DOCSLIB.ORG

The Jewish Problem in U.S. Medical Education, 1920-1955

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Jewish Problem in U.S. Medical Education, 1920-1955 The Jewish Problem in U.S. Medical 0 0 ~ Education, 1920-1955 ::, 0 OJ C. (1) EDWARD C. HALPERIN C. g 3 N 1959 Saul Jarcho conceded: "it must be admitted ~it-----~u that the evidence of d1scrimmatory admission prac­ tice by medical schools [directed against Jews] is not of the precision or concreteness which the historian requrres." 1 In this essay I argue that, on the contrary, the nature and extent of U.S. medical school adm1s- s10n quotas during the first half of the twentieth century can be thoroughly documented. Leaders of U.S. medical schools rationalized their objections to the adnuss1on ofJewish students on the grounds of proportional representation as well as the classic anti-Semitic ca­ nards of Jewish defensiveness, bookishness, poor manual dexterity, and avarice. The Jewish community, in response, was divided between those who accepted the quota and those who vigorously fought back. Here I examine the historical evidence concerrung the quota, how it was justified, and the nature of the Jewish community's response. A QUOTA IS PUT IN PLACE Twentieth-century United States quotas restricting the access ofJew­ ish students and physicians to medical school and postgraduate training 1. Saul Jarcho, "Medical educanon m the Uruted Stace.s- 1910-1956," J Mount Sinai Hosp ., 1959, z6, 339-85, p 358 Th1S project was supported by a grant from the Josiah Charles Trent Foundanon Suzanne Porter of the Trent Library, Duke Uruversity Medical Center, rruide many helpful sugges­ noru. Rabbi John Fnedman helped clanfy my understanding of Rabbi Moms Lazeron and the non-Zmmst movement. The staffi of the Amencan Jewish Archives m Cmcmnan, Oh.10; the Archives of the JeW1Sh H1Stoncal Soaety of Metrowest, Whippany, New Jersey, the SpeCJal Collecooru Secooru of the library of the Uruversity of Medicine and Dennstry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey; Southern H1Stoncal CoUecnon, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and the H1Stoncal Center for the Health Sciences of the Uruversity of Mlclugan, Ann Arbor, M1ch1gan, were very helpful. C 200 I OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISSN 0022-5045 VOLUME 56 PAGES 140 TO 167 [ 140 ] Halpen'n : Jews in U.S. Medical Education 141 were a response to the massive wave of Russian Jewish immigrants at the beginrung of the twentieth century and the interest of these munigrants and their children in medical education. From r 880 to 0 the begrnning of the First World War in 1914, two million Russian 0 ~ Jews immigrated to the United States, joining about 400,000 Jews :::, 0 OJ already in the country. Following World War I and the Red Scare, C. Cl) the United States saw a rise in nativist feeling and a growth in C. 0 organizations hke the Ku Klux Klan that targeted popula• on groups ""3 2 ::,- with foreign roots. Overt anti-Jewish prejudice in the academic -ff community in the United States reached its zeruth when the children g:(/) of these eastern European Jewish immigrants began to enter college £ C. in large numbers. By 1902, for example, 90% of the undergraduates Cl) 3 at City College of New York were Jewish. 3 i:i" 0 C From 1900 to 1922 the proportion of Jewish students at Harvard ""O (") College rose from 7 percent to 21 percent. President A. Lawrence 0 3 Lowell, along with some members of Harvard's governing boards, "§; 3 OJ alumni, and faculty, noted this increase with grave concern. Lowell (/) Ql disapproved of unnugrants who fatled to merge into his image of ;l. o· mainstream America. Lowell had been an officer of the Boston-based io Immigration Restricoon League and was concerned that superior e:ui ~ Anglo-Saxon culture nught be undermined by excessive Jewish repre­ .i,. 0 sentation in the college.4 In 1922 Lowell told Harvard's graduates that ::;j .i,. 0-, "if every college in the country would take a linuted proportion of 0-, u, CD O" '< 2 Ceo) Roth, A Short H1Jtory of the Jewish people (Hartford, U.K : Harttnorc House, z Cl) 1969) pp 386-89; Abraham Leon Sachar, A H1Jtory of the Jews , 5th ed (New York. Al&-ed ~ A Knopf, 1967), Bernard Maron, A Hutory of Juda1Jm, 2 vols (New Yorlc· BasJc Books, -< Q 1974), II , 319-48; Seymour Rossel, joumry tlzrough J=h Hwory The Age of Fa,th and the 7'" Age of Freedom (New Yorlc Berman House, 1983), pp. 95-97; Rufus Lcam (pscud for s: Cl) Israel Goldberg] , 771e]ews m Ammca A H1Jtory (Cleveland World Pubwhmg Co, 1954), C. p 125 ; Paul Borchsemus, 77u History of the Jews, 5 vols (New York. Simon and Schuster, o· Q!. 1965) IV, 149-76 0 3. Sheny Gorelick , Cay College and the Jewislz Poor (New BrunsWick, NJ Rutgers Q_ io Umvers1ty Press, 1981) , p. 85, Heywood Broun and George Bntt, Christians Only A Study co m fujudlle (New Yorlc: Vanguard Press, 1931), p 72; Kenneth CoU1ns, Go and uam The Cl) C lntemat1otu1/ Story of Jews and Med1e1tll'. m Scotland (Aberdeen: Aberdeen Umvers1ty Press, (/) 1988) , p. 100 ~ 0 4 Seymour Mamn L1psct and Everett Carl Ladd, Jr. , "JeWJSh academics m the Uruted :::, N States," m MarshaU Sklare, ed , The Jew m Ammcan Socuty (New Yorlc Berman House, co 1974), pp. 255-89, M:ucu G Synott, "Ano-Senunsm wd Amencan uruversines: did quotas L C foUow the Jews' " m DaVId A Gerber, cd Ant1-Scm1t1sm in Ammcan History (Urbana­ '< Champa1gn Uruvemty of lllinoJS Press, 1986), pp. 233-70, Henry Aaron Yeomans, Abbott N 0 unvrrna Lowd/ 1856-1943 (Cambndge, Mass Harvard Umversity Press, 1948), p 209; N ~ Leonard Dmnerstem, Ant1Jmlll1Jm m America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p 85 . .. I 42 Journal of the History of Medicine Vol . 56, April 2001 Jews we should go a long way toward elirrunating race feelings among students and, as these students passed out into the world, eliminatmg 1t in the community."5 Lowell suggested a quota and rationalized his 0 views by arguing that a large Jewish presence on the campus would 0 ~ increase anti-Semitism in the student body and cause Genttle students :J 0 Ill not to attend Harvard.6 a. (I) a. Harvard's Board of Overseers appointed a committee to consider a the quota proposal. A faculty committee recommended that "in the 3 admirustration of rules for admiss10n Harvard College maintains its -s:::r traditional policy of freedom from discrimination on grounds of race g:en 7 C) or religion." The faculty committee voted against a formal quota, Ill a. 8 (I) as did the board. An unofficial program of educational access restnc­ 3 o· tion was, however, adopted and spread to many colleges, uruversities, 0 C and professional schools. Nicholas Murray Butler, president of Co­ 'O 8 lumbia Uruversity, also supported a policy of "selective adnussions" 3 to limit the admission of Jews m favor of his perception of an elite ~ 3 9 Ill "natural consti tuency." Butler said that he had "not elirrunated boys en CJ because they were Jews and do not propose to do so. We have honestly ~ ff CD attempted to elimmate the lowest grade of applicant and it turns out c:;; that a good many of the low grade men are New York Jews." 10 ~ ~ The pressure of Jewish applicants was particularly strong among .j:,. £2 potential medical students. In 1927 Dean Hugh Cabot of the Univer­ ---J .j:,. 0) sity ofMidugan advised Uruvers1ty President C.C. Little that, because 0) U1 <O new medical students were adnutted based on academic qualifications cr '< and because there were so many Jewish applicants of European origm z (I) with high qualifications, the school was gomg to be overrun with ~ °d undemables. Cabot responded by imposing racial and religious quotas. ;,. He put this mto practice by reqmring that applicants appear in Ann s: (I) a. Arbor for an interview or for an alumni or faculty interview in New ff 9!.. 0 5 New York T,me.s, 17 June 1922, pp 1, J For a detailed dlscuss1on see Synott (n. 4) Q. CD and Marc1.1 Graham Synott, 771t Ha!f-Opaud Door Dumm1nat1011 and Admus1ons al Harvard, co Yale, and Pnnctton (Westport Greenwood Prcs.1, 1979), pp 58-80 (I) C 6 Yeomans, (n 4) Lo=ll, pp. 209-1 8 en 7 Quoted m Jarcho (n 1) , p 358 ~ 0 8. New York Times, 1 June I 922, p. 6; 2 June 1922, p 1, 5 June I 922, p 1, 19 September :J N 1922, p J ; 1 o Apnl 1923 , p I , Report of tire Prwdent and Treasum of Harvard College, co I9zz-19z3 (umbndge, 1924), p. 32ff, Synort (n 4), pp. 234-6o '­ c 9 Broun and Bntt,. (n J) C/rnst1ans Only, pp. 102-4, T. Bender, New York !nu/lea A '< N History of /111'1/eaual 1.Jft i11 Nnv York C11y from 1750 to 1/1t &ginning of Our Own font (New 0 York: Alfred A Knopf, 1987), pp 289-292 N ~ 10 Harold S Wechsler, 77,e Qual,fred S111dtnr A Hutory of Seltellvt College Admusron rn Amenca (New York: Wiley, 1977), pp. 161-62. Halperin : Jews in U.S. Medical Education 143 York, Denver, or Los Angeles. 11 This personal interview was used at Michigan and other schools to exclude Jews on the basis of their havmg an unacceptable personality. One medical school dean con­ 0 0 curred on the usefulness of this technique in Justifying Jewish exclu­ :;: sion: "It is a fairly tenable fact that . personal acceptability and :::, 0a, C. magnetism . 1s less prevalent among the Jewish class, from which (1) by far the large number ofJewish applicants is bemg recruited, than C.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Peregrination in the Age of the Numerus Clausus: Hungarian
    DOI: 10.14754/CEU.2019.10 PEREGRINATION IN THE AGE OF THE NUMERUS CLAUSUS: HUNGARIAN JEWISH STUDENTS IN INTERWAR EUROPE Ágnes Katalin Kelemen A DISSERTATION In History Presented to the Faculties of the Central European University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Budapest, Hungary 2019 Supervisors Victor Karády CEU eTD Collection Michael Laurence Miller DOI: 10.14754/CEU.2019.10 Copyright in the text of this dissertation rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in full or part, may be made only in accordance with the instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European University Library. Details may be obtained from the librarian. This page must form a part of any such copies made. Further copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the written permission of the Author. I hereby declare that this dissertation contains no materials accepted for any other degrees in any other institutions and no materials previously written and/or published by another person unless otherwise noted. CEU eTD Collection II DOI: 10.14754/CEU.2019.10 Abstract This dissertation investigates the dynamics between academic antisemitism, Jewish social mobility and Jewish migration through the case study of the “numerus clausus exiles” – as Jewish students who left interwar Hungary due to the antisemitic numerus clausus law (Law XXV of 1920) were called by contemporaries and historians. After a conceptual and historiographic introduction in the first chapter embedding this work in the contexts of Jewish studies, social history and exile studies; interwar Hungarian Jewish peregrination is examined from four different aspects in four chapters based on four different types of sources.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of the German-Jewish Past: Memory and the Question of Antisemitism
    Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Purdue University Press Books Purdue University Press Fall 12-15-2020 The Future of the German-Jewish Past: Memory and the Question of Antisemitism Gideon Reuveni University of Sussex Diana University Franklin University of Sussex Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/purduepress_ebooks Part of the Jewish Studies Commons Recommended Citation Reuveni, Gideon, and Diana Franklin, The Future of the German-Jewish Past: Memory and the Question of Antisemitism. (2021). Purdue University Press. (Knowledge Unlatched Open Access Edition.) This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. THE FUTURE OF THE GERMAN-JEWISH PAST THE FUTURE OF THE GERMAN-JEWISH PAST Memory and the Question of Antisemitism Edited by IDEON EUVENI AND G R DIANA FRANKLIN PURDUE UNIVERSITY PRESS | WEST LAFAYETTE, INDIANA Copyright 2021 by Purdue University. Printed in the United States of America. Cataloging-in-Publication data is on file at the Library of Congress. Paperback ISBN: 978-1-55753-711-9 An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of librar- ies working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high-quality books Open Access for the public good. The Open Access ISBN for this book is 978-1-61249-703-7. Cover artwork: Painting by Arnold Daghani from What a Nice World, vol. 1, 185. The work is held in the University of Sussex Special Collections at The Keep, Arnold Daghani Collection, SxMs113/2/90.
    [Show full text]
  • Wladimir Kaminer and Jewish Identity in 'Multikulti' Germany Joseph Cronin
    Volume 9 & 10, WINTER 2018/19 TITLE BORDERS & REMEMBRANCE OF THINGS PAST Wladimir Kaminer and Jewish identity in ‘Multikulti’ Germany Joseph Cronin Queen Mary University of London Abstract ladimir Kaminer has become something of a poster-boy for the ‘Kontingentflüchtlinge W [Quota Refugees]’, the term applied to Jews from the former Soviet Union who immigrated to Germany between 1990 and 2006, as a result of a decision made first by the GDR and then adopted by the reunified Federal Republic. Kaminer writes little about his Jewishness in his work, but, in his first book, Russendisko (2000), he discusses the Jewish identity of Russian-speaking Jews living in Germany, viewed through the lens of Multikulti [multicultural] Berlin. Kaminer depicts them as just another of Germany’s ethnic minority groups and, as such, nothing special. Given both Germany’s past and the reasons offered by the German government for allowing these Jews to emigrate in the first place, Kaminer’s opinion is undoubtedly controversial. This article investigates how and why Kaminer adopts this position. It examines the pre-migration experiences of Jews from the former Soviet Union, which include: antisemitism, attitudes towards religion and discourse about the Holocaust in the Soviet Union, as well as the experiences (more unique to Kaminer) of Berlin in the 1990s, the heyday of multicultural optimism. Although Kaminer is an unusual case study who deliberately subverts the reader’s expectations of his identity politics, this article aims to show that his writings on Russian-speaking Jews, while highly subjective, have a wider application than might first appear.
    [Show full text]
  • Would Alan Dershowitz Be Hired to Teach Law at a Catholic Law School? Catholicizing, Neo-Brandeising, and an American Constitutional Policy Response
    ARTICLES Would Alan Dershowitz Be Hired to Teach Law at a Catholic Law School? Catholicizing, Neo-Brandeising, and an American Constitutional Policy Response Leonard Pertnoy*and Daniel Gordon** I. INTRODUCTION Geraldo: Alan, I've heard a crazy rumor about you. Alan: No! No! I deny it. I will not be representing Bob Barr. Geraldo: That's not the rumor. I've heard you're sick of the winter in Cambridge and you're moving south. Alan: Well, I can't say with certainty. The car wouldn't start last week and that was after I chipped the ice off of it. A sunny winter looks good.' If Alan M. Dershowitz wants to move south to escape the mis- eries of Cambridge, he definitely would want to investigate teaching law in Miami. Not only does Miami boast year-round outdoor wea- ther,2 but South Florida serves as home to several law schools.3 Der- showitz would want to keep all options open, and one school he would * Professor of Law, St. Thomas University School of Law; B.A. University of Louisville; J.D., University of Miami. ** Professor of Law, St. Thomas University School of Law; B.A., Haverford College; J.D., Boston College. 1. The dialogue comes from a law professor's midwinter night fantasy in the midst of watching Geraldo Rivera on CNBC discuss President Bill Clinton's impeachment trial with Alan Dershowitz, Bob Barr, Jerry Falwell, and Mark Levine. 2. "South Florida residents enjoy swimming, boating, fishing, golf, tennis, and every other type of outdoor recreation on a year-round basis." St.
    [Show full text]
  • Affirmative Action
    Affirmative Action DAVID OPPENHEIMER1: Well, good afternoon. Thank you. We have a terrific panel here. We’re going to start with Professor Onwuachi-Willig who’s going to be talking about the extension of mismatch. We’re going to try to keep it to about seven minutes each and thereby, leave time for discussion between ourselves and then discussion with the rest of you. Professor Onwuachi-Willig? ANGELA ONWUACHI-WILLIG2: So first, I want to start out by thanking the editors of the four journals. It’s been an amazing day with really wonderful panels, I’ve learned a lot, so thank you very much. There are consistent messages to people of color about their proper place in society, which has always been a really important tool for maintaining and advancing white supremacy. Referring back to what Professor Haney-Lopez asserted earlier today, in today’s post-civil rights society, few people would argue in favor of segregation in racial terms explicitly so. And few people would assert that Blacks, for example, do not belong in certain places. However, opponents of affirmative action have begun to articulate a form of these arguments as an add-on to the mismatch theory. In the minds of these scholars, affirmative action should not be employed—or, rather, it should be utilized much less—because African American, Latinx, and American Indian students simply do not belong at elite institutions of higher education, pointing to what they refer to as a mismatch between elite schools and the standardized test scores of many underrepresented minority students.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration, Quotas and Its Impact on Medical Education
    IMMIGRATION, QUOTAS AND ITS IMPACT ON MEDICAL EDUCATION BY MICHAEL H. RUBIN A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN LIBERAL STUDIES May 2013 Winston-Salem, North Carolina Approved by: David Coates, Ph.D., Advisor Michelle Gillespie, Ph.D., Chair Kenneth Zick, Ph.D. Acknowledgments I would like to thank Dr. David Coates who served as my faculty advisor and provided valuable guidance, knowledge and encouragement of my thesis. I am also extremely grateful to the members of my thesis committee, Dr. Michelle Gilespie and Dr. Ken Zick, for their willingness to evaluate and dissect my thesis. Their helpful suggestions and comments were, in itself, a learning experience. I would also like to express my gratitude for the enthusiastic assistance I received from the admissions personnel of the four North Carolina medical schools. In particular I would like to cite Dr. Jim Peden, Dean of Admissions of the Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, and Jim O’Neill, Director of Medical Education IT at the UNC School of Medicine, for providing key demographic data and keen insights into its interpretation. I was especially fortunate to garner the talents of skills librarians and archivists including Jennifer Little and Diane Johnson at the Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Matt Turi at the UNC School of Medicine, and Jolie Braun at the Duke University School of Medicine. Carolyn Cohen, Director of Library and Archives of the Anti-Defamation League, was invaluable in her resourcefulness in supplying meaningful information which provided important background material.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jewish Emigration from the Former Soviet Union to Germany
    The Jewish Emigration from the Former Soviet Union to Germany Barbara Dietz, Uwe Lebok, Pavel Polian* ABSTRACT Since the end of the 1980s a massive emigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union (FSU) can be observed. Israel and the United States were the most important receiving countries, followed by Germany, a comparatively new immigration destination for Jews from the successor states of the USSR. One of the reasons the German Government allowed the admission of Jews from post-Soviet states was the Jewish community’s claim that this immigration might rejuvenate the German Jewish population in the longer run. Using an index of demographic aging (Billeter’s J), the following article examines if this has actually happened. Findings suggest that immigration actually initiated a process of rejuvenation in the Jewish population in Germany. However, it was reversed during the end of the 1990s because of an unaffected low fertility. INTRODUCTION Since the liberalization of emigration regulations in the late-1980s and shortly thereafter with the break up of the Soviet Union, an exodus of Jews from the successor states of the USSR took place. The Jewish out-migration resulted in a dramatic decline of Jewish communities in the post Soviet Union. Initially most Jewish emigrants headed toward Israel and the United States. In the beginning of the 1990s Germany became the third important receiving country for the post- Soviet Jewish emigration because of an official regulation governing the admission of Jewish immigrants from the former USSR. According to the * Osteuropa-Institut Munchen; Konzept & Analyse AG, Nurnberg; Russian Academy of Science, Department of Geography, Moscow.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil Society and Empire in Fin-De-Siecle Russia: the Case Of
    TITLE : CIVIL SOCIETY AND EMPIRE IN FIN-DE-SIECLE RUSSIA : THE CASE OF JEWS AND THE LEGAL PROFESSION AUTHOR : BENJAMIN NATHANS . Indiana University at Bloomingto n THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FO R EURASIAN AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE VIII PROGRA M 1755 Massachusetts Avenue, N .W . Washington, D .C . 20036 LEGAL NOTICE The Government of the District of Columbia has certified an amendment of the Article s of Incorporation of the National Council for Soviet and East European Researc h changing the name of the Corporation to THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR EURASIA N AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARCH, effective on June 9, 1997. Grants, contracts and all other legal engagements of and with the Corporation made under its former nam e are unaffected and remain in force unless/until modified in writing by the parties thereto . PROJECT INFORMATION : ' CONTRACTOR : Indiana University at Bloomingto n PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Benjamin Nathan s COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 812-12 g DATE : November 28, 1997 COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Individual researchers retain the copyright on their work products derived from research funde d by contract or grant from the National Council for Eurasian and East European Research . However, the Council and the United States Government have the right to duplicate an d disseminate, in written and electronic form, this Report submitted to the Council under this Contract or Grant, as follows : Such dissemination may be made by the Council solely (a) for its own internal use, and (b) to the United States Government (1) for its own internal use : (2 ) for further dissemination to domestic, international and foreign governments, entities and individuals to serve official United States Government purposes : and (3) for dissemination i n accordance with the Freedom of Information Act or other law or policy of the United State s Government granting the public rights of access to documents held by the United State s Government .
    [Show full text]
  • The Jewish Problem: Anti-Semitic Admissions Quotas in Southern Us
    THE JEWISH PROBLEM: ANTI-SEMITIC ADMISSIONS QUOTAS IN SOUTHERN U.S. MEDICAL SCHOOLS, 1920s-1960s by Taylor Kristen Marks A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of North Carolina at Charlotte in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Charlotte 2020 Approved by: ______________________________ Dr. Aaron Shapiro ______________________________ Dr. Heather Perry ______________________________ ` Dr. David Goldfield ii ©2020 Taylor Kristen Marks ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii ABSTRACT TAYLOR KRISTEN MARKS. The Jewish Problem: Anti-Semitic Admissions Quotas in Southern U.S. Medical Schools, 1920s-1960s. (Under the direction of DR. AARON SHAPIRO) Anti-Semitism and worldwide Jewish immigration quotas informed the implementation of Jewish quotas in medical schools around the country from the 1920s to the 1960s. While many are aware of immigration quotas and the anti-Semitism that ran rampant in the country, the same cannot be said for informal medical quotas that restricted Jewish students from admission into medical schools and Jewish doctors from employment. Some of the most well-known schools in the South, such as Georgetown University, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Emory University, Johns Hopkins University, Duke University, and Wake Forest College, implemented quotas discriminating against Jewish enrollment in each institution’s medical schools. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Aaron Shapiro, who guided me through this thesis and my graduate school experience with enthusiasm and care, making my two years at UNCC much easier to navigate. I would also like to extend my appreciation to my other committee members, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933-1945
    NAZI GERMANY AND THE JEWS, 1933–1945 ABRIDGED EDITION SAUL FRIEDLÄNDER Abridged by Orna Kenan To Una CONTENTS Foreword v Acknowledgments xiii Maps xv PART ONE : PERSECUTION (January 1933–August 1939) 1. Into the Third Reich: January 1933– December 1933 3 2. The Spirit of the Laws: January 1934– February 1936 32 3. Ideology and Card Index: March 1936– March 1938 61 4. Radicalization: March 1938–November 1938 87 5. A Broken Remnant: November 1938– September 1939 111 PART TWO : TERROR (September 1939–December 1941) 6. Poland Under German Rule: September 1939– April 1940 143 7. A New European Order: May 1940– December 1940 171 iv CONTENTS 8. A Tightening Noose: December 1940–June 1941 200 9. The Eastern Onslaught: June 1941– September 1941 229 10. The “Final Solution”: September 1941– December 1941 259 PART THREE : SHOAH (January 1942–May 1945) 11. Total Extermination: January 1942–June 1942 287 12. Total Extermination: July 1942–March 1943 316 13. Total Extermination: March 1943–October 1943 345 14. Total Extermination: Fall 1943–Spring 1944 374 15. The End: March 1944–May 1945 395 Notes 423 Selected Bibliography 449 Index 457 About the Author About the Abridger Other Books by Saul Friedlander Credits Cover Copyright About the Publisher FOREWORD his abridged edition of Saul Friedländer’s two volume his- Ttory of Nazi Germany and the Jews is not meant to replace the original. Ideally it should encourage its readers to turn to the full-fledged version with its wealth of details and interpre- tive nuances, which of necessity could not be rendered here.
    [Show full text]
  • Perceptions That Jews Have Too Much Power and Game Theory
    Critical Thinking Assignment: Jews perceived to have too much Power & Game Theory The explanation of ideology and extracts on anti-Semitism below, along with the notes for lectures 10 and 11, will help to answer the following question: What is the common ideological impetus behind Jews being blamed for the Black Death (1348-1351), “Harvard’s Jewish problem” (1922), Henry Ford’s critique of Jews in the Dearborn Independent (1920-21), the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, and the Jewish “Doctor’s Plot” of 1953? What were the obstacles to assessing the evidence that would disconfirm the storylines (generally arguing that Jews had too much power) in each of these situations? How does game theory help to explain why Jews were viewed as a threat then and why they are viewed differently today in the U.S. and Europe? What is “ideology?” Although there are several competing definitions, ideologies commonly refer to systems of ideas that legitimate claims to propriety, power, or privilege (Domhoff, 1983; Sartori, 1969). As such, ideologies are indispensable and ubiquitous, underlying and guiding all aspects of human endeavor. They are cognitive maps that simplify “a reality too huge and complicated to be comprehended, evaluated, and dealt with in any purely factual, scientific, or other disinterested way” (Higgs, 1987, pp. 37-38). In bestowing legitimacy to a position or vantage point where there may be conflicting interests, ideologies typically provide justification for “what is good, who gets what, and who rules” (Hinich & Munger, 1994, p. 11). This justification is inevitably imbued with moral and ethical judgments (North, 1981; Lodge, 1976).
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Survey of Jews in Canada Final Report
    2018 Survey of Jews in Canada Final Report Robert Brym Keith Neuman Rhonda Lenton This study was conducted by the Environics Institute for Survey Research, in partnership with the following organizations: UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO In 1999, Ed Clark endowed the S.D. Clark Chair of Sociology at the University of Toronto in honour of his late father, the first Chair of Sociology at U of T. Funds from the S.D. Clark Chair of Sociology supported this research. The Department of Sociology and the Office of Advancement at the University of Toronto also provided invaluable assistance. YORK UNIVERSITY This project was supported in part from research funds of the author provided by York University. York is Canada’s third largest university committed to providing a broad demographic of students a high quality, research-intensive learning experience and contributing to the betterment of society. ENVIRONICS INSTITUTE FOR SURVEY RESEARCH The Environics Institute for Survey Research sponsors relevant and original public opinion and social research related to issues of public policy and social change. It is through such research that organizations and individuals can better understand Canada today, how it’s been changing, and where it may be heading. For more information about this study, contact: Keith Neuman, Ph.D. The Environics Institute for Survey Research 416-969-2457 [email protected] This study was made possible in part through the generous support of the following organizations: Contents List of figures ................................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]