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Evaluation of Fighter Evasive Maneuvers Against Proportional Navigation Missiles

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Evaluation of Fighter Evasive Maneuvers Against Proportional Navigation Missiles TURKISH NAVAL ACADEMY NAVAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING INSTITUTE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING MASTER OF SCIENCE PROGRAM IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF FIGHTER EVASIVE MANEUVERS AGAINST PROPORTIONAL NAVIGATION MISSILES Master Thesis REMZ Đ AKDA Ğ Advisor: Assist.Prof. D.Turgay Altılar Đstanbul, 2005 Copyright by Naval Science and Engineering Institute, 2005 CERTIFICATE OF COMMITTEE APPROVAL EVALUATION OF FIGHTER EVASIVE MANEUVERS AGAINST PROPORTIONAL NAVIGATION MISSILES Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING from the TURKISH NAVAL ACADEMY Author: Remzi Akda ğ Defense Date : 13 / 07 / 2005 Approved by : 13 / 07 / 2005 Assist.Prof. Deniz Turgay Altılar (Advisor) Prof. Ercan Öztemel (Defense Committee Member) Assoc.Prof. Coşkun Sönmez (Defense Committee Member) ABSTRACT (TURKISH) SAVA Ş UÇAKLARININ ORANTISAL SEY ĐR YAPAN GÜDÜMLÜ MERM ĐLERDEN SAKINMA MANEVRALARININ DE ĞERLEND ĐRĐLMES Đ Anahtar Kelimeler : Orantısal seyir, sakınma manevraları, aerodinamik kuvvetler Bu tezde, orantısal seyir adı verilen güdüm sistemiyle ilerleyen güdümlü mermilere kar şı uçaklar tarafından icra edilen sakınma manevralarının etkinli ği ölçülmü ş, farklı güdümlü mermilerden kaçı ş için en uygun manevralar tanımlanmı ştır. Uçu ş aerodinamikleri, matematiksel modele bir temel oluşturmak amacıyla sunulmu ştur. Bir hava sava şında güdümlü mermilerden sakınmak için uçaklar tarafından icra edilen belli ba şlı manevraların matematiksel modelleri çıkarılıp uygulanılmı ş, görsel simülasyonu gerçekle ştirilmi ş ve bu manevraların de ğişik ba şlangıç de ğerlerine göre ba şarım çözümlemeleri yapılmıştır. Güdümlü mermi-uçak kar şıla şma senaryolarında güdümlü merminin terminal güdüm aşaması ele alınmı ştır. Gerçekçi çözümleme sonuçları elde edebilmek amacıyla uçu ş aerodinamiklerinin göz önüne alınmasıyla elde edilen yönlendirme kinematiklerini içeren geni şletilmi ş nokta kütleli uçak modeli kullanılmı ştır. Çalı şmamızda yaptı ğımız çözümleme sonucunda, de ğişik kar şıla şma senaryolarında, hangi manevranın güdümlü mermiden daha etkin olarak sakınma sa ğlayaca ğı konusunda fikir verilmektedir. Uçak modellerinde kullanılan parametreler yüksek-g kabiliyetine sahip sava ş uçaklarının özelliklerine yakın genel de ğerlerdir. iii ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) EVALUATION OF FIGHTER EVASIVE MANEUVERS AGAINST PROPORTIONAL NAVIGATION MISSILES Keywords : Proportional Navigation, Evasive maneuvers, aerodynamic forces. In thesis, evasive maneuvers of a fighter against a missile employing proportional navigation are measured. Flight kinematics and flight dynamics are represented in order to constitute a basis for the fighter model. Notable evasive maneuvers performed by a fighter aircraft against proportional navigation missiles in an air combat are extracted, implemented visually simulated and performance analyses of these maneuvers are made with respect to different initial parameters. The terminal phase of the encounter is taken into consideration. An extended point-mass aircraft model including orientation kinematics is used to obtain realistic results. After gathering performance analysis results for various missile- aircraft encounter scenarios, we put forward an idea about which maneuver will provide for an effective evasion from the guided missiles. The parameters used for the fighter models represent generic fighter aircraft with high-g capability. iv DISCLAIMER STATEMENT The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Turkish Navy, Naval Academy, and Naval Science and Engineering Institute. v DEDICATION To my mom, dad, sister and brother. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to extend my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my advisor Assist.Prof. D.Turgay Altılar for his guidance, assistance, encouragement, and friendship. His determination and confidence to success always gave endurance to me when I face difficulties during my studies. I would like to extend my appreciation to Lt.Mustafa D ĐNÇ for sharing his knowledge and resources with me. I would like to thank Prof.Süleyman Özkaynak, Assist.Prof.Vedat Co şkun, and personnel of Naval Science and Engineering Institute for their support. Finally, I would like to thank my friend Đnanç Moran. In the future, I believe that two of us will carry out many studies on missile guidance. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF COMMITTEE APPROVAL …................................ ii ABSTRACT (TURKISH).............................................................................. iii ABSTRACT (ENGLISH).............................................................................. v DISCLAIMER STATEMENT...................................................................... vii DEDICATION................................................................................................ viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................... xiii LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................... xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND SYMBOLS.............. xv I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................... 1 A. Fighter Evasive Maneuvers ..................................................................... 1 B. Aerodynamics and Kinematics ................................................................. 2 C. Simulation Environment ........................................................................... 3 D. Contribution of This Thesis ..................................................................... 3 E. Structure of This Thesis ........................................................................... 4 II. RELATED WORK AND BACKGROUND........................................... 5 A. REVIEW OF RELATED WORK ............................................................ 5 B. BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS .......................................................... 7 1. Fundamentals of BFM ....................................................................... 8 a. Angle Off ........................................................................................ 8 b. Range .............................................................................................. 8 c. Aspect Angle ................................................................................... 9 2. Offensive BFM .................................................................................. 9 a. Energy ............................................................................................. 9 b. Turn Radius ..................................................................................... 10 viii c. Turn Rate ......................................................................................... 10 d. Maneuvering Speed ........................................................................ 10 e. Corner Speed ................................................................................... 12 3. Defensive BFM .................................................................................. 13 a. Roll .................................................................................................. 14 b. Break Turn ...................................................................................... 15 c. Barrel Roll ....................................................................................... 15 d. Immelmann Turn ............................................................................ 16 e. Split S .............................................................................................. 17 C. FLIGHT KINEMATICS AND AERODYNAMICS ............................... 18 1. Aerodynamic Forces on an Aircraft. .................................................. 18 a. Mach Number .................................................................................. 19 b. Thrust .............................................................................................. 20 (1) Turbofan Engines .................................................................... 21 c. Lift ................................................................................................... 22 (1) Approximating the Lift Coefficient ......................................... 23 (a) Angle of Attack .................................................................... 23 (b) Thin Airfoil Theory .............................................................. 25 (c) Lifting Line Theory .............................................................. 26 (d) Thin Airfoil Theory vs. Lifting Line Theory ....................... 26 (e) Mach Number Effects on the Lift Coefficient ...................... 28 d. Drag. ................................................................................................ 29 (1) Lift-to-Drag Ratio ................................................................... 29 (2) Parabolic Drag Polar ............................................................... 30 e. Weight ............................................................................................. 32 2. Equations of Motion Over a Flat Earth .............................................. 32 a. Coordinate Systems of Interest ....................................................... 33 (1) Ground Axes System .............................................................
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