET THE FACTS About Bolt Fastening Systems Differences in design and materials affect fastener performance Durable, bolt solid plate belt fasteners can be a smart choice for heavy-duty applications. But not all bolt solid fasteners are created equal. So be sure to get the facts before choosing a system for your conveyor belt. Fact: Bolts with a higher tensile strength create Fact: Nuts with higher torque ratings ensure better a longer-lasting splice that resists fatigue. splice integrity, greater compression force, more impact Bolt strength is a key component of splice integrity –– and resistance, and resist nut stripping during installation. the strongest bolts on the market are made by Flexco. Our Nut strength also plays a key role in splice integrity. When nuts bolts have a significantly higher tensile strength than those resist torque, they remain snug. Flexco uses nuts that can of the leading competitive brands. That means you can count withstand over 390 pounds per inch of torque, making them the on Flexco fasteners to stand up to the needs of all your strongest on the market. The result is better compression, a lower applications — even your most demanding ones. profile, and longer service life. BOLT TENSILE STRENGTH (LBS) NUT TORQUE (INCH LBS) 6000 400 5000 350 4000 300 3000 250 200 POUNDS 2000 1000 INCH POUNDS 150 0 100 FLEXCO COMPETITOR COMPETITOR1 COMPETITOR 2 3 0 FLEXCO COMPETITOR COMPETITOR1 COMPETITOR 2 3 Fact: Piloted bolts ensure Fact: Low-profile washer design maximizes faster, easier installation. splice life on thin, worn belt. A key benefit of bolt The Flexco low-profile washer solid fasteners is quick, design on #1, #140 and #190s easy installation.
    [Show full text]
  • Hardware Fastener Study Guide 2019.Indd
    STUDY GUIDE: HARDWARE & FASTENERS Learning Objectives: • The features and benefi ts of the products you sell. • How to answer your customers’ product-related questions. • How to help your customer choose the right products. • How to increase transaction sizes by learning more about add-on sales and upselling techniques. Chapter 1: Fasteners Module 1: Screws Before we get into the diff erent types of screws, let’s take a look at the diff erent types of head styles and drive types. The head style refers to the shape of the head. The drive type refers to the type of driver needed to secure the fastener. Here are the Head Styles: Here are the Drive Types: • Flat • Round • Phillips • Hex • Oval • Hex • Slotted • Star • Pan • Hex Washer • Combination • Square • Truss Product Knowledge: Sheet Metal Screw • This screw fastens thin metal to thin metal. • It is threaded its entire length. • Can have fl at, oval, round or binding heads. • Typical lengths range from 1/8” to 2”. • Starting holes are either drilled or punched and should be slightly smaller than the screw diameter. Machine Screw • Intended to be screwed into pre-threaded holes in metal. • Another type is a Thread-Cutting Machine Screw, which has a head that cuts its own threads as it goes into a hole. • May look like a bolt, but user drives it with a screwdriver instead of a wrench. • Thread is measured in threads per inch, or tpi. Comes in coarse (24 threads per inch) and fi ne (32 threads per inch) sizes. • Can have round, oval, fl at and fi llister heads.
    [Show full text]
  • Fastener Design Manual
    . _- NASA 'Reference Publication 1228 March 1990 Fastener Design Manual Richard T. Barrett . , :. ? . ,' - ' ' - "'".'-*'" _,'" ' "l ......... ' " • ' ¢ ",;L, NASA Reference Publication 1228 1990 Fastener Design Manual Richard T. Barrett Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Management Scientific and Technical Information Division ERRATA NASA Reference Publication 1228 Fastener Design Manual Richard T. Barrett March 1990 The manual describes various platings that may be used for corrosion control including cadmium and zinc plating. It does not mention outgassing problems caused by the relatively high vapor pressure of these metals. The fastener manual was intended primarily for aeronautical applica- tions, where outgassing is typically not a concern. Issued June 17, 2008 Summary ........... ..... ............. ..... ..... ..... ................................ ..... ....... ....... ............. 1 Introduction ... .................. .......... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .......... ............ ..... ....... ............... 1 General Design Information Fastener Materials .... ........ ..... ..... ..... ..... ...................... .......... ............ ............ ..... .. 1 Platings and Coatings ... ..... ..... .......... ..... ..... ..... ..... ................. ..... ............ .............. 1 Thread Lubricants ... ....................... ...................... .......... ................. ....... ..... ..... .... 4 Corrosion ........ ..... .................. ..... ....
    [Show full text]
  • Bolted Timber Joints with Self-Tapping Screws
    Revista EIA, ISSN 1794-1237 Número 8, p. 37-47. Diciembre 2007 Escuela de Ingeniería de Antioquia, Medellín (Colombia) BOLTED TIMBER JOINTS WITH SELF-TAPPING SCREWS CÉSAR ECHAVARRÍA* ABSTRACT The use of self-tapping screws with continuous threads in the joint area as a reinforcement to avoid splitting of timber members is studied. A theoretical model is developed to calculate the stress distribution around a pin-loaded hole in a timber joint, to predict brittle failure modes in bolted connections and to cal- culate the load in the reinforcing screws. Laboratory experiments on reinforced and non-reinforced timber joints with 15,9-mm bolts have shown good agreement with the model predictions. KEYWORDS: timber joints; brittle failure mode; reinforcement perpendicular-to-grain; analytical model. RESUMEN En este artículo se estudia el uso de tornillos autoperforantes como refuerzo para evitar rupturas frágiles en uniones de madera. Se presenta un modelo teórico para calcular la distribución de esfuerzos alrededor de un perno en una unión de madera, predecir las rupturas frágiles y evaluar el esfuerzo en los tornillos autoperforantes. Los ������������������������������������������������������������������������experimentos de laboratorio con uniones de madera, con pernos de 15,9 mm de diámetro, reforzadas y no reforzadas mostraron la efectividad del modelo teórico propuesto. PALABRAS CLAVE: uniones de madera; ruptura frágil; refuerzo perpendicular a las fibras; modelo analítico. * Ingeniero Civil, Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Master in Timber Structures and Docteur en Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland. Ph.D. Researcher, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec. [email protected] Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture, School of Construction, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
    [Show full text]
  • Bolted Joint Design
    Bolted Joint Design There is no one fastener material that is right for every environment. Selecting the right fastener material from the vast array of those available can be a daunting task. Careful consideration must be given to strength, temperature, corrosion, vibration, fatigue, and many other variables. However, with some basic knowledge and understanding, a well thought out evaluation can be made. Mechanical Properties of Steel Fasteners in Service Most fastener applications are designed to support or transmit some form of externally applied load. If the strength of the fastener is the only concern, there is usually no need to look beyond carbon steel. Considering the cost of raw materials, non-ferrous metals should be considered only when a special application is required. Tensile strength is the mechanical property most widely associated with standard threaded fasteners. Tensile strength is the maximum tension-applied load the fastener can support prior to fracture. The tensile load a fastener can withstand is determined by the formula P = St x As . • P= Tensile load– a direct measurement of clamp load (lbs., N) • St= Tensile strength– a generic measurement of the material’s strength (psi, MPa). • As= Tensile stress area for fastener or area of material (in 2, mm 2) To find the tensile strength of a particular P = St x As bolt, you will need to refer to Mechanical P = tensile load St = tensile strength As = tensile stress area Properties of Externally Threaded Fasteners (lbs., N) (psi, MPa) (sq. in, sq. mm) chart in the Fastenal Technical Reference Applied to a 3/4-10 x 7” SAE J429 Grade 5 HCS Guide.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints Second Edition
    Guide to Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints Second Edition Geoffrey L. Kulak John W. Fisher John H. A. Struik Published by: AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, Inc. One East Wacker Drive, Suite 3100, Chicago, IL 60601 Copyright (2001) by the Research Council on Structural Connections. All rights reserved. Original copyright (1987) by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. transferred to RCSC. Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted by Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission or further information should be addressed to RCSC c/o AISC, One East Wacker Drive, Suite 3100, Chicago, IL 60601. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: Fisher, John W., 193 1Guide to design criteria for bolted and riveted joints. “A Wiley-lnterscience publication.” Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Bolted joints. 2. Riveted joints. I. Kulak, Geoffrey. II. Struik, John H. A., 1942- III. Title. TA492.B63F56 1987671.5 86-22390 ISBN 0-471-83791-1 (for Wiley copyright) ISBN 1-56424-075-4 (for RCSC copyright) Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 Foreword Since the first edition of this book was published in 1974, numerous international studies on the strength and performance of bolted connections have been conducted. Ln the same period, the Research Council on Structural Connections has developed two new specifications for structural joints using ASTM A325 or A490 bolts, one based on allowable stress principles and the other on a load factor and resistance design philosophy.
    [Show full text]