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Universidad Estatal Peninsula De Santa De Elena UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL PENINSULA DE SANTA DE ELENA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEL MAR ESCUELA DE BIOLOGIA MARINA “EVALUACIÓN DE LA ABUNDANCIA Y DISTRIBUCIÓN ESPACIO- TEMPORAL DE OPISTOBRANQUIOS CON RELACIÓN AL TIPO DE SUSTRATO EN LA ZONA ROCOSA INTERMAREAL DE AYANGUE Y LA ENTRADA PROVINCIA DE SANTA ELENA” TESIS DE GRADO Previo a la obtención del título de: BIÓLOGO MARINO REYES SUÁREZ FRANKLIN JEFFERSON TUTOR ING. JIMMY VILLON LA LIBERTAD-ECUADOR 2014 UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL PENINSULA DE SANTA DE ELENA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEL MAR ESCUELA DE BIOLOGIA MARINA “EVALUACIÓN DE LA ABUNDANCIA Y DISTRIBUCIÓN ESPACIO- TEMPORAL DE OPISTOBRANQUIOS CON RELACIÓN AL TIPO DE SUSTRATO EN LA ZONA ROCOSA INTERMAREAL DE AYANGUE Y LA ENTRADA PROVINCIA DE SANTA ELENA” TESIS DE GRADO Previo a la obtención del título de: BIÓLOGO MARINO REYES SUÁREZ FRANKLIN JEFFERSON TUTOR ING. JIMMY VILLON LA LIBERTAD-ECUADOR 2014 DECLARACIÓN EXPRESA. La responsabilidad por las ideas, hechos, investigaciones y resultados expuestos en esta tesis, pertenece exclusivamente al autor, y el patrimonio intelectual de la misma, a la UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL PENÍNSULA DE SANTA ELENA (UPSE). Franklin Jefferson Reyes Suárez C.I. 0929013613 i DEDICATORIA Dedico este trabajo principalmente a Dios, por haberme dado la vida y permitirme el haber llegado hasta este momento tan importante de mi vida. A mi padre Franklin Reyes, por darme la mejor educación, por los mensajes de aliento y tu excelente manera de instruirme para enfrentar las verdades de esta vida, como también a mi madre Tania Suárez por los deseos de superación y a mis hermanos que son el eje fundamental de mi familia. ii AGRADECIMIENTO A mis padres por el apoyo brindado incondicionalmente en mi formación académica que siempre estuvieron presentes dándome concejos y ánimos para seguir adelante. Agradezco de forma especial a mis abuelos que confiaron en mí y gracias a sus oportunos concejos, me guiaron y fortalecieron mis principios como persona. Al Ingeniero Jimmy Villón, por la dirección de este trabajo científico, apoyando en la ejecución del proyecto con sus conocimientos. De manera muy especial a PHD. María Herminia Cornejo por su apoyo brindado incondicionalmente en la elaboración del proyecto y por los concejos de superación que solo una amiga puede dar. A mis amigos y compañeros de la universidad Juan Rodríguez y Roylan Ángel que aportaron con ideas en la elaboración del proyecto. A los profesores de la carrera de Biología Marina, por sus enseñanzas que impartieron en las clases fortaleciendo la preparación profesional de los estudiantes. iii TRIBUNAL DE GRADO _________________________ _________________________ ING. GONZALO TAMAYO C. BLG. RICHARD DUQUE DECANO DE LA FACULTAD DIRECTOR DE ESCUELA _________________________ _________________________ ING. JIMMY VILLON BLG. YADIRA SOLANO PROFESOR TUTOR DOCENTE DE ÁREA _______________________________ SECRETARIO GENERAL PROCURADOR iv ÍNDICE GENERAL. Pag DECLARACIÓN EXPRESA....................................................................................... i DEDICATORIA……………………………………………………………………... ii AGRADECIMIENTO………………………………………………………….......... iii TRIBUNAL DE GRADO………………………………………………………….... iv ÍNDICE GENERAL………………………………………………………………..... v-vi INDICE DE TABLAS……………………………………………………………….. vii INDICE DE FIGURAS……………………………………………………………… viii-ix GLOSARIO…………………………………………………………………….......... x-xi ABREVIATURA Y SIMBOLOGÍA………………………………………………... xii 1. RESUMEN………………………………………………………………………... xiii 2. INTRODUCCION………………………………………………………………… 1-2 3. JUSTIFICACIÓN…………………………………………………………………. 3 4. OBJETIVO GENERAL…………………………………………………………... 4 5. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS……………………………………………………... 4 6. HIPÓTESIS……………………………………………………………………….. 5 7. MARCO TEÓRICO 7.1. Generalidades de los opistobranquios…………………………………………... 6 7.2. Respiración………………………………………………………………...……. 6-7 7.3. Reproducción……………………………………………………………………. 7 7.4. Sistema de defensa………………………………………...……………………. 7 7.5. Tipos de desarrollo de larva en opistobranquios…………................................. 7-8 7.6. Ciclo de vida…………………………………………………………………….. 8-9 7.7. Importancia ecológica…………………………………………………………... 9 7.8. Potencial químico y su importancia en la medicina…………………………….. 10 7.9. Impactos antrópicos……………………………………………………………... 10-11 7.10. Clasificación de los opistobranquios…………………………………………... 11 7.10.1. Anaspidea………………………………………………………………......... 11 7.10.2. Notaspidea…………………………………………………………………… 11-12 7.10.3. Sacoglossa…………………………………………………………………… 12 7.10.3. Nudibranquios……………………………………………………………….. 12 7.10.4. Cephalaspidea……………………………………………………….……….. 13 7.11. Colonización y su relación a los hábitos alimenticios...................................... 13-14 7.12. Distribución de las especies de opistobranquios………………………...…….. 14 8. MARCO METODOLÓGICO 15 8.1. Descripción del área de estudio…………………………………………………. 15 8.2. Zona inter-mareal rocoso Ayangue……………………………………………... 15 8.3. Zona inter-mareal rocosa La Entrada…………………………………………… 16 8.4. Diseño investigativo…………………………………………………………….. 17-18 8.4.1. Diseño gráfico de los transeptos………………………………………………. 18 8.5. Diseño de muestreo……………………………………………………………... 18-19 8.6. Clasificación taxonómica……………………………………………………….. 20-21 8.7. Estimación de la abundancia poblacional entre Ayangue y La Entrada………… 21 8.8. Distribución espacial de los opistobranquios en relación estrato-alimento……... 21 v 8.9. Distribución temporal de los opistobranquios en relación a los parámetros físicos- químicos………………………………………………………………… 21-22 8.10. Clasificación de las especies de acuerdo a la frecuencia de aparición………... 22 8.11. Análisis de resultados………………………………………………………….. 23 8.12. Chao 1………………………………………………………………………….. 23 8.13.Jacknife…………………………………………………………………………. 23 8.14. Bootstrap……………………………………………………………………….. 23 8.15. Índice de similitud Bray Curtis………………………………………………… 23 8.16. Correlación entre la abundancia absoluta y la cobertura de algas……………... 24 8.17. Correlación entre la abundancia absoluta y las variables ambientales………… 24 9. RESULTADOS 25 9.1. Composición de opistobranquios en el intermareal rocoso de Ayangue………... 25 9.2. Composición de opistobranquios en el intermareal rocoso de La Entrada…….... 25-26 9.3. Abundancia poblacional de opistobranquios en el intermareal rocoso de Ayangue……………………………………………………………………………… 26-27 9.4. Abundancia poblacional de opistobranquios en el intermareal rocoso de La Entrada……………………………………………………………………………….. 27-28 9.5. Abundancia de opistobranquios en el intermareal de Ayangue………………… 28-29 9.6. Abundancia de opistobranquios en el intermareal rocoso de La Entrada……….. 29 9.7. Riqueza Potencial máxima de especies en Ayangue……………………............. 30 9.8. Riqueza potencial máxima de especies en La Entrada………………………….. 30-31 9.9. Grado de similitud entre los niveles de marea y la abundancia absoluta en Ayangue……………………………………………………………………………… 31-32 9.10. Grado de similitud entre los niveles de marea y la abundancia absoluta en La Entrada……………………………………………………………………………….. 32-33 9.11. Cobertura absoluta de algas verdes, rojas y pardas por muestreo en Ayangue……………………………………………………………………………… 33-34 9.12. Cobertura absoluta de algas verdes, rojas y pardas por muestreo en La Entrada……………………………………………………………………………….. 34-35 9.13. Correlación entre las especies de opistobranquios y el tipo de sustrato en Ayangue y La Entrada……………………………………………………………….. 35-36 9.14. Incidencia de los parámetros ambientales y la abundancia absoluta en Ayangue y La Entrada……………………………………………………………….. 36 9.15. Clasificación de los opistobranquios de acuerdo a la frecuencia de apariciones…………………………………………………………………………… 37 9.16. Frecuencia de apariciones de opistobranquios encontrados en Ayangue…….... 37 9.17. Frecuencia de apariciones de opistobranquios encontrados en La Entrada………………………………………………………………………......…… 38 10. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES. 10.1. Conclusiones…………………………………………………………………… 39-40 10.2. Recomendaciones……………………………………………………………… 41 11. BIBLIOGRAFÍA………………………………………………………………… 42-46 Anexo………………………………………………………………………………... 47-84 vi ÍNDICE DE TABLA Pag. Tabla 1. Especies de opistobranquios del océano atlántico (García y Bertsch 2009)………………………………………………………………………………... 14 Tabla 2. Coordenadas geográficas de los lugares de estudio……………….............. 15 Tabla 3. Escala de clasificación de acuerdo a la frecuencia de aparición…………….. 22 Tabla No 4. Inventario taxonómico de opistobranquios del intermareal rocoso de Ayangue…………………………………………………………............................. 25 Tabla No 5. Inventario taxonómico de opistobranquios del intermareal rocoso de Ayangue…………………………………………………………………................... 26 Tabla No 6. Abundancia absoluta de opistobranquios en el intermareal rocoso de Ayangue. M: indica # muestreo………………………………………………………. 27 Tabla No 7. Abundancia absoluta de opistobranquios en el intermareal rocoso de La Entrada………………………………………………………………………………… 28 Tabla 8. Abundancia absoluta y relativa de opistobranquios por niveles de marea en la zona rocosa de Ayangue……………………………………………………………. 29 Tabla 9. Abundancia absoluta y relativa de opistobranquios por niveles de marea en la zona rocosa de La Entrada…………………………………………………………. 29 Tabla 10. Correlación entre abundancia de opistobranquios y cobertura de algas…………………………………………………………………………………… 36 Tabla 11. Correlación entre las variables ambientales y la abundancia absoluta….…. 36 Tabla 12. Frecuencia de apariciones de las especies en Ayangue………………….… 37 Tabla 13. Frecuencia de apariciones de las especies en La Entrada……………….... 38 vii ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS pag Figura 1a. Vista satelital de Ayangue obtenida de google
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