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O Společnosti Transmeta O společnosti Transmeta Společnost Transmeta byla založena roku 1995 pro návrh a vývoj vysoce efektivních procesorů, kompatibilních s procesory x86. Cílem Transmety je produkovat procesory s nízkým příkonem, vysokým výkonem, nízkou cenou a malou velikostí. První rodina procesorů Crusoe byla oznámena v roce 2000, další novou rodinou jsou procesory Efficeon vyvíjené od roku 2003. Transmeta je společnost s přibližně 300 zaměstnanci sídlící v Kalifornii a po celém světě. Prodej a servis je lokalizován především ve Spojených státech, Japonsku a Tchaj-wanu. 25. 4. 2005/MA/1 Technologie LongRun Při snaze snižovat rozměry tranzistorů narůstá problém se zvyšujícími se svodovými proudy tranzistorů. Průmysloví experti upozorňují na tento jev v souvislosti s Moorovými zákony, kdy při snižování rozměrů tranzistorů na 90nm až 65nm výrazně převládá jev svodových proudů nad klidovým proudem v pohotovostním režimu. Pokročilá technologie firmy Transmeta vylepšuje vlastnosti polovodičových prvků redukováním celkového příkonu, snižováním příkonu pohotovostního režimu, potenciálním zlepšením čipového výkonu a snížením výrobních nákladů. LongRun2 technologie se opírá o první generaci LongRun, která dynamicky přizpůsobuje kmitočet a napětí stokrát za sekundu. Tím dochází ke snížení příkonu. Technologie LongRun2 využívá nový inovovaný přístup k dynamickému nastavování prahu napětí k řízení tranzistorového svodu. Dynamické řízení snižuje svod způsobený změnami v rutinních podmínkách, jako je napětí a teplota, které nejsou při výrobě čipu předem známy. 25. 4. 2005/MA/2 Představení procesorů Efficeon od firmy Transmeta Procesory Transmeta zavádějí nový směr v oblasti mobilních počítačů - kompatibilitu, výkon a nízkou spotřebu. Pro Transmetu pracují nadšení vývojáři, kteří vytvářejí aplikace a platformy využívající nové technologie. S procesory Transmeta Crusoe a Efficeon se předpovídá nový pohled na mobilní technologie. Pro hlubší porozumění procesorů Transmeta Crusoe a Efficeon doporučuji shlédnutí následujících informací: • Architektura procesoru Efficeon • 8 instrukční tok; 256bit VLIW Engine • Pokročilá technologie Transmeta Code Morphing™ Software (CMS) • Plně integrovaný Northbridge • Vylepšený LongRun™ dynamický Power/Thermal Management • Specifikace 25. 4. 2005/MA/3 Architektura Procesory Transmeta™ Efficeon™ reprezentují nový směr v efektivním využití výpočetního výkonu. Spoléhá se na revoluční, ale osvědčenou hardwarově- softwarovou architekturu. Procesor Efficeon je inteligentní, ale rozumná alternativa konkurenční nabídky. Efficeon nabízí svobodnou volbu pro ty, kteří hledají nejlepší čip ve své třídě s přidanou hodnotou, funkčností, bezpečností, komfortností, spolehlivostí a úsporu nákladů. Procesor uvádí novou éru v efektivním využití výpočetního výkonu pro uživatele ultrapřenosných notebooků a umožňuje inovaci nových zařízení jako tablet-PC, tichých počítačů, serverů a vložených systémů. Procesory Efficeon TM8800 jsou vyráběny 90nm křemíkovou technologii firmy Fujitsu, která umožňuje průmyslovou výrobu tranzistorů s délkou 40nm, užití vyššího kmitočtu a výkonu s nízkými nároky na chlazení. Procesory Efficeon TM8600 a TM8620 jsou vyráběné pokročilou 0.13um technologií z polovodičových materiálů TSMC. 25. 4. 2005/MA/4 8 instrukční tok 256bit VLIW Engine Procesor Transmeta™ Efficeon™ je navržen pro stále rostoucí požadavky efektivního výkonu x86 řešení. Ke zdůraznění výkonu a odezvy tvoří Efficeon 256bitové slovo VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word), výkonné jádro, které umožňuje tok až 8 instrukcí za jeden hodinový cyklus. Velká 1MB L2 cache a podpora SSE & SSE2 instrukcí pomáhá tvořit slušný multimediální výkon. Toto hardwarové výkonné jádro je srdcem procesoru Efficeon. Instrukční hardwarové jádro v procesoru tvoří konvenční procesor s efektivní instrukční sadou. Code Morphing™ Software (CMS) od firmy Transmeta je softwarová komponenta procesorů Efficeon. CMS dynamicky optimalizuje a překládá x86 instrukce do VLIW kódu tak, aby ho hardwarové jádro mohlo zpracovat. Vlastnosti / výhody • Až osmi instrukční tok za jeden takt procesoru • Podpora SSE a SSE2. Multimediální aplikace běží až o 80% rychleji proti předešlým generacím • Až 50% zlepšení ve výkonu s výpočetními aplikacemi proti předešlým generacím procesorů • Velikost 1MB L2 cache zlepšuje procesorový výkon 25. 4. 2005/MA/5 Pokročilá technologie Transmeta Code Morphing™ Software S novou technologií Transmeta Code Morphing™ Software vedou procesory Efficeon Transmeta ve využití výkonu při menší spotřebě energie. Řešení je velice výhodné pro použití x86 v noteboocích, tablet- PC a mnoho jiných aplikací, které vyžadují nízké nároky na napájení. Každý nový design procesoru vyžaduje pouze novou verzi CMS k přeložení x86 instrukcí nové procesorové instrukční sady. Novou generaci Code Morphing Software využívají procesory Transmeta Efficeon s 256-bit VLIW a jsou schopné docílit 8 instrukčního toku během hodinového cyklu - dvojnásobný počet instrukcí než umožňoval předchozí procesor. Tato kombinace technologií je klíčová k snížení spotřeby energie. Vlastnosti / výhody • Vylepšení výkonu a odezvy proti první generaci technologie Transmeta Crusoe • Nová generace Code Morphing Software využívá 256-bit VLIW hardwarovou podporu • Jedinečná softwarová architektura snižuje spotřebu energie a umožňuje a SW flexibilitu • Umožňuje rychlé, levné vylepšení výkonu a spotřeby energie s update CMS 25. 4. 2005/MA/6 Plně integrovaný Nothbridge logické jádro Transmeta pokračuje v inovaci procesoru Efficeon integrovaného logického jádra Northbridge. Tato úroveň integrace umožňuje spoustu výhod, jako například menší počet čipů, menší velikost desky, zvyšující energetickou účinnost a cenovou úsporu díky vyjmutí potřebného čipu Northbridge. Trojice vysoce rychlostních I/O rozhraní Transmetě Efficeonu umožňuje dosáhnout více práce během hodinového cyklu: paměťové DDR-400 rozhraní, point-to-point, nízkonapěťový HyperTransportní propojení, a rozhraní AGP 4x. Podle integrace těchto rozhraní je procesor Transmeta Efficeon schopen dosáhnout více práce během hodinového cyklu s vynikajícími výsledky energetické efektivity, lepší I/O propustnosti a lepší životnosti baterií pro uživatele mobilních počítačů. Vlastnosti / Výhody • On-Chip Double Date Rate 400 (DDR-400) SDRAM paměťové rozhraní. • Integrované AGP 2.0 grafické rozhraní pro průmyslový standard, vysoký výkon grafiky • On-chip 400 MHz HyperTransport rozhraní, 8bitů široký v každém směru poskytuje 12x rychlejší vstupně-výstupní propustnost v porovnání s 32bitovou 33 MHz PCI • On-chip průmyslově standardní Low Pin Count (LPC) sběrnice, umožňující komunikovat s novou, high-density LPC Flash pamětmi. • Plná podpora ECC v L2 cache a paměťový NorthBridge řadič umožňující rozšíření na trhu serverů. 25. 4. 2005/MA/7 Vylepšený LongRun™ dynamický Power/Thermal Management S technologii napájecího managementu Code Morphing software přizpůsobuje dynamicky napětí a hodinovou frekvenci jádra procesoru Efficeon, závislé na požadavcích umístěných v procesoru řízeným software. Protože se odběr výkonu mění s hodinovou frekvencí a se čtvercem napětí, přizpůsobováním obojího (napětí a hodinové frekvence) může procesor vytvářet kubické snížení spotřeby energie, zatímco současné procesory na trhu mohou nastavovat napájecí napětí pouze lineárně v závislosti na efektivním operačním kmitočtu. Vlastnosti / výhody • Umožňuje delší život baterií podle plynulého nastavování operační frekvence i napětí vzhlehem k požadovanému výkonu aplikací • Účinnější než typická schémata duty cycle clock throttling power management • Maximalizace výkonu uvnitř teplotní obálky 25. 4. 2005/MA/8 Specifikace Transmeta Efficeon Processor Efficeon TM880 Efficeon TM8620 Efficeon TM8600 Frequency Up to 1.7 GHZ 1.0 GHz - 1.1 GHZ 1.0 GHz - 1.1 GHZ L1 Instruction Cache 128 KB 128 KB 128 KB L1 Data Cache 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB L2 Write-Back Cache 1 MB 1 MB 1 MB VLIW Processor Engine 256-bit 256-bit 256-bit Instructions Issued Per Clock Cycle Up to 8 Up to 8 Up to 8 Fully Integrated Northbridge Yes Yes Yes Integrated DDR SDRAM Memory Support DDR-266, 333 DDR-266, 333 DDR-266, 333 Support for ECC Memory Yes Yes Yes Integrated Graphics Interface AGP 1X, 2X, and 4X AGP 1X, 2X, and 4X AGP 1X, 2X, 4X System Bus HyperTransport™ HyperTransport HyperTransport System Bus Speed 400 MHz 400 MHz 400 MHz Aggregate I/O Total Bandwidth 1.6 GB/s 1.6 GB/s 1.6 GB/s Integrated Low Pin Count Bus (LPC) Yes Yes Yes Multimedia Instruction Support MMX, SSE-SSE3 MMX, SSE-SSE2 MMX, SSE-SSE2 Max Temperature Up to 100C Tj Up to 100C Tj Up to 100C Tj Process Geometry Fujitsu 90nm TSMC 130nm TSMC 130nm Package Size 29mm x 29mm 29mm x 29mm 21mm x 21mm 25. 4. 2005/MA/9.
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