DOCSLIB.ORG

I a Thesis Entitled Novel Conductive Glass-Perovskites As Solid Electrolytes in Lithium – Ion Batteries by Taiye J. Salami

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
I a Thesis Entitled Novel Conductive Glass-Perovskites As Solid Electrolytes in Lithium – Ion Batteries by Taiye J. Salami A Thesis Entitled Novel Conductive Glass-Perovskites as Solid Electrolytes in Lithium – ion Batteries By Taiye J. Salami Submitted to the graduate faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science Degree in Chemical Engineering Joseph Lawrence, Ph.D., Committee Chair Sam Imanieh, Ph.D., Committee Member Kim, Dong Shik, Ph.D., Committee Member Amanda C. Bryant-Friedrich, Ph.D., Dean, College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo August 2018 i Copyright © 2018, Taiye Salami This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. ii An Abstract of Novel Conductive Glass-Perovskites as Solid Electrolytes in Lithium – ion Batteries By Taiye J. Salami Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters of Arts Degree in Economics The University of Toledo August 2018 Despite commanding a huge market share of rechargeable batteries, current lithium ion batteries have safety concerns due to their use of flammable organic solvents as electrolytes. Successfully replacing the liquid electrolyte in a lithium ion battery with a solid electrolyte with comparable capability to the organic liquids would result in batteries that are safer to use, have a longer cycle life, and possess minimal self-discharge, wider operating potential and temperature window. Solid electrolytes currently have a limitation in that they do not match the ability of the organic liquids in conducting lithium ions because they almost always have ionic resistive components called grain boundaries in their microstructure. Appropriate combination of a glass with a perovskite-type ceramic that contains a lithium-ion conductive phase is shown to result in an amorphous composite having denser microstructure, better stability and no grain boundary effects. This is a pioneering breakthrough and a major upgrade to the ordinary crystalline ceramic, which, previously, had been shown to have one of the highest bulk ionic conductivity among solid electrolytes iii but greatly limited in application because of the much higher ionic resistance of its grain boundaries. In this research, different molar composition of glass and ceramics were melted and cooled using varying techniques, including a dual roller-quencher built from a rolling mill. A phase diagram for the mixture at different compositions was proposed and the composition giving a nucleation & growth morphology, where the lithium – ion conductive phase was the amorphous matrix was found to be one order higher in ionic conductivity than the ordinary Li0.5La0.5TiO3 perovskite-type ceramic. The results from other cooling rates and doping of the glass – ceramics with foreign ions were also reported and explained in this report. iv This work is dedicated to my parents, rtd Engr. & Mrs. R.O. Salami, for nurturing me to strive for excellence in all my pursuits. v Acknowledgement I am greatly appreciative of my advisor, Dr Joseph Lawrence for always standing by me and advising me in his ever gentle manner even at times when I thought I was not seeing enough progress as I would have liked to. His professionalism was obvious right from the get go and I’m happy I learnt how to become a more active researcher from listening to him. Words would fail me to express my gratitude and indebtedness to my co-advisor, Dr. Sam Imanieh, assistant research professor at the Center for Materials and Sensor Characterization, who taught me a lot of valuable academic and life lessons right from the start of my research till this moment. He was very open and ever ready to listen and advise me on what to do in all the various concerns I had. With his accessibility, I got more curious and ever willing to search deeper into the reasons why research is done and ultimately to be able to answer the question “Why?” Without a doubt, this whole research would never have been possible without his constant support. To Dr Dong Shik Kim, who despite the short notice was willing to stand as a member in my defense committee where he offered constructive feedback on my work, I am most grateful. To everyone who taught me to be a better person, team player and scientist, I appreciate your support, patience and effort. vi Table of Contents Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................ vi Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ vii List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xii List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... xvi List of Symbols .............................................................................................................. xvii Preface ........................................................................................................................... xviii 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ..........................................................................................................1 1.2 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................6 1.3 Aim, Objectives and Scope ......................................................................................7 2 Literature Review ...................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Battery Developments before Lithium-ion ............................................................9 2.2 Lithium - ion Battery Electrodes ..........................................................................10 2.2.1 Anode ............................................................................................................................ 11 2.2.2 Cathode ......................................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Lithium Ion Battery Electrolytes ..........................................................................14 vii 2.4 Separator .................................................................................................................16 2.5 All Solid-state Batteries .........................................................................................17 2.5.1 Lithium Phosphorus Oxynitride (LIPON) .................................................................... 17 2.5.2 Lithium Superionic Conductor (LISICON) .................................................................. 18 2.5.3 Sodium Superionic Conductor (NASICON) ................................................................ 18 2.5.4 Garnet-type Oxides ....................................................................................................... 19 2.5.5 Perovskites .................................................................................................................... 19 2.5.6 Ionic Conductivity Measurement of Solid Materials .................................................... 23 2.6 Glass .........................................................................................................................25 2.6.1 Glass Systems ............................................................................................................... 26 2.6.2 Properties of Glass ........................................................................................................ 29 2.6.3 Phase Separation in Glass ............................................................................................. 30 2.7 Glass-Ceramics .......................................................................................................33 3 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 36 3.1 Equipment & Processing Materials ......................................................................36 3.1.1 Chemical Raw Materials Used in Glass-Perovskite Production ................................... 36 3.1.2 Equipment for Processing & Finishing ......................................................................... 37 3.1.3 Characterization equipment .......................................................................................... 38 3.2 Glass - Perovskite Production ...............................................................................39 3.2.1 Mold - cooling and Water – cooling Processes............................................................. 39 3.2.2 Roller – Quencher Fabrication and Use in Melt Cooling ............................................. 40 viii 3.3 Glass-Perovskite Characterization .......................................................................42 3.3.1 Differential Thermal Analysis ...................................................................................... 42 3.3.2 Electron Microscopy Characterization ......................................................................... 42 3.3.3 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis .......................................................................................... 43 3.3.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Alessandro Volta and the Discovery of the Battery
    1 Primary Source 12.2 VOLTA AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE BATTERY1 Alessandro Volta (1745–1827) was born in the Duchy of Milan in a town called Como. He was raised as a Catholic and remained so throughout his life. Volta became a professor of physics in Como, and soon took a significant interest in electricity. First, he began to work with the chemistry of gases, during which he discovered methane gas. He then studied electrical capacitance, as well as derived new ways of studying both electrical potential and charge. Most famously, Volta discovered what he termed a Voltaic pile, which was the first electrical battery that could continuously provide electrical current to a circuit. Needless to say, Volta’s discovery had a major impact in science and technology. In light of his contribution to the study of electrical capacitance and discovery of the battery, the electrical potential difference, voltage, and the unit of electric potential, the volt, were named in honor of him. The following passage is excerpted from an essay, written in French, “On the Electricity Excited by the Mere Contact of Conducting Substances of Different Kinds,” which Volta sent in 1800 to the President of the Royal Society in London, Joseph Banks, in hope of its publication. The essay, described how to construct a battery, a source of steady electrical current, which paved the way toward the “electric age.” At this time, Volta was working as a professor at the University of Pavia. For the excerpt online, click here. The chief of these results, and which comprehends nearly all the others, is the construction of an apparatus which resembles in its effects viz.
    [Show full text]
  • Battery Technologies for Small Scale Embeded Generation
    Battery Technologies for Small Scale Embedded Generation. by Norman Jackson, South African Energy Storage Association (SAESA) Content Provider – Wikipedia et al Small Scale Embedded Generation - SSEG • SSEG is very much a local South African term for Distributed Generation under 10 Mega Watt. Internationally they refer to: Distributed generation, also distributed energy, on-site generation (OSG) or district/decentralized energy It is electrical generation and storage performed by a variety of small, grid- connected devices referred to as distributed energy resources (DER) Types of Energy storage: • Fossil fuel storage • Thermal • Electrochemical • Mechanical • Brick storage heater • Compressed air energy storage • Cryogenic energy storage (Battery Energy • Fireless locomotive • Liquid nitrogen engine Storage System, • Flywheel energy storage • Eutectic system BESS) • Gravitational potential energy • Ice storage air conditioning • Hydraulic accumulator • Molten salt storage • Flow battery • Pumped-storage • Phase-change material • Rechargeable hydroelectricity • Seasonal thermal energy battery • Electrical, electromagnetic storage • Capacitor • Solar pond • UltraBattery • Supercapacitor • Steam accumulator • Superconducting magnetic • Thermal energy energy storage (SMES, also storage (general) superconducting storage coil) • Chemical • Biological • Biofuels • Glycogen • Hydrated salts • Starch • Hydrogen storage • Hydrogen peroxide • Power to gas • Vanadium pentoxide History of the battery This was a stack of copper and zinc Italian plates,
    [Show full text]
  • Voltaic Battery
    Voltaic Battery ON THE CONNECTION OF THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES Pgs. 290 – 297 BY MARY SOMERVILLE Voltaic electricity is of that peculiar kind which is elicited by the force of chemical action. It is connected with one of the most brilliant periods of British science, from the splendid discoveries to which it led Sir Humphry Davy; and it has acquired additional interest since the discovery of the reciprocal action of Voltaic and magnetic currents, which has proved that magnetism is only an effect of electricity, and that it has no existence as a distinct or separate principle. Consequently Voltaic electricity, as immediately connected with the theory of the earth and planets, forms a part of the physical account of their nature. In 1790, while Galvani, Professor of Anatomy in Bologna, was making experiments on electricity, he was surprised to see convulsive motions in the limbs of a dead frog accidentally lying near the machine during an electrical discharge. Though a similar action had been noticed long before his time, he was so much struck with this singular phenomenon, that he examined all the circumstances carefully, and at length found that convulsions take place when the nerve and muscle of a frog are connected by a metallic conductor. This excited the attention of all Europe; and it was not long before Professor Volta of Pavia showed that the mere contact of different bodies is sufficient to disturb electrical equilibrium, and that a current of electricity flows in one direction through a circuit of three conducting substances. From this he was led, by acute reasoning and experiment, to the construction of the Voltaic pile, which, in its early form, consisted of alternate discs of zinc and copper, separated by pieces of wet cloth, the extremities being connected by wires.
    [Show full text]
  • Background Paper
    Battery Technologies & Silver Batteries are currently one of the hottest topics in technology. This has been driven by the rapid growth in hybrid and electric vehicles, and the associated search for improved battery technologies with better efficiencies and economics. Dozens of Fortune 500 companies have moved into the space, most notably oil & gas giant BP who has predicted that buying, running and powering electric cars in Europe will become competitive with Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)-driven models before 2050. The company is working on developing technologies associated with new battery materials and fast-charging, and silver will continue to play a role in this evolution. Like many technologies, batteries have a fascinating history. Alessandro Volta is generally agreed to have invented the first practical battery in the early 1800s, which came to be known as the Voltaic Pile. This was a simple stack of metal discs separated by a cloth soaked in brine. After experimenting with a variety of different metals, Volta discovered that zinc and silver provided the most effective combination. The next two centuries saw dozens of developments in the field from scientists all over the world, with different combinations of metals leading to a range of new battery functionalities (for example, dry cells and rechargeability). It was reported that Volta ‘amazed’ Napoleon with his silver-zinc battery (Universal Images Group / Getty Images) Batteries are, in reality, very simple pieces of engineering. They all contain three key components – two electrodes and an electrolyte material. In the Voltaic Pile, the electrodes were silver and zinc, with the brine acting as the electrolyte.
    [Show full text]
  • Battery Power
    Understanding Solar Energy Teacher Page Battery Power Student Objective The student: Key Words: • can explain current battery anode technology capacity • can explain the different types of cathode batteries dry cell • can explain how Volta invented the efficiency first battery electrolyte • will build a simple battery and fuel cell describe how it works. galvanic cell lead acid battery lithium-ion battery Materials: oxidation • copper pennies (before 1982) – if reduction unavailable, see substitution volt suggestions below voltaic pile • 3/4" outside diameter zinc discs or zinc washers • mat board (or thick construction Time: paper) 1 class period • wires, 4 - 6" long with 1/2" stripped on each end • white vinegar • salt • scissors • LED bulbs (red and blue) • multimeter • paper cup • paper towels • electrical tape Note: If pre-1982 pennies are not available in enough quantity for your lab, you can use post 1983 pennies (that are 95% zinc) for the zinc discs, and nickels (that are 75% copper) for the copper discs. However, this may be confusing to the students who relate pennies with copper, and it will change the anode and cathode in your stack. Alternatively, you can sand the copper off one side of the post 1982 pennies so that they have a zinc side and a copper side, however, this doesn’t “pile” as nicely for students to see the individual “cells” in their battery, and it defaces coins. Florida Solar Energy Center Battery Power / Page 1 Background Information A battery is one kind of galvanic cell, a device that can change chemical energy into electrical energy through oxidation-reduction reactions.
    [Show full text]
  • Power It Up! (Make a Coin Battery)
    Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate Power It Up! Suggested Grades: 4-8 Activity Overview Time: 45 minutes In this activity, you will build a basic battery from Materials pennies and a salt-vinegar solution, and test battery • Five-10 pennies made after 1982 voltage using LED lights and a voltmeter. • Sandpaper (medium grit) • Mat board or cardboard Steps • Vinegar • Salt 1. Fill a plastic mixing bowl with a cup of water. • LED Light (red) • Electrical tape • Voltmeter • Scissors • Paper towels • Mixing cup 2. Add 4 tablespoons of salt and stir until dissolved. 3. Add 2 tablespoons of vinegar, and then stir the solution until well mixed. 4. Cut the cardboard or mat board into four squares measuring approximately ½ inch on each side. 5. Soak them thoroughly in the saltwater solution. Once they are fully soaked, take them out and set them on the paper towel. They will need to be damp but not dripping with liquid. 6. Sand off the copper from one side of four of the pennies until all that is seen is the silver- colored zinc. An easy way to do this is to lay the sandpaper flat on the table, gritty side up, and energetically rub the tails-side of the pennies on the sandpaper. Do this carefully so you don’t hurt your fingers. The goal is to have four pennies that are copper on one side and zinc on the other, and a fifth penny that is copper on both sides. 7. Start assembling the battery. Place a sanded penny, copper side down, and then place a piece of damp cardboard on top of it.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Vehicle Batteries Backgrounder
    This unit is aligned with Chemistry 30 – Unit B: Electrochemical Changes. 1 Start your discussion on EV’s by introducing what they are. Electric vehicles are an emission free form of transportation. These vehicles use an electric motor in place of an internal combustion engines (ICE) – what you find in gasoline cars. These vehicles are essentially large, rechargeable batteries. The description here is for an all-electric vehicle (meaning no gas is used). There are also plug-in hybrids, and hybrid vehicles. Plug-in hybrid cars run on electricity and gas to increase the range. Hybrids run on gas and use electricity to offset the car. Reference: https://www.drive.com.au/motor-news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-electric- cars-119469 2 https://www.plugndrive.ca/electric-cars-available-in-canada/ Image source: https://www.nspower.ca/your-home/energy-products/electric- vehicles/types Hybrids do not travel as far on electricity as an all-electric vehicle does on a single charge. However, hybrids use gasoline to further the distance they travel once the battery runs out of power. All-electric cars do not burn gasoline, do not have gears or a transmission, and do not require oil for the parts (there are no moving parts). On average, all-electric cars can travel 200 – 250 km on a single charge. 3 The very first battery, called the Voltaic Pile, was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1799. This battery was composed of multiple zinc and cooper electrodes, and the electrolyte was a brine-soaked paper. This invention was revolutionary as at the time, people believed that only living beings could make electricity.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Energy Battery Technologies FARADAY REPORT - HIGH-ENERGY BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES
    FARADAY REPORT - JANUARY 2020 High-energy battery technologies FARADAY REPORT - HIGH-ENERGY BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................1 Section one: Sectors and their energy requirements...................................................................................2 - Portable consumer electronics ...............................................................................................................2 - Electric vehicles ........................................................................................................................................3 - Civil aviation ..............................................................................................................................................5 - Unmanned systems ..................................................................................................................................7 - Large-scale energy storage ....................................................................................................................9 Section two: Technologies ..............................................................................................................................11 - Part one: current state-of-the-art.........................................................................................................11 • High-energy lithium-ion commercial cells ...................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • Penny Battery (PDF)
    Penny Battery Light an LED with five cents. Use two different metals and some sour, salty water to create an inexpensive battery. Tools and Materials • Five or more post-1982 U.S. pennies • Piece of 100-grit sandpaper • Matboard or thick cardboard • Salt • Vinegar • A red LED; high-intensity ones are easier to see • Electrical tape • A voltmeter • Scissors • Cup with water • Paper towel • Optional: other LEDs of different colors, such as yellow and blue Assembly 1. Make a saturated salt solution by adding salt to water and stirring until it doesn't dissolve anymore. Add a splash of vinegar to this solution. 2. Cut your matboard into four 1/2-inch squares, each about the size of a penny. Soak the pieces in the salt-and-vinegar solution. Once the pieces are thoroughly wet, take them out and place them on a paper towel so they are still damp, but not dripping. 3. Use sandpaper to remove the copper from ONE side of each of four pennies. Leave the fifth penny intact. Sand until you see zinc (shiny silver color) covering the entire face of the coin. This takes some time and effort, so be patient. Try placing the sandpaper on a hard surface and moving the penny instead of the sandpaper. The "tails" side may be easier to sand because the Lincoln Memorial (or Union Shield) doesn't protrude as far as Lincoln's head. When you're done, the sanded coins should have a bronze-colored copper side and a silver-colored zinc side. To Do and Notice Take one of your sanded pennies with the zinc side facing up (copper side down), and place a damp piece of matboard on it.
    [Show full text]
  • Thin Film Materials for Li-Ion Batteries Made by Atomic Layer Deposition
    Thin film materials for Li-ion batteries made by atomic layer deposition Knut Bjarne Gandrud Nanostructures and Functional Materials Department of Chemistry and Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Oslo A thesis submitted for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor (Ph. D.) 2014 April © Knut Bjarne Gandrud, 2014 Series of dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo No. 1519 ISSN 1501-7710 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. Cover: Inger Sandved Anfinsen. Printed in Norway: AIT Oslo AS. Produced in co-operation with Akademika Publishing. The thesis is produced by Akademika Publishing merely in connection with the thesis defence. Kindly direct all inquiries regarding the thesis to the copyright holder or the unit which grants the doctorate. “Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we now know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all there ever will be to know and understand.” ʊAlbert Einstein As once promised, this thesis is dedicated to my Father Ove Gandrud 04.07.1948 – 16.12.2007 Thank you for opening my eyes to all the wonders in this world. Preface The work that has resulted in this Ph. D. thesis called “Thin film materials for Li-ion batteries made by atomic layer deposition” started in November 2009 and is now approaching an end in April 2014. It was carried out at the Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Univeristy of Oslo, Norway.
    [Show full text]
  • Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Ion Batteries Roya Naderi South Dakota State University, [email protected]
    South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Theses and Dissertations 2016 Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Ion Batteries Roya Naderi South Dakota State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Part of the Materials Science and Engineering Commons, and the Power and Energy Commons Recommended Citation Naderi, Roya, "Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Ion Batteries" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1061. This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COMPOSITE GEL POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FOR LITHIUM ION BATTERIES BY ROYA NADERI A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Major in Electrical Engineering South Dakota State University 2016 iii This thesis is dedicated to my parents, Bahador Naderi and Homeira Sam-Daliri for their love, encouragement, support and always teaching me “Educate for betterment of the world, education is waste of time if can’t make our lives easier!” iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work presented in this thesis was supported by NASA EPSCoR (Award #: NNX14AN22A), and by the State of South Dakota. First and foremost, my deepest gratitude would be extended to Dr. Qiao as my supervisor and graduate coordinator for providing me the opportunity of working in his research group as a research assistant and his enormous help throughout this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Battery Storage: a Primer
    IFC Energy INSIGHTS EMERGING ENERGY SOLUTIONS A series on emerging energy trends and opportunities from IFC Battery Storage: A Primer May 2020 Battery technology is evolving at a breathtaking pace. As performance improves and costs fall, batteries are already critical for consumer electronics, such as mobile phones, and are paving the way for the electric vehicle market. The battery revolution doesn’t end there. Battery systems are also transforming intermittent renewable energy—such as solar and wind—by making them much more financially attractive. Investors are taking notice. But while the versatility of batteries makes them attractive, it is difficult to determine their economic value. Understanding where and why batteries are most successful remains challenging, as each situation is different based on power-to-energy ratios, project size and complexity, the level of built-in redundancy, and local regulations. Regardless of their application, batteries have quickly become a new asset class with a multitude of uses. BATTERY BASICS Battery technology has come a long way since then: In Batteries convert electrical energy to chemical energy, 2019, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded store it, and then convert it back to electrical energy as the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to three scientists for needed. Benjamin Franklin invented the term “battery” their work developing the lithium-ion battery. Today, in 1749 to describe a set of linked capacitors through lithium-ion batteries are ubiquitous, powering which he conducted electricity. In 1800, Italian scientist everything from smartphones to electric vehicles, and Alessandro Volta invented the first true battery known are expected to be the relevant technology for the as the voltaic pile.
    [Show full text]