Applied Engineering Using Schumann Resonance for Earthquakes Monitoring
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EHC 238 Front Pages Final.Fm
This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the International Commission of Non- Ionizing Radiation Protection, the International Labour Organization, or the World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 238 EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY FIELDS Published under the joint sponsorship of the International Labour Organization, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, and the World Health Organization. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Extremely low frequency fields. (Environmental health criteria ; 238) 1.Electromagnetic fields. 2.Radiation effects. 3.Risk assessment. 4.Envi- ronmental exposure. I.World Health Organization. II.Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. III.Series. ISBN 978 92 4 157238 5 (NLM classification: QT 34) ISSN 0250-863X © World Health Organization 2007 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e- mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. -
Through-The-Earth Electromagnetic Trapped Miner Location Systems. a Review
Open File Report: 127-85 THROUGH-THE-EARTH ELECTROMAGNETIC TRAPPED MINER LOCATION SYSTEMS. A REVIEW By Walter E. Pittman, Jr., Ronald H. Church, and J. T. McLendon Tuscaloosa Research Center, Tuscaloosa, Ala. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF MINES Research at the Tuscaloosa Research Center is carried out under a memorandum of agreement between the Bureau of Mines, U. S. Department of the Interior, and the University of Alabama. CONTENTS .Page List of abbreviations ............................................. 3 Abstract .......................................................... 4 Introduction ...................................................... 4 Early efforts at through-the-earth communications ................. 5 Background studies of earth electrical phenomena .................. 8 ~ationalAcademy of Engineering recommendations ................... 10 Theoretical studies of through-the-earth transmissions ............ 11 Electromagnetic noise studies .................................... 13 Westinghouse - Bureau of Mines system ............................ 16 First phase development and testing ............................. 16 Second phase development and testing ............................ 17 Frequency-shift keying (FSK) beacon signaler .................... 19 Anomalous effects ................................................ 20 Field testing and hardware evolution .............................. 22 Research in communication techniques .............................. 24 In-mine communication systems .................................... -
The Effect of the Ionosphere on Ultra-Low-Frequency Radio-Interferometric Observations? F
A&A 615, A179 (2018) Astronomy https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833012 & © ESO 2018 Astrophysics The effect of the ionosphere on ultra-low-frequency radio-interferometric observations? F. de Gasperin1,2, M. Mevius3, D. A. Rafferty2, H. T. Intema1, and R. A. Fallows3 1 Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] 2 Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany 3 ASTRON – the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, PO Box 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands Received 13 March 2018 / Accepted 19 April 2018 ABSTRACT Context. The ionosphere is the main driver of a series of systematic effects that limit our ability to explore the low-frequency (<1 GHz) sky with radio interferometers. Its effects become increasingly important towards lower frequencies and are particularly hard to calibrate in the low signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) regime in which low-frequency telescopes operate. Aims. In this paper we characterise and quantify the effect of ionospheric-induced systematic errors on astronomical interferometric radio observations at ultra-low frequencies (<100 MHz). We also provide guidelines for observations and data reduction at these frequencies with the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) and future instruments such as the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). Methods. We derive the expected systematic error induced by the ionosphere. We compare our predictions with data from the Low Band Antenna (LBA) system of LOFAR. Results. We show that we can isolate the ionospheric effect in LOFAR LBA data and that our results are compatible with satellite measurements, providing an independent way to measure the ionospheric total electron content (TEC). -
Extremely Low Frequency (Elf) Fields
This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of either the World Health Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme, or the International Radiation Protection As- sociation. Environmental Health Criteria 35 EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY (ELF) FIELDS - Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the World Health Organization, and the International Radiation Protection Association S World Health Organization V Geneva, 1984 Is- ISBN 92 4 154095 8 - ©World Health Organization 1984 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protec- tion in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copy- right Convention. For rights of reproduction or translation of WHO publica- tions, in part or in toto, application should be made to the Office of Publica- tions, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzedand. The World Health Organization welcomes such applications. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or con- cerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies of of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not men- tioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distingthshed by initial capital letters. PRINTED IN FINLAND 8416131 vAI.4MALA - 5500 -3- CONTENTS Page ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY (ELF) FIELDS I. -
An Agile Laser with Ultra-Low Frequency Noise and High Sweep Linearity
An agile laser with ultra-low frequency noise and high sweep linearity Haifeng Jiang 1,* , Fabien Kéfélian 2, Pierre Lemonde1, André Clairon 1 and Giorgio Santarelli 1 1Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais–Système de Références Temps-Espace, Observatoire de Paris, UPMC and CNRS, 61 Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France 2Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Université Paris 13 and CNRS, 99 Avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France *[email protected] Abstract: We report on a fiber-stabilized agile laser with ultra-low frequency noise. The frequency noise power spectral density is comparable to that of an ultra-stable cavity stabilized laser at Fourier frequencies higher than 30 Hz. When it is chirped at a constant rate of ~ 40 MHz/s, the max non-linearity frequency error is about 50 Hz peak-to-peak over more than 600 MHz tuning range. The Rayleigh backscattering is found to be a significant frequency noise source dependent on fiber length, chirping rate and the power imbalance of the interferometer arms. We analyze this effect both theoretically and experimentally and put forward techniques to reduce this noise contribution. OCIS codes: (140.0140) Lasers and laser optics; (140.3425) Laser stabilization; (140.3518) Lasers, frequency modulated; (140.3600) Lasers, tunable; (290.5870) Scattering, Rayleigh. References and links 1. M. Harris, G. N. Pearson, J. M. Vaughan, D. Letalick, and C. Karlsson, “The role of laser coherence length in continuous-wave coherent laser radar,” J. Mod. Opt., 45 , 1567-1581, (1998). 2. R. W. Fox, C. W. Gates, and L. W. Hollberg, in Cavity-Enhanced Spectroscopies, R. -
Frequency Multiplication in Silicon Nanowires
Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses Summer 7-7-2016 Frequency Multiplication in Silicon Nanowires Marius Mugurel Ghita Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Ghita, Marius Mugurel, "Frequency Multiplication in Silicon Nanowires" (2016). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3082. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.3077 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Frequency Multiplication in Silicon Nanowires by Marius Mugurel Ghita A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Physics Dissertation Committee: Raj Solanki, Chair James Morris John Freeouf Andrew Rice Portland State University 2016 ABSTRACT Frequency multiplication is an effect that arises in electronic components that exhibit a non-linear response to electromagnetic stimuli. Barriers to achieving very high frequency response from electronic devices are the device capacitance and other parasitic effects such as resistances that arise from the device geometry and are in general a function of the size of the device. In general, smaller device geometries and features lead to a faster response to electromagnetic stimuli. It was posited that the small size of the silicon nanowires (SiNWs) would lead to small device capacitance and spreading resistance, thus making the silicon nanowires useful in generating microwave and terahertz radiation by frequency multiplication. -
Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Fields
Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Fields WHITE PAPER Developed by the AIHA Nonionizing Radiation Committee Approved by AIHA Board of Directors, June 15, 1993 Updated August 4, 2002 Updated December 18, 2018 Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Fields | White Paper In 1993, the AIHA Board of Directors adopted a position statement on human exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) fields. The position statement was updated in 2002 because of developments in this area including publication of significant studies of potential health effects and reports of expert panels. Since 2002, consensus organizations have updated their recommendations based on the latest science. Based on this information, the Nonionizing Radiation Committee has proposed to revise the 2002 position statement. The information contained in the white paper is a summary both of the biological and health effects associated with exposure to ELF fields and of the present exposure guidelines. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS The electromagnetic spectrum includes frequencies that range from less than 1 Hz to 1025 Hz. The spectrum is normally described in subcategories that correspond to the similarities in how they are produced, how they interact with matter, and their application. The ELF spectral region includes the frequencies between 3 Hz and 3000 Hz. In this part of the spectrum, the fields are slowly time-varying and the wavelengths are quite lengthy. ELF fields are considered as separate, independent, nonradiating electric and magnetic fields at any conceivable observation point. Electric fields are created by electric charges. The electric field, E, is defined by the magnitude and direction of the force it exerts on a static unit charge. -
Passive Ultra-Low Frequency Electromagnetic Detection Coal Bed Methane Technology and Application
PASSIVE ULTRA-LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC DETECTION TECHNOLOGY FOR COAL BED METHANE AND ITS APPLICATION Qin Qiming, Li Baishou, Li Peijun, Zhang Zexun, Ye Xia, Cui Rongbo School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 [email protected] KEYWORDS: Ultra-Low Frequency Electromagnetic Wave, CBM Exploration, Geophysical Method ABSTRACT: Based on analysis of the significance of the coal bed methane exploration and development and the deficiency of the conventional coal bed methane exploration methods, the paper proposes a new technology of coal bed methane exploration with natural-source (passive) ultra-low frequency electromagnetic waves. The principles of passive ultra-low frequency electromagnetic detection and the mechanism of coal bed methane exploration are first introduced. The paper then shows the coal bed methane explorationexperiments and the latest research results in the Qinshui Basin of Shanxi using BD-6-ultra-low frequency electromagnetic detector developed by Peking University. Finally, the further application of the technology in the exploration of coal bed methane is discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION methane. Based on prior knowledge, through signal parameters inversion and quantitative analysis of the electromagnetic Commonly known as gas, coal bed methane (CBM) is a spectrum, we can quickly and efficiently obtain information of unconventional natural gas. It consists mostly of methane (CH4) the spatial distribution, storage conditions and enrichment but may also contain trace amounts of carbon dioxide and/or degree of coal bed methane, then narrowing detecting target [1] nitrogen. As the CBM is flammable and explosive, it has to reduce drilling costs and improve the efficiency of drilling, to become a main bottlenecks of the safety production. -
The Publisher Will Re-Type the Main Title, Author
UDT 2019 Evolution of VLF and LF Systems Evolution of VLF and LF Systems Abstract — The backbone of tactical submarine communication is the reception of the submarine fleet broadcast. This major command tool requires worldwide coverage and reception under submerged conditions. The physical boundaries require the use of very low (VLF) and low (LF) frequencies and available antenna design for these frequencies leads to very low available bandwidth. As this restriction allows for low data rates only, new concepts for the increase of data rates must be developed to increase bandwidth and data rates. This paper provides a general overview about current VLF-technology and latest considerations on improvements for updating the VLF- communication technology. 1 Introduction have an influence on the physical characteristics of the cavity resonator and as a result, also affect the propagation The primary feature of submarines as a principal naval conditions for VLF radio waves. However, the height of weapon system is its ability to operate covertly/undersea these atmospheric layers primarily depends on the shift with a minimal signature. This core aspect of submarines between day/night and summer/winter. operational value plays a major role in the design of submarines communication system. th Since the beginning of the 20 century, very low and E-Layer low frequencies (VLF/LF) have been used to communicate with naval units and submarines. D-Layer Table 1. Frequency spectrum for long wave communication Frequency Abb. Description Earth Surface 0 – 3 kHz ELF Extremely low frequency 3 – 30 kHz VLF Very low frequency 30 – 300 kHz LF Low frequency 300 – 3000 kHz MF Medium frequency Fig. -
Electric and Magnetic Fields (Emf)
ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS (EMF) Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMF) associated with electric power lines are similar to the low level electric and magnetic fields that we are exposed to in our daily lives. EMF is generated from common items like hair dryers, computer monitors, toasters – and power lines. The fields generated by these common items are classified as ‘extremely low frequency’ (ELF) because they generate frequencies below 300 hertz (Hz). Electric power lines typically operate using ELF alternating current (AC) fields that generate frequencies of 60 Hz. This is similar to household appliances and the wiring in our walls. Because the use of electricity is so common in our lives, researchers have been studying exposure to EMF since the 1970s. EMFS – THE BASICS FREQUENCIES OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM AND COMMON SOURCES Electric fields are related to voltage in a wire. For example, an electric field is created by a washing machine Source that is plugged into an outlet, even if ve wa Extremely Low Frequency Radio Microwaves Visible Ultraviolet X-rays Gamma it is not turned on. Electric fields are 3-3000 Hz Frequency Light Radiation Rays Common easily shielded by objects like trees name of or buildings. Magnetic fields are y in created when the current is flowing hertz (Hz) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 through a wire. So, when you turn Frequenc 0160 Hz 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 on the washing machine, the current begins to flow and a magnetic field This diagram illustrates the different levels of energy that make up the is generated. -
And Non-Ionizing Radiation Study Guide
Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation Study Guide Radiation - Energy emitted from a body or source that is transmitted through an intervening medium or space and absorbed by another body. Transmission is in the form of waves but wave/particle duality under quantum physics. Radiation is classified as being either non-ionizing or ionizing . Non-ionizing radiation is longer wavelength/lower frequency lower energy. While ionizing radiation is short wavelength/high frequency higher energy. Ionizing Radiation has sufficient energy to produce ions in matter at the molecular level. If that matter is a human significant damage can result including damage to DNA and denaturation of proteins. This is not to say that non-ionizing radiation can’t cause injury to humans but the injury is generally limited to thermal damage i.e. burns. There is a great deal of information on the above chart. One of the most interesting things is that the visible spectrum is essentially the divide between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. This makes sense clinically when we think of UV radiation causing skin cancer. 9 Types of Non-Ionizing Radiation and Their Clinical Effects - Referring again to the chart above we can see that Non-Ionizing radiation comes in the forms of: 1. ELF (extremely low frequency) 2. Radio Frequencies 3. Microwave Frequencies 4. Lasers 5. Infrared 6. Visible Spectrum 7. Ultraviolet This list is in order of lowest to highest frequency. 1. ELF Power plant or line workers Inconclusive evidence of leukemia link 2. 3. Radiofrequency and Microwave Frequency Exposures- Occupational Exposures- Radar and communications equipment, industrial and commercial ovens Other Exposures Cell Phones Clinical Effects- There is a great deal of controversy regarding potential cancer risks, particularly with cell phone use. -
Experiments with Electrically Short Antennas and Low Power in the Low Frequency Band 1
Running head: EXPERIMENTS WITH ELECTRICALLY SHORT ANTENNAS AND LOW POWER IN THE LOW FREQUENCY BAND 1 Experiments with Electrically Short Antennas and Low Power in the Low Frequency Band Brian S. McDaniel, KC4LMD December 23, 2014 In Re: 0893-EX-PL-2014 EXPERIMENTS WITH ELECTRICALLY SHORT ANTENNAS AND LOW POWER IN THE LOW FREQUENCY BAND 2 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 4 Purpose of the Experiment .................................................................................................. 4 Characteristics, Advantages and Uses ................................................................................ 5 Experimentation .................................................................................................................. 5 Transmitter Power ........................................................................................................... 6 Transmitter Waveforms .................................................................................................. 7 Amplitude-Shift Keying.............................................................................................. 7 WSPR-15 .................................................................................................................... 8 Equipment ..........................................................................................................................