Anorpiment, As2s3, the Triclinic Dimorph of Orpiment
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Washington State Minerals Checklist
Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite -
Theoretical Studies on As and Sb Sulfide Molecules
Mineral Spectroscopy: A Tribute to Roger G. Bums © The Geochemical Society, Special Publication No.5, 1996 Editors: M. D. Dyar, C. McCammon and M. W. Schaefer Theoretical studies on As and Sb sulfide molecules J. A. TOSSELL Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A. Abstract-Dimorphite (As4S3) and realgar and pararealgar (As4S4) occur as crystalline solids con- taining As4S3 and As4S4 molecules, respectively. Crystalline As2S3 (orpiment) has a layered structure composed of rings of AsS3 triangles, rather than one composed of discrete As4S6 molecules. When orpiment dissolves in concentrated sulfidic solutions the species produced, as characterized by IR and EXAFS, are mononuclear, e.g. ASS3H21, but solubility studies suggest trimeric species in some concentration regimes. Of the antimony sulfides only Sb2S3 (stibnite) has been characterized and its crystal structure does not contain Sb4S6 molecular units. We have used molecular quantum mechanical techniques to calculate the structures, stabilities, vibrational spectra and other properties of As S , 4 3 As4S4, As4S6, As4SIO, Sb4S3, Sb4S4, Sb4S6 and Sb4SlO (as well as S8 and P4S3, for comparison with previous calculations). The calculated structures and vibrational spectra are in good agreement with experiment (after scaling the vibrational frequencies by the standard correction factor of 0.893 for polarized split valence Hartree-Fock self-consistent-field calculations). The calculated geometry of the As4S. isomer recently characterized in pararealgar crystals also agrees well with experiment and is calculated to be about 2.9 kcal/mole less stable than the As4S4 isomer found in realgar. The calculated heats of formation of the arsenic sulfide gas-phase molecules, compared to the elemental cluster molecules As., Sb, and S8, are smaller than the experimental heats of formation for the solid arsenic sulfides, but shown the same trend with oxidation state. -
REVISION 1 an Insight at the Inverse Transformation of Realgar Altered By
REVISION 1 An insight at the inverse transformation of realgar altered by light Giovanni Pratesi1,2 and Matteo Zoppi1* 1Museo di Storia Naturale - Sezione Mineralogia e Litologia, Università di Firenze, via La Pira 4, I- 50121 Firenze, Italy. 2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, via La Pira 4, I-50121 Firenze, Italy. * E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The light-induced alteration of realgar and β-As4S4 is a well known phenomenon but still displays interesting aspects not completely explained. In the transformation from realgar to pararealgar the molecule As4S4 undergoes a structural modification, and ever since the initial studies two important issues have been highlighted: the influence of the oxygen and the reversibility of the process. The previous study on the reversibility of the altered β-As4S4 points out that this polymorph exhibits a dual behaviour. When the light-induced alteration occurs with the presence of the air, pararealgar and arsenolite, along with amorphous material, are the products, while if the air is not present β-As4S4 turns completely into pararealgar. Moreover, when annealing the altered material in the realgar stability fields (220 °C), in the first case pararealgar and amorphous material turn into stoichiometric alacranite, while in the second case the alteration is completely reversible. Similarly, the present study focuses the attention on the question if realgar, when altered by means of the light and when annealed, might behave as β-As4S4 does. These results display that the phenomenon is more complex. The alteration of realgar with the presence of the air yields pararealgar along with arsenolite, a small quantity of uzonite and amorphous material, and when the air is not present pararealgar is the only product. -
Orpiment As2s3 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Orpiment As2S3 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Commonly in foliated columnar or fibrous aggregates, with cleavages as much as 60 cm across; may be reniform or botryoidal; also granular or powdery; rarely as prismatic crystals, to 10 cm. Twinning: On {100}. Physical Properties: Cleavage: Perfect on {010}, imperfect on {100}; cleavage lamellae are flexible. Tenacity: Sectile. Hardness = 1.5–2 VHN = n.d. D(meas.) = 3.49 D(calc.) = 3.48 Optical Properties: Transparent. Color: Lemon-yellow to golden or brownish yellow. Streak: Pale lemon-yellow. Luster: Resinous, pearly on cleavage surface. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Pleochroism: In reflected light, strong, white to pale gray with reddish tint; in transmitted light, Y = yellow, Z = greenish yellow. Orientation: X = b; Z ∧ c = 2◦. Dispersion: r> v,strong. α = 2.4 (Li). β = 2.81 (Li). γ = 3.02 (Li). 2V(meas.) = 76◦ Anisotropism: Barely observable because of strong internal reflections. R1–R2: (400) 33.0–36.5, (420) 31.0–35.2, (440) 28.9–33.9, (460) 27.4–31.5, (480) 26.0–30.3, (500) 24.9–29.3, (520) 24.0–28.4, (540) 23.3–27.8, (560) 22.8–27.3, (580) 22.3–26.9, (600) 22.0–26.5, (620) 21.7–26.3, (640) 21.5–26.0, (660) 21.2–25.7, (680) 21.0–25.5, (700) 20.8–25.3 Cell Data: Space Group: P 21/n. a = 11.475(5) b = 9.577(4) c = 4.256(2) β =90◦41(5)0 Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Baia Sprie (Fels˝ob´anya), Romania. -
10700 Orpiment, King's Yellow PY 39
10700 Orpiment, King's Yellow PY 39 Chemical composition: yellow sulphide of arsenic As2S3 The origin of the modern name is derived from the Latin term auripigmentum or auripigmento, literally meaning gold paint. Orpiment was once widely used, particularly in the East, but has now fallen into disuse because of its limited supply and because of its poisonous character. The principal sources in ancient times appear to have been in Hungary, Macedonia, Asia Minor and perhaps in various parts of Central Asia. There was a large deposit near Julamerk in Kurdistan. Current deposits of orpiment are in Romania, Hungary, Germany, Greece, France, Italy, Iran, Peru, China, Japan and the western United States. Orpiment occurs as a low temperature product in hydrothermal veins, as a volcanic sublimation product, as a hot spring deposit and in fire mines. It is often associated with stibnite, pyrite, realgar, calcite and gypsum. Orpiment occurs in many places but not in large quantities. Orpiment is usually described as a lemon or canary yellow or sometimes as a golden or brownish yellow with a fair covering power. Microscopically, orpiment is crystalline and may contain orange-red particles of realgar, to which it is closely related. The larger particles glisten by reflected light and have a waxy-looking surface. The toxicity of the arsenic sulfide pigments has been known since early times. The toxic properties of orpiment have been used to advantage to repel insects. Orpiment is said to be incompatible with lead- or copper-containing pigments. Orpiment is not stable in lime and therefore can not be used for fresco, a fact noted by Cennino Cennini inn the fifteenth century. -
Geological Controls on Pit Lake Chemistry: Implications for the Assessment of Water Quality in Inactive Open Pits
IMWA Proceedings 1998 | © International Mine Water Association 2012 | www.IMWA.info Geological Controls on Pit Lake Chemistry: Implications for the assessment of Water Quality in Inactive Open Pits 1 2 2 2 3 R.J.Bowell , J. Barta , M.Gringrich , W.Mansanares and J. Parshley 'Steffen, Robertson & Kirsten (UK) Limited, Stunmit House, 9 Windsor Place, CardiffCFI 3BX, Wales 2Getchell Gold Corporation, Golconda, Nevada NV89414, USA 3Steffen, Robertson & Kirsten (US) Inc., 1755 E. Plumb Lane, Reno, Nevada NV89502, USA ABSTRACT Open pitting is a method of mining used to exploit many mineral commodities. In many instances mining occurs below the water table leading to active dewatering of the pit during mining. On suspension of activity, pumping is terminated and as infilling of the pit is not always economic the pit is flooded, forming a pit lake. Pit Lakes are viewed as a significant environmental issue owing to their visible presence. It is often, erroneously assumed that all pit lakes will be acid and of poor quality. Consequently in many cases extensive water quality modelling is undertaken to determine the chemical characteristics of a pit lake, with only scant geological knowledge of the pit walls. However, the water quality of a mine pit lake is largely predictable from geological knowledge of the ore deposit, the host rocks and mineralogy. In this paper we present a case study from Nevada of an inactive open pit on which a detailed study was conducted to determine the environmental impacts. This study was greatly enhanced by using geological and geochemical mapping of the pit walls in order to determine controls on pit lake chemistry. -
Growth and Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of As4s4 (II) Single Crystals
*4. Manuscript Click here to view linked References Growth and Raman spectroscopic characterization of As4S4 (II) single crystals Atsushi Kyono Division of Earth Evolution Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan Corresponding author: A. Kyono Present Address: Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Rd. NW, Washington, DC 20015-1305, USA Email: [email protected] Phone: +1-202-478-8940, Fax: +1-202-478-8901 pg. 1 ABSTRACT As described by Kutoglu (1976), single crystals of As4S4 (II) phase have been grown using a new two-step synthesis that drastically increases the reproducibility that is attainable in synthetic experiments. First, through photoinduced phase transformation, pararealgar powder is prepared as a precursor instead of AsS melt. Then it is dissolved and recrystallized from CS2 solvent. Results show that single crystals of the As4S4 (II) phase were obtained reproducibly through the dissolution–recrystallization process. Single crystals of As4S4 (II) obtained using the method were translucent and showed a uniform yellow–orange color. The crystal exhibits a platelet-like shape as a thin film with well-developed faces (0 1 0) and (0 -1 0). The grown crystals are as large as 0.50 × 0.50 × 0.01 mm. They were characterized using powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques to confirm the phase identification and the lattice parameters. The As4S4 (II) phase crystallizes in monoclinic system with cell parameters a = 11.202(4) Å, b = 9.954(4) Å, c = 7.142(4) Å, β = 92.81(4)°, V = 795.4(6) Å3, which shows good agreement with the former value. -
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338 Geologica Macedonica, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 95–117 (2018) GEOME 2 IISSN 0352 – 1206 Manuscript received: August 5, 2018 e-ISSN 1857 – 8586 Accepted: November 7, 2018 UDC: 553.46:550.43.08]:504(497.721) 553.497:550.43.08]:504(497.721) Original scientific paper SUPERGENE MINERALOGY OF THE LOJANE Sb-As-Cr DEPOSIT, REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA: TRACING THE MOBILIZATION OF TOXIC METALS Uwe Kolitsch1,2, Tamara Đorđević2, Goran Tasev3, Todor Serafimovski3, Ivan Boev3, Blažo Boev3 1Mineralogisch-Petrographische Abt., Naturhistorisches Museum, Burgring 7, A-1010 Wien, Austria 2Institut für Mineralogie und Kristallographie, Universität Wien, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria 3Department of Mineral Deposits, Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences, “Goce Delčev” University in Štip, Blvd. Goce Delčev 89, 2000 Štip, Republic of Macedonia [email protected] A b s t r a c t: As part of a larger project on the environmental mineralogy and geochemistry of the Lojane Sb- As-Cr deposit, Republic of Macedonia, which was mined for chromite and, later, stibnite until 1979 and is a substantial source of arsenic and antimony pollution, the supergene mineralogy of the deposit was studied. Samples collected on ore and waste dumps were used to identify and characterize the previously uninvestigated suite of supergene mineral phases by standard mineralogical techniques. The following species were determined (in alphabetical order): annaber- gite, arseniosiderite(?), gypsum, hexahydrite, hörnesite, pararealgar, roméite-group minerals, rozenite, scorodite, sen- armontite, stibiconite, sulphur, tripuhyite and valentinite. Their occurrences are described and their local conditions of formation are discussed. High-resolution Raman spectra of hörnesite, hexahydrite and rozenite are provided and com- pared with literature data. -
STRONG and WEAK INTERLAYER INTERACTIONS of TWO-DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS and THEIR ASSEMBLIES Tyler William Farnsworth a Dissertati
STRONG AND WEAK INTERLAYER INTERACTIONS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS AND THEIR ASSEMBLIES Tyler William Farnsworth A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemistry. Chapel Hill 2018 Approved by: Scott C. Warren James F. Cahoon Wei You Joanna M. Atkin Matthew K. Brennaman © 2018 Tyler William Farnsworth ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Tyler William Farnsworth: Strong and weak interlayer interactions of two-dimensional materials and their assemblies (Under the direction of Scott C. Warren) The ability to control the properties of a macroscopic material through systematic modification of its component parts is a central theme in materials science. This concept is exemplified by the assembly of quantum dots into 3D solids, but the application of similar design principles to other quantum-confined systems, namely 2D materials, remains largely unexplored. Here I demonstrate that solution-processed 2D semiconductors retain their quantum-confined properties even when assembled into electrically conductive, thick films. Structural investigations show how this behavior is caused by turbostratic disorder and interlayer adsorbates, which weaken interlayer interactions and allow access to a quantum- confined but electronically coupled state. I generalize these findings to use a variety of 2D building blocks to create electrically conductive 3D solids with virtually any band gap. I next introduce a strategy for discovering new 2D materials. Previous efforts to identify novel 2D materials were limited to van der Waals layered materials, but I demonstrate that layered crystals with strong interlayer interactions can be exfoliated into few-layer or monolayer materials. -
Allchar Mineral Assemblage 3
Geologica Macedonica, Vol. 15-16, p. 1-23 (2001-2002) Suppl. GEOME2 SSN 0352 - 1206 Manuscript received: December 15, 200 1 UDC: 553.08 (497 .7) Accepted: March 3, 2002 Original scientific paper ~• ALLCHAR l\1INERAL ASSEMBLAGE l 3 l 4 Blazo Boev , Vladimir Bermanec , Todor Serafimovski\ Sonja Lepitkova , Snezana Mikulcic , 5 5 5 Marin ~oufek\ Gligor Jovanovski , Trajce Stafilov , Metodija Najdoski IDepartment ofPetrology, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Faculty ofMining and Geology, "Sv. Kiril i Metodij" University, Goce Delcev 89, MK-2000 Stip, Republic ofMacedonia 2Department ofMineral Deposits, Faculty ofMining and Geology, "Sv. Kiril i Metodij" University, Goce Delcev 89, MK-2000 Stip, Republic of Macedonia 3Institute ofMineralogy and Petrology, Department ofGeology, Faculty ofScience, University ofZagreb, Horvatovac bb, HR-JOOOO Zagreb, Croatia 4Department ofMineralogy and Petrology, Croatian Natural History Museum, Demetrova I, HR-JOOOO Zagreb, Croatia 5Institute of Chemistry, Faculty ofScience, "Sv. Kiril i Metodij" University, P.o. Box 162, MK-JOOI Skopje, Republic ofMacedonia Abstract. The paper is a summary of investigatioris carried out on minerals of the Allchar deposit. It discusses the TI-As-Sb-Au mineral ill emblage after detailed and intense research work. Four types of mineralization have been distinguished based on the mineral assemblage present: I. The first ly pe is characterised by high c ment of iron and sulphur, but lower arsenic and thalli um contenl. The pyrite-marcasite mineral assemblage is characterized by the presence of some quantities of arsenic-pyrite. 2. The second type is characterized by the high antimony and low iron and thallium content. Stibnite is the most common mineral in the group. -
Characterization and Comparative Physico-Chemical Studies Of
RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 19. Peng, L. and Yu, B., Numerical study of regional environmental Characterization and comparative carrying capacity for livestock and poultry farming based on planting-breeding balance. J. Environ. Sci., 2013, 25(9), 1882– physico-chemical studies of 1889. 20. State Environmental Protection Administration, Investigation and Manahshila (traditionally used arsenic Control Counter Measures of Pollution Situation of Livestock and mineral) and the corresponding Poultry Breeding Industry in China, China Environmental Science Press, Beijing, 2002, pp. 14–103. polymorphs of realgar (As4S4) 21. Peng, L. and Wang, D., Estimation of annual quantity of total excretion from livestock and poultry in Chongqing municipality. 1, 2 Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng., 2004, 20(1), 288–292. Vinamra Sharma *, Amiya K. Samal , 22. Yan, B. J. and Pan, Y. C., Estimation of nitrogen pollution load of Anand K. Chaudhary1 and Rajesh K. Srivastava2 farmland from livestock manure in China based on grid. Bull. Soil 1Department of Rasa Shastra, Faculty of Ayurveda, Water Conserv., 2015, 35(5), 133–137. Institute of Medical Sciences, and 23. Yan, B. J., Zhao, C. J., Pan, Y. C. and Wang, Y., Estimation of the 2Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Institute of Science, amount of livestock manure and its environmental influence of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India large-scaled culture based on spatial information. China Environ. Sci., 2009, 29(7), 733–737. 24. Yan, B. J., Zhao, C. J., Pan, Y. C., Yan, J. J. and Guo, X., Estima- This communication presents characterization and tion of livestock manure nitrogen load and pollution risk evalua- comparison of the physico-chemical properties of dif- tion of farmland in Daxing District. -
Twinnite Pb(Sb, As)2S4 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1 Crystal Data: Triclinic, Probable; Pseudo-Orthorhombic
Twinnite Pb(Sb, As)2S4 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Triclinic, probable; pseudo-orthorhombic. Point Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m, apparent. As grains, to 1.5 mm. Twinning: Polysynthetic, the trace of the composition plane parallel to {100}. Physical Properties: Cleavage: Perfect on {100}. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = n.d. VHN = 147 (50 g load). D(meas.) = n.d. D(calc.) = 5.323 (for Sb:As=3:2). Optical Properties: Opaque. Color: Black; white in polished section. Streak: Black, with a slightly brownish tint. Luster: Metallic. Pleochroism: Strong, displaying twin lamellae. R1–R2: (400) 39.1–45.2, (420) 38.2–44.7, (440) 37.3–44.2, (460) 36.6–43.7, (480) 36.2–43.2, (500) 35.8–42.9, (520) 35.5–42.5, (540) 35.0–42.0, (560) 34.4–41.4, (580) 34.0–40.8, (600) 33.5–40.0, (620) 33.2–39.4, (640) 32.8–38.7, (660) 32.3–38.1, (680) 31.7–37.5, (700) 31.0–37.0 Cell Data: Space Group: P nmn pseudocell. a = 19.6(2) b = 7.99(5) c = 8.60(5) α =90◦ β =90◦ γ =90◦ Z=8 X-ray Powder Pattern: Madoc, Canada. 3.51 (100), 2.344 (80), 2.78 (70), 4.18 (50), 3.91 (50), 2.689 (50), 2.645 (50) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Pb 41 39.3 38.7 Sb 28 28.1 24.8 As 11 8.9 12.0 S 23 23.7 23.9 Total 103 100.0 99.4 (1) Madoc, Canada; by electron microprobe, corresponding to Pb1.10(Sb1.28As0.82)Σ=2.10S4.00.