Molecular Characterization of Economically Important Poultry Viruses in Western Canada

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Molecular Characterization of Economically Important Poultry Viruses in Western Canada University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020-12-04 Molecular characterization of economically important poultry viruses in western Canada Palomino-Tapia, Victor A. Palomino-Tapia, V. A. (2020). Molecular characterization of economically important poultry viruses in western Canada (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/112814 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Molecular characterization of economically important poultry viruses in western Canada by Victor A. Palomino-Tapia A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN VETERINARY MEDICAL SCIENCES CALGARY, ALBERTA DECEMBER, 2020 © Victor A. Palomino-Tapia 2020 Abstract Avian Reovirus (ARV), Chicken Astrovirus (CAstV), and Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus (HEV) are important enteric pathogens affecting poultry production around the world. These agents are the causative agents of Viral Arthritis (VA), White Chick Syndrome (WCS), and Hemorrhagic Enteritis (HE), respectively. In meat-type chickens, pathogenic strains of ARV can replicate in the joints leading to edema, inflammatory cell infiltrate, and fibrosis, which results in rupture of tendons. Similarly, pathogenic strains of CAstV can cause transient increase in mid to late embryo mortality, reducing hatchability between 4-68%, with some hatched birds exhibiting pale plumage; these “white chicks” (WCS) usually die within the first week of life. In turkeys, HEV infection has two presentations: 1) A clinical disease consisting on gastrointestinal hemorrhages, depression and immunosuppression (Clinical HE); and 2) subclinical infection, consisting in immunosuppression and causing economical losses due to secondary infections and plant condemnations. In recent years, these diseases have gained importance in western Canada as a result of the economic losses sustained from these infections in: a) feed conversion, b) high number of culls/first week mortality, c) secondary bacterial infections, c) processing plant condemnations; and d) costly disruptions to the Canadian Supply Management system. This thesis focuses on molecular characterization of ARV, CAstV, and HEV obtained either from clinical samples (ARV, CAstV), or from cases suspected to have subclinical infection (HEV) in poultry farms located in western Canada. The biological samples from chickens (ARV, CAStV) and turkeys (HEV) were collected from cases submitted for post-mortem examination and diagnosis to Poultry Health Services (PHS), a private poultry consulting firm, located in Airdrie, Alberta, western Canada. ii Further studies are required to assess the virulence of these isolates for understanding their impact in the western Canada Poultry Industry and for the implementation or enhancement of vaccination practices. Keywords: Molecular characterization; Avian Reovirus; Viral Arthritis; Chicken Astrovirus; White Chick Syndrome; Turkey Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus; Hemorrhagic Enteritis; poultry enteric viruses, mutation, recombination. iii Preface The studies described in this dissertation, were performed at The Beef Microbiology Laboratory Alberta Agriculture and Forestry – Airdrie Centre (Airdrie AB, Canada); and at the Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The research described in the manuscripts contained in this document was carried out by myself, Victor A. Palomino-Tapia, from September 2016 to September 2020 under the supervision of Dr. Faizal Abdul-Careem. This dissertation contains the following manuscripts already published with the participation of all our co-authors which are mentioned below. Chapter 2. Palomino-Tapia, V.; Mitevski, D.; Inglis, T.; van der Meer, F.; Abdul-Careem, M. F., Molecular characterization of emerging avian reovirus variants isolated from viral arthritis cases in western Canada 2012-2017 based on partial sigma (sigma)C gene. Virology 2018, 522, 138-146 [1]. • The authors contributions were as follows: Conceptualization, F.v.d.M., M.F.A.-C., and V.P.-T.; methodology, M.F.A.-C., D.M., T.I., and V.P.-T.; software, F.v.d.M., and V.P.- T.; validation, F.v.d.M., M.F.A.-C., and V.P.-T.; formal analysis, F.v.d.M., and V.P.-T; investigation, D.M., T.I., and V.P.-T; resources, M.F.A.-C., D.M., T.I., and F.v.d.M.; data curation, F.v.d.M., and V.P.-T.; writing—original draft preparation, V.P.-T.; writing— review and editing, F.v.d.M, M.F.A.-C., and V.P.-T.; visualization, F.v.d.M., M.F.A.-C., and V.P.-T.; supervision, F.v.d.M., M.F.A.-C., T.I., and D.M.; project administration, M.F.A.-C., D.M., and T.I.; funding acquisition, M.F.A.-C., D.M., T.I., and V.P.-T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript iv Chapter 3. Palomino-Tapia, V.; Mitevski, D.; Inglis, T.; van der Meer, F.; Martin, E.; Brash, M.; Provost, Ch.; Gagnon C.; Abdul-Careem, M. F. Chicken Astrovirus (CAstV) molecular studies reveal evidence of multiple past-recombinations events in sequences originated from clinical samples of White Chick Syndrome (WCS) in western Canada –Viruses 2020, 12, (10), 1096 [2]. • The authors contributions were as follows: Conceptualization, F.v.d.M., M.F.A.-C., and V.P.-T.; methodology, M.F.A.-C., D.M., T.I., and V.P.-T.; histopathology, M.B. and E.M.; software, F.v.d.M., C.P., C.A.G., and V.P.-T.; validation, F.v.d.M., M.F.A.-C., C.P., C.A.G., and V.P.-T.; formal analysis, F.v.d.M., C.P., C.A.G., and V.P.-T; investigation, D.M., T.I., and V.P.-T; resources, M.F.A.-C., D.M., T.I., and F.v.d.M.; data curation, F.v.d.M., C.P., C.A.G., and V.P.-T.; writing—original draft preparation, V.P.-T.; writing— review and editing, F.v.d.M, M.F.A.-C., and V.P.-T.; visualization, F.v.d.M., M.F.A.-C., and V.P.-T.; supervision, F.v.d.M., M.F.A.-C., T.I., and D.M.; project administration, M.F.A.-C., D.M., and T.I.; funding acquisition, M.F.A.-C., D.M., T.I., and V.P.-T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript Chapter 4. Palomino-Tapia, V.; Mitevski, D.; Inglis, T.; van der Meer, F.; Abdul-Careem, M. F., Molecular characterization of Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus (HEV) obtained from clinical samples in western Canada 2017-2018. Viruses 2020, 12, (9) [3]. • The authors contributions were as follows: Conceptualization, F.v.d.M., M.F.A.-C., and V.P.-T.; methodology, M.F.A.-C., D.M., T.I., and V.P.-T.; software, F.v.d.M., and V.P.- T.; validation, F.v.d.M., M.F.A.-C., and V.P.-T.; formal analysis, F.v.d.M., and V.P.-T.; investigation, D.M., T.I., and V.P.-T.; resources, M.F.A.-C., D.M., T.I., and F.v.d.M.; data curation, F.v.d.M., and V.P.-T.; writing—original draft preparation, V.P.-T.; writing— review and editing, F.v.d.M., M.F.A.-C., and V.P.-T.; visualization, F.v.d.M., M.F.A.-C., and V.P.-T.; supervision, F.v.d.M., M.F.A.-C., T.I. and D.M.; project administration, M.F.A.-C., D.M., and T.I.; funding acquisition, M.F.A.-C., D.M., T.I., and V.P.-T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. v Acknowledgements Looking back, I must recognize that I have been extremely lucky and fortunate. Many friends and family members have told me or suggested, in private or in public, that I am talented and/or that I work a lot (perhaps too much, in detriment of my personal life and my poor wife). However, I feel neither of these perceived features can fully account for how an average Peruvian kid could have wound up studying abroad and having access to fully funded Master and Doctorate poultry programs in North America. Please, allow me to make my point by telling you a short story. Around ten years ago, while consulting for layer poultry farm in Peru, I found that a humble foreman had designed a novel drinking nipple system for caged layers by combining expensive commercial poultry nipples with cheap PVC pipes, toilet tanks, and concrete. This noble foreman, who did not finish elementary school, had saved his employer several thousand dollars in equipment as well as in maintenance by sheer force of mind and resourcefulness. For me, it was and still is inevitable to think that, under similar conditions, he would have fared much, much better than me. Sometimes, at the end of a difficult long day, I think of him and decide to push myself just a little bit more. I would also like to thank the following: - My major professor, Dr. Faizal Abdul-Careem, for his guidance and teaching. Your devotion to your students is an example to all of us. - My committee, Drs. Frank van der Meer, Darko Mitevski, and Holly Sellers. Thank you for your continuing mentoring and help.
Recommended publications
  • Genetic and Pathogenic Characterisation of 11 Avian
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Genetic and pathogenic characterisation of 11 avian reovirus isolates from northern Received: 01 July 2016 Accepted: 26 September 2016 China suggests continued evolution Published: 18 October 2016 of virulence Li Zhong*, Li Gao*, Yongzhen Liu, Kai Li, Miao Wang, Xiaole Qi, Yulong Gao & Xiaomei Wang Avian reovirus (ARV) infections characterised by severe arthritis, tenosynovitis, pericarditis, and depressed growth have become increasingly frequent in recent years. In this study, we isolated and identified 11 ARV field strains from chickens with viral arthritis and reduced growth in northern China. Comparative analysis of the σC nucleotide and amino acid sequences demonstrated that all isolates, except LN05 and JS01, were closely related to ARV S1133 and clustered in the first genetic lineage. LN05 and JS01 strains were clustered in the third lineage with the ARV 138 strain. Using S1133 as a reference, five isolates were selected to infect specific-pathogen-free chickens, and we found that the recent isolated Chinese ARV strains had higher replication ability in vivo and caused enhanced mortality than the S1133 strain. These findings suggest that the pathogenicity of Chinese ARVs has been changing in recent years and disease control may become more difficult. This study provides genetic and pathogenic characterisations of ARV strains isolated in northern China and calls for a sustained surveillance of ARV infection in China in order to support a better prevention and control of the disease. Avian reoviruses (ARVs) are important poultry pathogens that cause considerable economic losses in poultry husbandry1. ARVs were first described and isolated as the pathogenic agents responsible for tenosynovitis in young chickens in 19592.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Studies of Piscine Orthoreovirus Proteins
    Piscine orthoreovirus Series of dissertations at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences Thesis number 79 Viruses, not lions, tigers or bears, sit masterfully above us on the food chain of life, occupying a role as alpha predators who prey on everything and are preyed upon by nothing Claus Wilke and Sara Sawyer, 2016 1.1. Background............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Piscine orthoreovirus................................................................................................................................ 2 1.3. Replication of orthoreoviruses................................................................................................................ 10 1.4. Orthoreoviruses and effects on host cells ............................................................................................... 18 1.5. PRV distribution and disease associations ............................................................................................. 24 1.6. Vaccine against HSMI ............................................................................................................................ 29 4.1. The non ......................................................37 4.2. PRV causes an acute infection in blood cells ..........................................................................................40 4.3. DNA
    [Show full text]
  • Pathogenicity of Variant Field Isolates of Avian Reovirus And
    PATHOGENICITY OF VARIANT FIELD ISOLATES OF AVIAN REOVIRUS AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF BRAZILIAN VARIANTS FROM COMMERCIAL BROILERS by RAFAEL AZAMBUJA BAMPI (Under the Direction of Holly S. Sellers) ABSTRACT Avian reoviruses are the causative agent of arthritis/tenosynovitis in broilers and turkeys. Since 2011, it has been observed an increased incidence of variant reoviruses inducing tenosynovitis in commercial poultry flocks in the U.S and worldwide, raising the question of cross species infection. Two turkey reoviruses isolates from clinical cases of tenosynovitis in commercial turkey breeders, 105057 and 105208, demonstrated to be pathogenic to commercial broilers, causing tenosynovitis with clinical signs of lameness (105057) and also, enteric disease (105208). Additionally, viral shedding was poor, demonstrating limited horizontal transmission. In commercial turkeys these isolates caused clinical disease and were efficiently shed. In addition, a chicken arthritis reovirus was inoculated in turkeys, but did not cause disease. Taken together, turkey arthritis reoviruses 105057 and 105208 represent a threat for the poultry industry. Additionally, it was determined for the first time the molecular characterization of arthritis reovirus variants from lame commercial broilers from Brazil. INDEX WORDS: Avian reovirus, chicken reovirus, turkey reovirus, tenosynovitis, arthritis, myocarditis, broilers, turkeys, FTA® cards PATHOGENICITY OF VARIANT FIELD ISOLATES OF AVIAN REOVIRUS AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF BRAZILIAN VARIANTS FROM
    [Show full text]
  • The Development and Application of Quantitative Reverse
    THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION FOR THE DETECTION OF AVIAN REOVIRUSES Except where reference is made to the work of others, the work described in this dissertation is my own or was done in collaboration with my advisory committee. This dissertation does not include proprietary or classified information. ______________________ Kejun Guo Certificate of Approval: _______________________ _______________________ Sandra J. Ewald Joseph J. Giambrone, Chair Professor Professor Pathobiology and Poultry Science Poultry Science _______________________ _______________________ Vicky van Santen Richard C. Bird Associate Professor Professor Pathobiology Pathobiology ___________________ George T. Flowers Interim Dean Graduate School THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION FOR THE DETECTION OF AVIAN REOVIRUSES Kejun Guo A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama August 9, 2008 THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION FOR THE DETECTION OF AVIAN REOVIRUSES Kejun Guo Permission is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this dissertation at its discretion, upon request of individuals or institutions and at their expense. The author reserves all publication rights. ______________________ Signature of Author ______________________ Date of Graduation iii VITA Kejun Guo, son of Qing Guo and Xiaoqing Su, was born on September 17th, 1971, in Guiyang, Guizhou province, People’s Republic of China. He graduated from Beijing Agricultural University (BAU) with the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.) in July, 1993. He went on to earn a Master’s degree in Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine from China Agricultural University (the former BAU) in July, 1997.
    [Show full text]
  • I CHARACTERIZATION of ORTHOREOVIRUSES ISOLATED from AMERICAN CROW (CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS) WINTER MORTALITY EVENTS in EASTERN CA
    CHARACTERIZATION OF ORTHOREOVIRUSES ISOLATED FROM AMERICAN CROW (CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS) WINTER MORTALITY EVENTS IN EASTERN CANADA A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Department of Pathology and Microbiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Prince Edward Island Anil Wasantha Kalupahana Charlottetown, P.E.I. July 12, 2017 ©2017, A.W. Kalupahana i THESIS/DISSERTATION NON-EXCLUSIVE LICENSE Family Name: Kalupahana Given Name, Middle Name (if applicable): Anil Wasantha Full Name of University: Atlantic Veterinary Collage at the University of Prince Edward Island Faculty, Department, School: Department of Pathology and Microbiology Degree for which thesis/dissertation was Date Degree Awarded: July 12, 2017 presented: PhD DOCTORThesis/dissertation OF PHILOSOPHY Title: Characterization of orthoreoviruses isolated from American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) winter mortality events in eastern Canada Date of Birth. December 25, 1966 In consideration of my University making my thesis/dissertation available to interested persons, I, Anil Wasantha Kalupahana, hereby grant a non-exclusive, for the full term of copyright protection, license to my University, the Atlantic Veterinary Collage at the University of Prince Edward Island: (a) to archive, preserve, produce, reproduce, publish, communicate, convert into any format, and to make available in print or online by telecommunication to the public for non-commercial purposes; (b) to sub-license to Library and Archives Canada any of the acts mentioned in paragraph (a). I undertake to submit my thesis/dissertation, through my University, to Library and Archives Canada. Any abstract submitted with the thesis/dissertation will be considered to form part of the thesis/dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Experimental Coinfection of Chicken Anemia Virus And
    Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola ISSN: 1516-635X [email protected] Fundação APINCO de Ciência e Tecnologia Avícolas Brasil Prezotto, CF; Marin, SY; Araújo, TS; Barbosa, FO; Barrios, PR; Gomes, AM; Peconick, AP; Resende, M; Sousa, RV; Martins, NRS Experimental Coinfection of Chicken Anemia Virus and Mycoplasma gallisepticum Vaccine Strains in Broiler Chicks Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola, vol. 18, núm. 3, julio-septiembre, 2016, pp. 475-480 Fundação APINCO de Ciência e Tecnologia Avícolas Campinas, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=179748023018 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola Experimental Coinfection of Chicken Anemia Virus ISSN 1516-635X Jul - Sept 2016 / v.18 / n.3 / 475-480 and Mycoplasma gallisepticum Vaccine Strains in http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0235 Broiler Chicks Author(s) ABSTRACT Prezotto CFI This study aimed at determining the clinical and pathological Marin SYI effects of the coinfection of young SPF chickens with chicken anemia Araújo TSII Barbosa FOI virus (CAV) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccine strains. The Barrios PRII clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions were determined after the Gomes AMII Peconick APII experimental coinfection broilers with a CAV genotype 1 vaccine strain Resende MI given intraperitoneally on the first day of age and a MG F-strain vaccine Sousa RVII given intranasally on the 8th day of age.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Orthoreovirus Core Proteins by Core
    Characterization of Orthoreovirus Core Proteins By sequencing and Proteomic Analysis of Avian Reovirus p Proteins and Development of cr-Mammalian Reovirus Core Protein Monoclonal Antibodies By Lindsay Noad A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies ln Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases University of Manitoba 'Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada olindsay Noad, October 2004 THE I]NIVERSITY OF MANITOBA FACI]LTY OF GRADUATE STT]DIES ***** COPYRIGHT PERMISSION Characterization of Orthoreovirus Core Proteins By Sequencing and Proteomic Analysis of Avian Reovirus ¡.tProteins and Development of q-Mammalian Reovirus Core Protein Monoclonal Antibodies BY Lindsay Noad A ThesisÆracticum submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The Universify of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of Master of Science Lindsay Noad @ 2004 Permission has been granted to the Library of the University of Manitoba to lend or sell copies of this thesis/practicum, to the National Library of Canada to microfilm this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the film, and to University MicrofiIms Inc. to publish an abstract of this thesis/practicum. This reproduction or copy of this thesis has been made available by authority of the copyright ovvner solely for the purpose ofprivate study and research, and may only be reproduced and copied as permitted by copyright laws or with express written authorization from the copyright owner. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS I ACKNOV/LEDGEMENTS V LIST OF FIGURES VI LIST OF TABLES VM LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS IX ABSTRACT 1 a 1.
    [Show full text]
  • RNA Deep-Sequencing Analyses for Detection and Characterization of Avian Orthoreovirus and Fowl Adenovirus Co-Infections in Layer Chickens
    Avens Publishing Group Open Access Research Article JInv Veteriting InnovSci Medations November 2019 Volume 7 Issue 2 © All rights are reserved by Lu H. AvensJournal Publishing of Group Inviting Innovations RNA Deep-Sequencing Veterinary Science Analyses for Detection and & Medicine Tang Y1, Lu H2* Characterization of Avian 1 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, China 2Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania Orthoreovirus and Fowl State University, United States *Address for Correspondence Lu H, Wiley Lab/Avian Virology, Department of Veterinary and Bio- Adenovirus Co-Infections in medical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States, Tel: +1 814 863 4369; Fax: +1 814 865 4717; E-mail address: [email protected] Layer Chickens Submission: 19-October, 2019 Accepted: 15-November, 2019 Published: 18-November, 2019 Keywords: Avian orthoreovirus; Fowl adenovirus; Layer chicken; Co- infection; Genome; Next-generation sequencing (NGS) Copyright: © 2019 Tang Y, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which Abstract permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Avian orthoreovirus (ARV) and Fowl Adenovirus (FAdV) infections are pervasive in domestic poultry species, especially in chickens. Co- infections of the two viral pathogens could cause much severer symptoms antibodies [9-12]. The transcription and translation ARV mRNA are on infected birds. In our recent research studies on application of Next- occurred in the cytoplasm of infected cells and the mature virion is Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques, we have identified two co- 70-80 nm in size without the lipid envelope [13].
    [Show full text]
  • Viruses Status January 2013 FOEN/FOPH 2013 1
    Classification of Organisms. Part 2: Viruses Status January 2013 FOEN/FOPH 2013 1 Authors: Prof. Dr. Riccardo Wittek, Dr. Karoline Dorsch-Häsler, Julia Link > Classification of Organisms Part 2: Viruses The classification of viruses was first published in 2005 and revised in 2010. Classification of Organisms. Part 2: Viruses Status January 2013 FOEN/FOPH 2013 2 Name Group Remarks Adenoviridae Aviadenovirus (Avian adenoviruses) Duck adenovirus 2 TEN Duck adenovirus 2 2 PM Fowl adenovirus A 2 Fowl adenovirus 1 (CELO, 112, Phelps) 2 PM Fowl adenovirus B 2 Fowl adenovirus 5 (340, TR22) 2 PM Fowl adenovirus C 2 Fowl adenovirus 10 (C-2B, M11, CFA20) 2 PM Fowl adenovirus 4 (KR-5, J-2) 2 PM Fowl adenovirus D 2 Fowl adenovirus 11 (380) 2 PM Fowl adenovirus 2 (GAL-1, 685, SR48) 2 PM Fowl adenovirus 3 (SR49, 75) 2 PM Fowl adenovirus 9 (A2, 90) 2 PM Fowl adenovirus E 2 Fowl adenovirus 6 (CR119, 168) 2 PM Fowl adenovirus 7 (YR36, X-11) 2 PM Fowl adenovirus 8a (TR59, T-8, CFA40) 2 PM Fowl adenovirus 8b (764, B3) 2 PM Goose adenovirus 2 Goose adenovirus 1-3 2 PM Pigeon adenovirus 2 PM TEN Turkey adenovirus 2 TEN Turkey adenovirus 1, 2 2 PM Mastadenovirus (Mammalian adenoviruses) Bovine adenovirus A 2 Bovine adenovirus 1 2 PM Bovine adenovirus B 2 Bovine adenovirus 3 2 PM Bovine adenovirus C 2 Bovine adenovirus 10 2 PM Canine adenovirus 2 Canine adenovirus 1,2 2 PM Caprine adenovirus 2 TEN Goat adenovirus 1, 2 2 PM Equine adenovirus A 2 Equine adenovirus 1 2 PM Equine adenovirus B 2 Equine adenovirus 2 2 PM Classification of Organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Viral Proteins As Emerging Cancer Therapeutics
    cancers Review Viral Proteins as Emerging Cancer Therapeutics Ekta Manocha, Arnaldo Caruso and Francesca Caccuri * Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy; [email protected] (E.M.); [email protected] (A.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-030-394491; Fax: +39-030-395258 Simple Summary: This review is focused on enlisting viral proteins from different host sources, irrespective of their origin, that may act as future cancer curatives. Unlike the viral proteins that are responsible for tumor progression, these newly emerged viral proteins function as tumor suppressors. Their ability to regulate various cell signaling mechanisms specifically in cancer cells makes them interesting candidates to explore their use in cancer therapy. The discussion about such viral components may provide new insights into cancer treatment in the absence of any adverse effects to normal cells. The study also highlights avian viral proteins as a substitute to human oncolytic viruses for their ability to evade pre-existing immunity. Abstract: Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that originated millions of years ago. Viral elements cover almost half of the human genome sequence and have evolved as genetic blueprints in humans. They have existed as endosymbionts as they are largely dependent on host cell metabolism. Viral proteins are known to regulate different mechanisms in the host cells by hijacking cellular metabolism to benefit viral replication. Amicable viral proteins, on the other hand, from several viruses can participate in mediating growth retardation of cancer cells based on genetic abnormalities while sparing normal cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus Kotonkan Virus Murrumbidgee
    Taxonomy Bovine ephemeral fever virus Kotonkan virus Murrumbidgee virus Murrumbidgee virus Murrumbidgee virus Ngaingan virus Tibrogargan virus Circovirus-like genome BBC-A Circovirus-like genome CB-A Circovirus-like genome CB-B Circovirus-like genome RW-A Circovirus-like genome RW-B Circovirus-like genome RW-C Circovirus-like genome RW-D Circovirus-like genome RW-E Circovirus-like genome SAR-A Circovirus-like genome SAR-B Dragonfly larvae associated circular virus-1 Dragonfly larvae associated circular virus-10 Dragonfly larvae associated circular virus-2 Dragonfly larvae associated circular virus-3 Dragonfly larvae associated circular virus-4 Dragonfly larvae associated circular virus-5 Dragonfly larvae associated circular virus-6 Dragonfly larvae associated circular virus-7 Dragonfly larvae associated circular virus-8 Dragonfly larvae associated circular virus-9 Marine RNA virus JP-A Marine RNA virus JP-B Marine RNA virus SOG Ostreid herpesvirus 1 Pig stool associated circular ssDNA virus Pig stool associated circular ssDNA virus GER2011 Pithovirus sibericum Porcine associated stool circular virus Porcine stool-associated circular virus 2 Porcine stool-associated circular virus 3 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence associated DNA virus 1 Wallerfield virus AKR (endogenous) murine leukemia virus ARV-138 ARV-176 Abelson murine leukemia virus Acartia tonsa copepod circovirus Adeno-associated virus - 1 Adeno-associated virus - 4 Adeno-associated virus - 6 Adeno-associated virus - 7 Adeno-associated virus - 8 African elephant polyomavirus
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Detection of Mycoplasma Synoviae and Avian Reovirus
    Journal of the South African Veterinary Association ISSN: (Online) 2224-9435, (Print) 1019-9128 Page 1 of 5 Original Research Molecular detection of Mycoplasma synoviae and avian reovirus infection in arthritis and tenosynovitis lesions of broiler and breeder chickens in Santa Catarina State, Brazil Authors: Infectious arthritis or tenosynovitis in broiler and breeder chickens results in major loss of 1,2 Carolina Reck productivity because of reduced growth and downgrading at processing plants. The most Álvaro Menin3 Mariana F. Canever4 common causative agents of avian infectious arthritis are the bacterium Mycoplasma synoviae Celso Pilati5 and avian reoviruses (ARVs) (family Reoviridae, genus Orthoreovirus). In this study, we Luiz C. Miletti1 evaluated the occurrence of these two pathogens in arthritis or tenosynovitis lesions of broilers and breeder flocks in southern Brazil using molecular detection. Tissue sections from tibiotarsal Affiliations: 1Department of Animal joints with visible lesions from 719 broilers and 505 breeders were analysed using pathogen- Production, Center for specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. In breeders, 41.2% (n = 296) of lesions were Agricultural Sciences, Santa positive for M. synoviae, 26.4% (n = 190) were positive for ARV, while co-infection was present Catarina State University, in 12.2% (n = 88) of the samples. In broilers, 20.8% (n = 105) of lesions were positive for Lages, Brazil M. synoviae, 11.9% (n = 60) for ARV and 7.7% (n = 39) of these cases were positive for both 2VERTÀ, Research and pathogens. Post-mortem examination revealed lesions with varying degrees of gross Veterinary Diagnostic pathological severity. Histopathological examination showed intense, diffuse lymphohistiocytic Institute, Curitibanos, inflammatory infiltrates with heterophil accumulation, primarily in the synovial capsule and Santa Catarina, Brazil digital flexor tendon, in all samples.
    [Show full text]