and Justice Commission

CONSENT CALENDAR January 19, 2010

To: Honorable Mayor and Members of the City Council From: Peace and Justice Commission Submitted by: Eric Brenman, Secretary, Peace and Justice Commission Subject: Universal and Unconditional Amnesty for , and Pakistan War Military Resisters and

RECOMMENDATION At its meeting on November 2, 2009, the Peace and Justice Commission unanimously approved the following recommendation:

Adopt a Resolution requiring the City of Berkeley to call for and support universal and unconditional amnesty for Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan war military resisters and veterans.

M/S/C: (Meola, B./Lippman, G.)

Ayes: Bohn, D.; Brody, D.; Kenin, W.; Lippman, G.; Litman, J.; Maran, R.; Marley, J.; Meola, B.; Nicely, M.; Sherman, M.; Sorgen, P.

Noes: None.

Abstain: None.

Absent: Wornick, J. (excused)

FISCAL IMPACTS OF RECOMMENDATION None.

CURRENT SITUATION AND ITS EFFECTS Although accurate figures for the number of military personnel who have been classified as Absent Without Leave (“AWOL”), Unauthorized Absence (“UA”), or deserters since 9/11 are not available, the estimates range in the tens of thousands. While it would take a Freedom of Information Act Request to obtain AWOL statistics from the Pentagon,

Universal and Unconditional Amnesty for Iraq, CONSENT CALENDAR Afghanistan and Pakistan War Military Resisters and Veterans December 15, 2009

counselors who speak with AWOL military personnel estimate that the percentage of AWOL personnel has more than doubled, from approximately .85% before 9/11 to 1.7 to 1.9% of the current 2.3 million military personnel (or forty-some thousand AWOLS).

Due to an increase in the overall numbers of persons in the military, the number of AWOL persons has greatly increased in recent years. Many of these, mostly soldiers and marines, but including some sailors, air men and women and coast guard personnel, have stated that they came to see the wars as illegal and/or immoral. Such stories have been commonly expressed to counselors on the GI Rights Hotline (girightshotline.org) over the years and many public resisters have sought assistance from Oakland, California based Courage to Resist and their stories are available at couragetoresist.org. Courage to Resist has assisted approximately 250 public war resisters, about a dozen of which have been charged with speech offenses, and it has counseled approximately 750 more AWOL personnel who have not gone public with their war resistance. Some who have gone AWOL have, like soldiers during the , gone to to live. , and are just a few who have gone to Canada. Some, like Robin Long, have also since been deported from Canada.

A specific example of the burden this current military and civilian policy places on U.S. war resisters and veterans is illustrated by Army Spc. Kimberly Rivera who, while home on leave in January 2007, made the life changing decision that she would not be returning to the . She felt the war was senseless and immoral. Instead, she packed up the family car and drove to Canada with her husband and two children. She since has had a third child. She lives in Canada with her husband and her three young children. As of November, 2007 she was one of about fifty AWOL U.S. war resisters who were openly seeking sanctuary in Canada. Kimberly has been fighting the decision of the Canadian government to deport her. On July 9, 2009, following her last hearing to appeal Canada’s decision to deport her and her family, Kimberly stated: “I shouldn’t have to destroy my family for deciding not to destroy somebody else’s family.” Her case is still not resolved.

Robin Long became the first to be deported from Canada since the Vietnam War. After spending fifteen months in a military jail in San Diego, he is now going to school and living in San Francisco. His deportation separated him from his Canadian wife and child.

Soldiers and marines who have spoken out against the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have received differential treatment and punishment by the U.S. military for doing so. This amounts to being punished for their moral, religious, or political beliefs. This happened to Jeremy Hinzman. He has also received hate mail threatening him with harm if he comes back to the US.

Kevin Benderman didn't even go AWOL -- he only spoke against the war, while remaining active and following orders -- and he was put in jail!

War Resister, Agustin Aguayo, was gone from base only 24 days. A soldier isn't even officially AWOL until 30 days have passed. But during those 24 days, Aguayo spoke out loudly and publicly against the Iraq War, and they threw the book at him. He has spoken

2 Universal and Unconditional Amnesty for Iraq, CONSENT CALENDAR Afghanistan and Pakistan War Military Resisters and Veterans December 15, 2009

about how he was punished more severely than people who were AWOL much longer, because of his vocal and public opposition to the Iraq War. Aguayo said, among other things, "I have been stripped of the ability to provide for my family adequately." A dishonorable discharge achieves this type of result.

Attorney Eric Seitz, who represented Army Lieutenant Ehren Watada and is an expert on US military law, stated that the military used to allow objectors to quietly fade away. However, since 2002, applicants for status and other AWOL soldiers who speak out publicly against the Iraq War have been subjected to severe punishment, as the military seeks to make an example out of them, attempting to deter other troops from doing the same.

War Resister Christian Kjar, left Canada to try to work things out with the military. Because he had spoken out publicly against the war, Christian was hazed and abused so severely that he jumped out of a two-story window in the middle of the night in order to go AWOL again, and went back to Canada.

The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are far from over. And although not as well known, the has waged war in Pakistan, by means of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, by secret covert special operations using Navy Seals with long beards and no uniforms, and by use of mercenary contractors including Xe (formerly known as Blackwater).

BACKGROUND On January 20, 1977, in order to heal the political and social wounds of , President Jimmy Carter issued an executive order declaring Unconditional Amnesty and granting a “full, complete and unconditional pardon” to hundreds of thousands of men who had resisted the draft or evaded the draft during the Vietnam War by fleeing the country or by failing to register for the draft. The divisiveness of the Bush regime in prosecuting illegal and immoral wars necessitates a new healing and call for amnesty for America’s wronged military personnel.

RATIONALE FOR RECOMMENDATION This proposed Resolution is recommended to the City Council consistent with the Peace and Justice Commission’s mandate to advise the Council on matters of peace and justice. (B.M.C. Sect. 3.69.070).

CITY MANAGER The City Manager takes no position on the content and/or recommendations of the Commission’s Report.

CONTACT PERSON Robert Meola, Chairperson, Peace and Justice Commission, (510) 644-1102 Eric Brenman, Secretary, Peace and Justice Commission, (510) 981-5114

Attachments: 1. Resolution 2. Background information, reference materials and citations

3 RESOLUTION NO. –N.S.

UNIVERSAL AND UNCONDITIONAL AMNESTY FOR IRAQ, AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN WAR MILITARY RESISTERS AND VETERANS

WHEREAS, the Peace and Justice Commission advises the City Council on all matters relating to the City of Berkeley’s role in issues of peace and social justice (Berkeley Municipal Code B.M.C. Chapter 3.69.070); and

WHEREAS, the undeclared Iraq War was sold to the American people by the Bush Administration with lies about non-existent “Weapons of Mass Destruction” and a terrorist threat; and the war in Afghanistan is being prosecuted based on fear and misrepresentations as to why it is being fought; and

WHEREAS, United States military personnel have fulfilled their contracts and then due to the policy of “stop-loss,” have been forcibly retained in the military against their will after their legally obligated and agreed upon dates of separation from the military, and in some cases, made to serve fifth, sixth, and seventh terms in the military and, in those wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, during which time, some members of the military have had a crystallization of , based on their experiences, which have led them to ; and

WHEREAS, men and women in the United States military have, as a matter of conscience, no longer been able to serve in the United States military and have therefore gone Absent Without Leave or on Unauthorized Absence; and

WHEREAS, United States military personnel are subject to formal and informal punishment for what, for civilians, is protected First Amendment speech when that speech is considered to be in opposition to United States government policies in Iraq and Afghanistan and Pakistan; and

WHEREAS, Berkeley is a Sanctuary City for Conscientious Objectors since 1991 and for War Resisters since 2007; and

WHEREAS, on January 20, 1977, President Jimmy Carter issued an executive order declaring Unconditional Amnesty granting a “full, complete and unconditional pardon” to hundreds of thousands of men who had resisted the draft or evaded the draft during the Vietnam War by fleeing the country or by failing to register for the draft.

NOW THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the Council of the City of Berkeley recommends that all military personnel who have served in the United States military since October 7, 2001, be granted Universal and Unconditional Amnesty, such amnesty to amount to forgiveness for all convictions of or Absent Without Leave or Unauthorized Absence stemming from absences since October 7, 2001, when such leave or absence was caused by matters of personal conscience in opposition to the illegal wars in Iraq and/or Afghanistan and/or Pakistan.

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the City of Berkeley recommends that Universal and Unconditional Amnesty be granted to all military personnel who have been charged or who have not yet been charged with desertion, missing movement and/or Absent Without Leave or on Unauthorized Absence resulting from absences since October 7, 2001, due to matters of personal conscience in opposition to the illegal wars in Iraq and/or Afghanistan and/or Pakistan.

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Council of the City of Berkeley recommends that military personnel who have been convicted of charges stemming from their exercise of free speech regarding their opposition to the wars in Iraq and/or Afghanistan and/or Pakistan since October 7, 2001, be granted amnesty for those convictions.

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Council of the City of Berkeley supports Universal and Unconditional Amnesty for all veterans with less than honorable discharges for absence offenses stemming from matters of personal conscience regarding opposition to war commencing on or after October 7, 2001, and that those veterans have those discharges automatically upgraded to honorable discharges or general under honorable conditions, and, that those veterans be granted all benefits otherwise due to them.

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Council of the City of Berkeley send copies of this resolution to the President of the United States, , Senator Barbara Boxer, Senator Dianne Feinstein, Speaker of the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi, and Congressperson, Barbara Lee.

5 Attachment 2

http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/03/29/60II/main609216.shtml AWOL From Iraq

Exclusive: Soldier Says War Is Morally Wrong; His Commanding Responds By Tricia McDermott

Carter pardons draft dodgers Jan. 21, 1977 http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0108/7974.html

The MacNeil/Lehrer Report -- January 21, 1977 CARTER'S PARDON http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/vietnam/vietnam_1-21-77.html

 President Carter's Vietnam Amnesty: An Analysis of a Public Policy Decision  David Shichor and Donald R. Ranish  Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 3, Why Great Men are, or Are Not, Elected President (Summer, 1980), pp. 443-450 (article consists of 8 pages)  Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress  Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27547599

http://www.jstor.org/pss/27547599

U.S. Troops Crossed Border, Pakistan Says 20 Locals Reported Killed in Assault

By Candace Rondeaux and Karen DeYoung

Washington Post Foreign Service Thursday, September 4, 2008

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2008/09/03/AR2008090300523.html

Our secret war in Pakistan

Posted: Tuesday, October 07, 2008 8:29 AM Filed Under: Kabul, Afghanistan By Richard Engel, NBC News Chief Foreign Correspondent http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2008/10/07/1500617.aspx

Spec ops raids into Pakistan halted

By Sean D. Naylor - Staff writer Posted : Saturday Sep 27, 2008 7:24:36 EDT http://www.armytimes.com/news/2008/09/Army_border_ops_092608w/

U.S. weighs expanded covert war in Pakistan: report Wed Mar 18, 2009 4:41am EDT http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE52H0QT20090318

U.S. Covert Operations Buildup in Pakistan Anger Citizens Posted by LBG1 on October 29th, 2009 http://deathby1000papercuts.com/2009/10/u-s-covert-operations-buildup-in-pakistan- anger-citizens/

Bush secret order to send special forces into Pakistan

· Fear of escalating regional conflict · White House seeks British backing

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/sep/12/usforeignpolicy.usa

ISLAMABAD, Pakistan, Sept. 3, 2008

U.S. Special Forces Strike In Pakistan

Rare Use Of Ground Forces Stokes Pakistani Ire, May Indicate High-Value Target

http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/09/03/terror/main4409288.shtml

Flushing Blackwater

By Jeremy Scahill

This article appeared in the September 14, 2009 edition of The Nation. August 26, 2009

http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090914/scahill

Blackwater/Xe Enters Pakistan, In a Big Way http://afpakwar.com/blog/2009/08/28/blackwaterxe-enters- pakistan-in-a-big-way/