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Divisione ASCOMYCOTA (PARTE 3) PEZIZOMYCOTINA Leotiomycetes Erysiphales Erysiphaceae (Blumeria, Erysiphe, Leveillula, Oidium, Oidiopsis, Ovulariopsis, Phyllactinia, Podosphaera,Uncinula) agenti di OIDI o MAL BIANCHI tipici ectoparassiti (taluni semi-endoparassiti) biotrofici (con austori che raramente raggiungono le cellule sottoepidermiche) Ascocarpi di tipo cleistotecio/peritecio con appendici (fulcri) - forma sferica senza opercolo (come cleistotecio) - aschi clavati, non evanescenti, in file ordinate (come peritecio) Da considerare come cleistotecio evoluto o peritecio primitivo (è prevalsa la seconda ipotesi) Nome attuale dell’ascocarpo: CASMOTECIO, in quanto si apre, per la liberazione delle ascospore, producendo una fenditura. Numero di aschi in ascocarpo e tipo di fulcri: importanti caratteri tassonomici. ECTOPARASSITI Pluriaschi Gen. Erysiphe sez. Erysiphe sez. Microsphaera sez. Uncinula Monoaschi Gen. Podosphaera sez. Podosphaera sez. Sphaerotheca SEMIENDOPARASSITI Gen. Phyllactinia Gen. Leveillula NOTA: Fino a pochi anni fa anche le sezioni erano considerate generi Esempio: oidio della vite Erysiphe necator (sezione Uncinula) era Uncinula necator. A. Periteci monoaschi (con un solo asco) Fulcri filamentosi indivisi all’apice................................ Podosphaera Sez. Sphaerotheca Fulcri ad apice diviso più volte dicotomicamente e posizionati soltanto ad un polo della fruttificazione... Podosphaera Sez. Podosphaera B. Periteci pluriaschi (con molti aschi, fino a circa 60) Fulcri vescicoloso-rigonfi alla base............................... Phyllactinia Fulcri uncinato-contorti all’apice................................... Erysiphe Sez. Uncinula Fulcri semplici o appena ramosi................................... Erysiphe Sez. Erysiphe Leveillula Fulcri ad apici dicotomo-ramosi...............................…. Erysiphe Sez. Microsphaera A B Gli oidi svernano come: - Periteci (condizionato nelle specie eterotalliche dall’incontro dei due ceppi) - Micelio ibernante nelle gemme - Gemme o elementi clamidosporoidi (piccole porzioni di micelio rivestito di parete spessa: solo in alcune specie) - Micelio aereo secondario con pareti ispessite e di colore più scuro (in Blumeria e alcune specie di Podosphaera sez. Sphaerotheca) - Conidi (ovviamente solo in serra) Caratteristiche fisiologiche: - germinazione con bassa UR (acqua endogena) - una certa UR favorisce però gli oidi (attacchi più gravi in zone ombreggiate delle piante) - eccezione: Podosphaera (sez. Sphaerotheca) pannosa (oidio di rosa e pesco): UR prossima alla saturazione, no acqua libera - cardinali termici: min. 3-4°C, opt. 20-25°C, max 35°C - acqua libera (es.: pioggia) su corte di infezione ostacola processo infettivo: - disturba germinazione per carenza di ossigeno - dilava inoculo - favorisce micoparassiti (es.: Ampelomyces quisqualis, il più diffuso nelle nostre zone) Di conseguenza: attacchi più frequenti in estate FORME ANAMORFICHE Ovulariopsis ------------------- conidiofori semplici Oidium forma anamorfica Oidiopsis ---- conidiofori ramificati forma anamorfica di Phyllactinia (1) di Erysiphe forma anamorfica e Podosphaera di Leveillula (2) _______________________________ ectoparassiti semiendoparassiti (parte del micelio all’interno dell’ospite) 1 = micelio prevalentemente esterno 2 = micelio prevalentemente interno (i conidiofori fuoriescono dagli stomi) Genere Erysiphe E. graminis (=Blumeria graminis) (*) – f.a. Oidium monilioides - oidio delle graminacee E. cichoracearum – f.a. Oidium ambrosiae – molto polifago (cucurbitacee, crucifere, tabacco, ecc.) E. polygoni – f.a. Oidium erysiphoides – oidio delle leguminose E. betae – oidio della bietola E. necator (ex Uncinula necator) - f.a. Oidium tuckeri - oidio della vite E. alphitoides (ex Microsphaera alphitoides) (f.a. Oidium quercinum) – oidio della quercia E. platani (ex Microsphaera platani) (f.a. Oidium platani) – oidio del platano Genere Podosphaera P. leucotricha f.a. Oidium farinosum – oidio del melo P. oxyachantae f.a. Oidium crataegi – oidio del biancospino, del cotogno, del nespolo la var. tridactyla attacca l’albicocco P. pannosa (ex Sphaerotheca pannosa) – f.a. Oidium leucoconium - oidio del pesco e della rosa f.sp. rosae – attacca la rosa / f.sp. persicae – attacca il pesco P. fuliginea (ex Sphaerotheca fuliginea) – f.a. Oidium citrulli – oidio delle cucurbitacee (altro agente: E. cichoracearum, molto meno diffuso in Campania) P. macularis (ex Sphaerotheca macularis) - oidio della fragola Genere Leveillula L. taurica – f.a. Oidiopsis sicula – oidio delle solanacee (pomodoro, melanzana, peperone), del carciofo, dell’olivo Il pomodoro viene attaccato anche da un oidio ectofitico, E. orontii (= E. cichoracearum) f.a. Oidium lycopersicum Genere Phyllactina (*) austori digitiformi P. guttata – f.a. Ovulariopsis spp.- oidio del nocciolo micelio aereo scuro conidioforo a «monile» Peritecio di Erysiphe (sez. Erysiphe) Peritecio di Erysiphe (sez. Microsphaera) Peritecio di Erysiphe (sez. Microsphaera) Peritecio di Erysiphe (sez.Uncinula) Peritecio di Podosphaera (sez. Podosphaera) Peritecio di Podosphaera (sez. Podosphaera) Peritecio di Phyllactinia I periteci si differenziano generalmente in autunno (in estate nel caso di Erysiphe necator) Ciclo di S. pannosa f. sp. rosae LOTTA AGLI OIDI: Cultivar resistenti poco utili (gli oidi selezionano facilmente nuovi patotipi) ZOLFO Antioidico di contatto tradizionale per eccellenza - Inibisce la formazione del plasmalemma - Altera la permeabilità cellulare (fuoriuscita di materiale citoplasmatico) - Si sostituisce all’ossigeno con formazione di H2S al posto di H2O; disidratazione Attivo anche contro Monilia, escoriosi, marciume nero, taluni insetti ed acari No ceppi resistenti Aumenta numero cloroplasti (favorisce fotosintesi) Agisce allo stato di vapore (condizionamento da temp., vento, luce, finezza delle particelle) Temp. < 20°C, non attivo (no sublimazione) (poca attività all’inizio della vegetazione); Temp. > 32-33°C, fitotossico (soprattutto i più fini) Vento disperde vapori Luce favorisce sublimazione Finezza delle particelle favorisce sublimazione La finezza si misura in gradi Chancel: - sospendere 5 g di zolfo in 100 ml di etere etilico in cilindro graduato - agitare e lasciar riposare per 5’ - stimare volume di parte torbida (% = °Chancel; almeno 75-80°) TRATTAMENTI POLVERULENTI (Meno fitotossici, utilizzabili in maggiori quantità) - Zolfi greggi: molitura (frantumazione molto spinta) di minerali di zolfo - Zolfi ventilati: molitura e separazione in corrente d’aria o di CO2 di particelle più fini che sedimentano più lontano dal punto di origine → circa 90°Chancel - Zolfi sublimati: condensazione su pareti fredde di vapori di zolfo ottenuti mediante riscaldamento → circa 80°Chancel - Zolfi attivati: zolfo polverulento con aggiunta di nero fumo per aumentare l’assorbimento di calore e quindi l’attività fungicida - Zolfi ramati (anche contro peronospora): aggiunta del 3-4% di rame TRATTAMENTI LIQUIDI (Possibile aggiunta di altri fungicidi, distribuzione più omogenea, più fitotossici) - Zolfi bagnabili: zolfo molto fine (4-10 μm) con ipotensivo per ottenere disperdibilità - Zolfi micronizzati: come il precedente ma con particelle più fini - Zolfi colloidali: particelle molto piccole (3-6 μm) ottenute mediante processi chimici PREPARATI FLOWABLE Particelle estremamente fini che vaporizzano molto facilmente. Ma facilmente allontanate dal vento. POLISOLFURI Di calcio o di bario Dimensioni ridottissime delle particelle Distribuzione molto uniforme Causticità soprattutto su drupacee Utilizzabili in trattamenti invernali ALTRE CARATTERISTICHE DELLO ZOLFO Utilizzabile a livello preventivo Scarsa persistenza: trattamenti frequenti Necessaria utilizzazione in grandi quantità (10-40 Kg/ha) ma non è inquinante Non sempre miscelabile con altri prodotti No zolfo nei seguenti casi: - Attacchi precoci su vite (tempo asciutto): temp. troppo bassa - Su pesche destinate all’inscatolamento: sapori ed odori sgradevoli - Su cucurbitacee: fitotossico - Su albicocco e alcune cultivar di melo e pero: sensibili allo zolfo - Su tabacco: no fitotossico ma danneggiamento di caratteristiche organolettiche PRODOTTI ANTIOIDICI PRODOTTI DI CONTATTO Zolfo Dinitrofenoli: Meptildinocap (range: 2-39°C, non miscelabile con rameici, anche contro acari) Poltiglia bordolese (non consigliabile per oidi ma trattamenti antiperonosporici inibiscono in parte la formazione dei casmoteci) CITOTROPICI E TRANSLAMINARI Anilidi: Boscalid Benzofenoli: Metrafenone Fenilacetamidi: Ciflufenamide Fenossichinoline: Quinoxifen Imidazoli: Imazalil Quinazolinoni: Proquinazide SISTEMICI Benzimidazoli: Tiabendazolo Idrossipirimidine: Bupirimate (è assorbito da germogli in accrescimento e difende nuova vegetazione in fase di sviluppo) Morfoline: Dodemorf Piperidine: Fenpropidina Pirazolocarbossimmidi: Bixafen Piridinil-etil-benzammide: Fluopiram Spirochetalamine: Spiroxamina OIDIO DELLA VITE Erysiphe (sez. Uncinula) necator (sin.: Oidium tuckeri) Su vite (nel nostro clima il patogeno più temuto, seguito da Botrytis e Plasmopara) Su tutti gli organi erbacei: - Foglie: micelio bianco + bollosità o piegature a coppa, caduta anticipata - Fiori : muffa + cascola (attacco precoce) - Acini e Tralci erbacei: necrosi con spaccature (favorisce Botrytis e marciume acido) Soprattutto in estate Con primavera secca anche prima della peronospora per minori esigenze termiche (3-4/25/35°C, ma resiste anche a 40-45°C) per diagnosi sicura: camera umida (favorisce Plasmopara). Lotta: 1 - Metodo tradizionale Prodotti di contatto
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  • Abstracts Workbook.Indd

    Abstracts Workbook.Indd

    PPre-breedingre-breeding - fi sshinghing iinn tthehe ggeneene ppoolool Book of abstracts European Plant Genetic Resources Conference 2013 Section Genetic Resources Pre-breeding - fi shing in the gene pool European Plant Genetic Resources Conference 2013 Abstracts of oral presentations and posters - 3 - Organising Committee Árni Bragason - chair Agnese Kolodinska Brantestam Björn Salomon Eva Thörn Jette Nydam Hansen Morten Rasmussen Rodomiro Ortiz Roland von Bothmer Tomas Bryngelsson Acknowledgement to the City Council of Malmö for hosting the welcome party. Scientifi c Committee Rodomiro Ortiz (Sweden) - chair Hannes Dempewolf (Germany) Heiko Becker (Germany) Morten Rasmussen (Sweden) Theo van Hintum (Netherlands) Zoltán Bedő (Hungary) The authors are responsible for the content of the abstracts This publication should be cited as: Ortiz, R., ed. (2013). Pre-breeding - fi shing in the gene pool. Abstracts of oral presentations and posters of the European Plant Genetic Resources Conference 2013, NordGen, SLU, Alnarp, Sweden All photos taken by NordGen Book of abstracts edited by Jette Nydam Hansen and Magdalena Svärdh, NordGen - 4 - Foreword This Book of Abstracts “Pre-breeding – fi shing in the gene pool” includes the summary for each of the invited keynotes, volunteer talks and posters presented at the EUCARPIA Genetic Resources Section Meeting held at the campus of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) in Alnarp from 10 to 13 June 2013. This meeting gathers various members of the gene bank community of practice as well as users of the genetic resources from all around Europe and the World. The selected overall theme for the meeting is “Pre-Breeding - fi shing in the gene pool” because we want to discuss how we better can use our genetic resources to cope with the issues being faced today by humankind.
  • Download Full Text

    Download Full Text

    РАСТЕНИЕВЪДНИ НАУКИ, ГОД. LI, No. 6 PLANT SCIENCE, VOL. LI, No. 6 София. 2014. Sofia BIOLOGICAL INVASION IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS OF SUBTROPICS OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION NATALIA KARPUN*, YEVGENIA IGNATOVA, YELENA MIKHAILOVA The State Research Institution All-Russian Scientific and Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sochi, Russia *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In recent decades, as a result of active uncontrolled of ornamental woody plants import from abroad, a threat that new pests and diseases might penetrate to Russian Black Sea coast appeared, which led to the extent of an environmental problem. The given paper provides information about the new species detected on fruit, flower and ornamental crops in Sochi (Russia) in the period from 1995 to 2013, which has not been earlier recorded in the region. Among the pests Plurivorous species of Ceratitis capitata Wied. mostly represents danger for fruit plantations and Frankliniella occidentalis Perg. – for flower crops. In 2013, the massive shrinkage of boxwood was noted, which was caused by damage from caterpillars Cydalima perspectalis Walker. This species appeared in the region presumably in 2011 – 2012. The five following species of powdery mildews fungi were recorded for the first time in the study area: Erysiphe azalea (U. Braun) U. Braun & S. Takam. on leaves of Rhododendron luteum Sweet, E. betae (Vaňha) Weltzien – on leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla Ser., E. syringae, Schwein. – on leaves of Syringa vulgaris L., E. tortilis (Wallr.) Link – on leaves of Cornus sp. Golovinomyces sparsus (A. Braun) V. P. Heluta – on leaves of Viburnum opulus L.
  • Diversity of Powdery Mildew Fungi from North Western Himalayan Region of Himachal Pradesh – a Checklist

    Diversity of Powdery Mildew Fungi from North Western Himalayan Region of Himachal Pradesh – a Checklist

    Plant Pathology & Quarantine 8(1): 78–99 (2018) ISSN 2229-2217 www.ppqjournal.org Article Doi 10.5943/ppq/8/1/11 Copyright © Agriculture College, Guizhou University Diversity of powdery mildew fungi from North Western Himalayan Region of Himachal Pradesh – a checklist Gautam AK1 and Avasthi S2 1 School of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, Abhilashi University, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India 2 Department of Botany, Abhilashi Post Graduate Institute of Sciences, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India Gautam AK, Avasthi S 2018 – Diversity of powdery mildew fungi from North Western Himalayan Region of Himachal Pradesh – a checklist. Plant Pathology & Quarantine 8(1), 78–99, Doi 10.5943/ppq/8/1/11 Abstract Powdery mildews are obligate biotropic fungal parasites responsible for disease on a wide range of host plants. They are easily recognizable as white powdery growth on leaves, shoots and sometimes on flowers and even on fruits. This checklist of powdery mildew fungi of Himachal Pradesh, India is based on an exhaustive bibliographic survey of the literature. Fifteen genera (Blumeria, Erysiphe, Euoidium, Golovinomyces, Leveillula, Microsphaera, Neoerysiphe, Oidium, Oidopsis, Phyllactinia, Pleochaeta, Podosphaera, Pseudoidium, Sphaerotheca and Uncinula) and 92 species of powdery mildew have been recorded from the state. About 168 plant species belonging to 122 genera and 49 families are infected by these fungi. Molecular studies of powdery mildew fungi from Himachal Pradesh are needed to revise and to classify these fungi in their correct taxonomic position. Key words – bibliographic survey – Erysiphales – fungal parasites – Himalaya – taxonomy Introduction Powdery mildews are a group of fungal parasites belonging to a single order, Erysiphales. They are obligate biotrophs responsible for many common plant diseases.