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UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title El otro religioso en la literatura decimonónica: Protestantes en la novela española (1850- 1890) Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2f52472n Author Klingler, Timothy Mark Publication Date 2014 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara El otro religioso en la literatura decimonónica: Protestantes en la novela española (1850-1890) A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Hispanic Languages and Literatures by Timothy Mark Klingler Committee in charge: Professor Sara Poot-Herrera, Chair Professor Jorge Checa Professor Antonio Cortijo Ocaña June 2014 The dissertation of Timothy Mark Klingler is approved. _____________________________________________ Antonio Cortijo Ocaña _____________________________________________ Jorge Checa _____________________________________________ Sara Poot-Herrera, Committee Chair June 2014 El otro religioso en la literatura decimonónica: Protestantes en la novela española (1850-1890) Copyright © 2014 by Timothy Mark Klingler iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere appreciation to those who have made completing this dissertation possible. First, I would like to express profound thanks to Professor Sara Poot-Herrera for encouraging and mentoring me during my studies at UCSB, for patiently bearing with changes in my research topic, for dedicating time and energy to reading drafts and providing detailed feedback, and for serving tirelessly as chair of my dissertation committee. I owe you the “second half” of the dissertation —“El otro religioso en la novela decimonónica mexicana”— and further explorations of the Décima musa. I would also like to express my deep appreciation to the other members of my dissertation committee: Professor Jorge Checa for modeling serious scholarship and intellectual hospitality and Professor Antonio Cortijo for a helping me understand the genealogy of the religious other in Spanish and English literature. For their careful reading of the text, insightful comments, helpful suggestions and gracious critiques, I am extremely grateful. Any errors or shortcomings in the dissertation are mine alone. I would also like to express my appreciation to other professors in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of California, Santa Barbara — Professor Silvia Bermúdez, Professor Juan Pablo Lupi, Professor Viola Miglio, Professor Jorge Castillo, Professor Victor Fuentes, Professor Jill Levine, Professor Laura Marqués-Pascual, Professor Leo Cabranes-Grant — who encouraged me in my studies and demonstrated a vocation as teachers and scholars. I am particularly iv grateful to Professor Laura Marqués-Pascual for modeling excellence as a language teacher, for investing in my pedagogical development, and for her professional support. To my colleagues at Wheaton College, I thank you for your patience, for supporting me during the past two and a half years, and for carrying extra responsibilities as I juggled teaching and completing my dissertation. Finally, I would like to express profound gratitude to my family, especially my in-laws, Jim and Dotty Hawthorne, and my parents, Gary and Carol Klingler. Without your encouragement, financial assistance, prayers and concrete help this project would not be completed. To my three remarkable kids — Melía, Elena and Lucas — who have shared their childhood with graduate studies and the specter of “the dissertation”, thanks. Above all, I want to express my sincere and deepest gratitude to my amazing wife and friend, Leslie, who has sacrificed more than I am aware during the past years. This is dedicated to you. v VITA OF TIMOTY MARK KLINGLER January 2014 EDUCATION Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and Spanish, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL, May 1993 Master of Arts in Theology, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, CA, June 2006 Master of Arts in Hispanic Languages and Literatures, University of California, Santa Barbara, June 2008 Doctor of Philosophy in Hispanic Languages and Literatures, University of California, Santa Barbara, expected March 2014 PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT 2011-present: Assistant Professor of Spanish, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL 2010: Teaching Assistant Consultant, Department of Spanish and Portuguese, University of California, Santa Barbara Fall 2008: Adjunct Spanish Professor, Cuesta College, San Luis Obispo, CA 2006-2010: Teaching Assistant, Department of Spanish and Portuguese, University of California, Santa Barbara PUBLICATIONS Book review, Rancheros in Chicagoacán: Language and Identity in a Transnational Community, by Marcia Farr. Journal of Sociolinguistics 14.4 (2010): 554-58. AWARDS Nominated for Outstanding Teaching Assistant Award, Academic Senate, University of California, Santa Barbara, January 2010 Outstanding Ph.D. Student of Spanish in Portuguese Graduate Courses, Spanish and Portuguese Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, June 2010 Excellence in Teaching Award, Graduate Student Association, University of vi California, Santa Barbara, June 2009 Excellence in Teaching Award, National Society of Leadership and Success, University of California, Santa Barbara Chapter, June 2008 Samuel A. Wofsy Memorial Award for Outstanding MA Student, Spanish and Portuguese Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, June 2008 PROFESSIONAL PRESENTATIONS “El ‘otro’ nicaragüense en el imaginario costarricense: ¿Una deuda pendiente con Mamita Yunai?” Midwest Modern Language Association Annual Meeting. Cincinnati, Ohio. November 2012. “Jugando con género en Hombres en escabeche de Ana Istarú.” Midwest Modern Language Association Annual Meeting. Saint Louis, Missouri. November 2011. “Bala en La Bombilla: La reconstrucción de José de León Toral en Los mochos de Ignacio Solares.” XIII Colloquium on Mexican Literature: “Lo inevitable: Independencia y revolución.” UC-Mexicanistas and the University of California. Santa Barbara. November 6-7, 2010. “La carnavalización de las Memorias de Padre Mier en El mundo alucinante de Reinaldo Arenas.” Graduate Student Conference, Department of Spanish and Portuguese. University of California, Santa Barbara. February 2009. “Liberation Theology: An Ecclesiological Charism for Latin American Pentecostalism.” Second Joint Meeting of the Society for Pentecostal Studies and the Wesleyan Theological Society. Lexington, Kentucky. March 2003. vii ABSTRACT El otro religioso en la literatura decimonónica: Protestantes en la novela española (1850-1890) by Timothy Mark Klingler This dissertation examines representations of Protestants in Spanish novels published between 1850-1890, analyzing ways literary texts construct the religious “other”. By examining novels of four important 19th century Spanish authors — Fernán Caballero (El exvoto and Lady Virginia), José María Blanco y Crespo (Luisa Bustamante, o La huérfana española en Inglaterra), Benito Pérez Galdós (Rosalía, Fortunata y Jacinta, and Torquemada en la hoguera) and Emilia Pardo Bazán (La Tribuna and La prueba) — who represent distinct literary movements and ideological commitments, the study highlights ways in which the representations of Protestants advances the authors’ convictions, distorts the historical presence of Protestants during the time period, and/or affirms — explicitly or implicitly, intentionally or inadvertently — notions that exclude this religious minority from full membership in society or portray Protestantism as incompatible with Spanish national identity. viii During the time period studied, religious liberty and Catholicism’s role as a unifying force in Spanish society and an essential element of Spanish identity are fervently contested topics. The historical vicissitudes of the period — an unsuccessful attempt to introduce religious freedom during the Bienio Liberal (1854-56), the Revolution of 1868 and introduction of religious freedom in the Constitution of 1869, the evanescent First Spanish Republic, the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy and limiting of religious freedoms in the Constitution of 1876 — frame the presence of competing ideologies. In this context, Protestant missionaries and colporteurs actively proselytize in Spain, a generation of Spanish Protestant leaders emerges, and the first congregations are established. In chapters dedicated to each author, the study investigates the representation of the Protestant “other”, utilizing categories developed by Tzvetan Todorov to describe the encounter with the religious subaltern in the New World. While examining the function of Protestants in the texts, the study also compares and contrasts the literary figures with historical representatives of the period. The dissertation reveals that similar responses toward the Protestant “other” emerge in authors of different ideological persuasions and literary commitments. Whether informed by costumbrismo, romanticism, realism or naturalism, the novels inevitably advance the authors’ ideological commitments, misrepresent the religious other, and/or dismiss Protestantism as a legitimate religious alternative. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Introducción ................................................................................................................. 1 I. El otro protestante en El exvoto y Lady Virginia de Fernán Caballero .................. 29 II. El otro protestante en Luisa de Bustamante, o La huérfana española