PD AeroSpace, LTD. Company outline

PD AeroSpace, LTD. https://pdas.co.jp/ 1 Company Profile Company name PD AeroSpace, LTD.

Headquarter：3519 Arimatsu Midori-ku Nagoya Aichi 458-0924, Location R&D center：1-27 Minatohonmachi Hekinan Aichi 447- 0844, JAPAN

Foundation May 30, 2007 Capital 7.96 million USD Representative Shuji Ogawa

Employees 31 (including seconded employees)

Spaceplane design, development and manufacturing Core business Commercial human and related operations Commercial space launch service (including space port)

PD AeroSpace is developing a reusable winged (space plane). We are looking forward to maximize space utilization through private sector demand such as space and construction of a space based solar power grid. Our key technology is combustion mode switch engine have both a jet mode and a rocket mode propulsion. (patented in 2012) We are supported by ANA HOLDINGS INC., HIS Group and some Venture Capitals. Additionaly, accepting employees seconded from the IHI Group and TOYOTA Group and proceeding with business reviews. 2 Corporate Profile n Founded in 2007 n Based in Nagoya and Hekinan City, Aichi Prefecture

Shimojishima Nagoya city

★Toyota city

Hekinan city

Aichi pref.

3 New Base

HQ：Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture

R&D Center：Hekinan City

Central Japan International Airport

4 Company Mission “ Be a wing for Space” There are so many amazing possibilities in space, waiting to be discovered and understood. Perhaps, a new kind of resources or energy source is just around the corner. Space also enables us to reflect upon ourselves and Earth, to deeply understand the preciousness of life and nature.

There are and will be challenges never seen or predicted during our journey to reach the stars. However, we chose to take upon this challenge, because we believe humanity can earn so much from .

In order to bring space closer to us and, PD Aerospace will continue to pursue the challenge to become the wing for space transport industry. 6 Corporate Philosophy and Policy

Corporate Philosophy - Contribute to society with technology. - Maintain harmony with space, the Earth, nature and humanity. - Become a company that society wants to exist, a company that clarifies the significance of itself through its activity.

Policy - Start from an indomitable challenge spirit. - Create your own path when there is none. - Innovate rather than improve. - Know that time and workspace is limited, and act.

7 Team staff Biography Born and raised in Nagoya. Laboratory and research assistant for father since childhood. Aspiring a pilot and an astronaut. Ms. of Aerospace engineering. Experienced in automotive parts and aircraft development. Member of Government Space policy commitee, Space transportation system working group CEO, CTO

Pro bono: +60 members, Intern: +3 students 8 Organization/Governance Shareholders Meeting

External Auditor Board of Mr. Yasuno Tomohiko Directors

Certified Public Accountant, Tax consultant

CEO External Director External Director Mr. Ogawa Shuji Mr. Tsuda Yoshiaki Mr. Fukushima Ken H.I.S.Co.,Ltd. ANA HOLDINGS INC. Corporate Officer, Digital Design Lab Corporate Planning Division, Chief Director General Manager

Executive Officer

CEO&CTO CFO (Financial Strategy) CSO (Service Officer) CPO (Operations) Mr. Ogawa Shuji Mr. Fujimaki Hiromichi Mr. Maruki Takeshi Mr. Watanabe Hitoshi

Technical Advisor Financial Advisor Oversea Business Advisor Mr. Masuya Goro Mr. Motohashi Hiroyuki Mr. Kato Hideki (Part-time) 9 Organization Engine development

JAXA (J-SPARC) NETS Evaluation/Total support Engine system design

Endo Lab.（Hiroshima Univ.） Kanda Lab.（Chubu Univ.） Combustion theory Combustion theory

Mizukaki Lab.（Tokai Univ.） Sato Lab.（Waseda Univ.） Combustion analysis Supersonic combustion

Spacecraft development

JAXA (J-SPARC) TORAY Carbon Magic Structure Analysis Spacecraft manufacture

Tsuchiya Lab.（Tokyo Univ.） Strand Aerospace Trajectory optimization Components design

Obayashi Lab.（Tohoku Univ.） Nakaya Lab.（Gifu NCT） CFD analysis CFD analysis

Sawada Lab.（Tohoku Univ.） Yoshida Lab.（Nihon Univ.） CFD analysis Trajectory optimization

Project cooperation members 10 Categories of Space Industry

Ø Satellite： Remote sensing, Communication satellite, etc （C）NASA

Ø Space Transportation： Human and Cargo transportation (rocket)

Ø Service：

Satellite data provider （C）JAXA

11 Target of Business Field 3nd Stage

Small satellite orbital insertion Orbital flight

400~600km(1,312~1,969kft) 1st Stage Future 2rd Stage Sub-orbital flight Hypersonic transport Unmanned Manned

Intercontinental flight (P2P) Earth 12 Target markets：1st stage Unmanned Sub-orbital space flight （Sub-orbital flight） Scientific Mission ・Micro gravity experiment ・Atmosphere observation

Protein crystal Commercial Mission Commercial Service Photos ・New drug development ・Movies, Video game ・Semi-conductor ・Premium development ・Space instruments development

Semi conductor Space Burial Space wedding Satellite development ウェディング 16 Target markets：2nd stage Manned Sub-orbital space flight - Horizontal takeoff and landing - Fully-reusable - New concept engine - 6 participants + 2 pilots

17 First target : Sub-orbital Space Flight Profile Arrive to Space ・Apogee : 110 km/361ktf (Alt. 110km/361ktf) ・Total flight T : 90 min ・Total time in μG T : 5 min ・View the earth

Engine shutdown （Alt. 50km/164kft) Re-entry Ascending rocket mode （Alt. 30km/98kft) （Alt.15km/49kft)

Take off Cruise climb using jet engine Powered flight/Gliding descent to spaceport 18 the Earth view from alt. 100km/328ktf

19 Competitors • A small startup company with less than 50 employees succeded in conducting a spaceflight and won the in 2004. acquired the technical licenses, and started ticket sales priced at 250K USD, with predicted operation from 2020 (tentative). Exchange rate assumption: 1 USD = 100 JPY

Rocket type Winged type 20 Pulsed Combustion

Pulse jet engine

V-1(Germany) NASA/MSFC Pulse Detonation Engine

GE、P&W Original concept “Switchable Dual Combustion U.S. Air Force Mode Engine” 21 Key Concept n Pulse Detonation Engine: Utilizing pulse combustion, Switch between jet mode and rocket mode depending on the atmospheric environment. （Patented in 2012) Altitude [Rocket mode] Air lean (Near vacuum)

Rocket mode

Combustion Combustion mode switch mode switch

[Jet mode] 15km/49ktf

Air rich Jet mode 0km 22 Exchange rate assumption Competitiveness ↓Benchmark 1 USD = 100 JPY

VLVL：Vertical Launch and Vertical Landing, HTHL : Horizontal Takeoff and Horizontal Landing 23 Competitiveness 1) Safety improvement ・Able to abort at any phase of flight ・Able to perform go around ・Able to divert to other airport

2) Lower production and operational cost ・Simple system=lower production and maintenance cost ・Reduce pilot, maintenance personnel, tools and spare parts by half ・Does not require specialized airport (can operate on regular airport) = lower operation cost ・High efficiency engine = low fuel consumption 3) Expandable ・Transport system can be used for multiple purposes 24 Strong Point: Experimental planes and engines

X01（for Demonstration） X02A（for High speed flight）

X03A（for Autopilot） PDRE (for Combustion mode switch)

X04（for FPV）

25 Movies

Past Development http://pdas.co.jp/movies/PDAS_Exam.html

Combustion Mode Switch http://pdas.co.jp/movies/PDE-S_News.html

26 Development Roadmap ～2015 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 '21 '22 '23 '24 【Engine】

【】 X08 PEGASUS-MN 【Multi tube PDE】 PDE FTE5n (X08) PDE FTE2n Series (X06) (Jet-rocket) (Rocket mode) FTE3n Series (X07) X08 (mode switch) May '25 Based on Unmanned technology To upsize and to advanced 【 Airplane 】

Radio communication 200km FPV, Tracking device

【Suborbital UAS】 【Air launch sys.】 X05, X06, X07 PEGASUS-UM FTE4n (X09) X09 PEGASUS-AL X03A X02A, X04 X07 Jan. '22 Auto Pilot FPV, Long rage 27 Latest Development Objectives Reach alt.100km Objective： To reach alt. 100km and return. and Return Target time： Early of 2022.

X05 (EDFx2, 2.5m) X06 (GTE PDE, 4.9m) X07 Sub-orbital UAS (PDEx2, 11.4m) New type engine (Combustion Mode Switch PDE)

EDF : Electrical Ducted Fan GTE : Gas Turbine Engine PDE : Pulse Detonation Engine

High speed / FPV operation demonstrator 28 Technology Demonstrator Airframes

PDAS-X06 Gas turbine engine PDAS-X07 Rudder Switchable Jet-Rocket Fuel・Oxidizer tank mode engine

Avionics Elevon

FPV front camera

Pitot tube Pitot tube

Phase1 Phase2 ONLY Gas Rocket mode engine turbine engine ※To add Rocket engine

PDAS-X06 29 Ground Control Station

1) Moving system： 2) Pilot system：

GSC Outside view GCS inside view 3) Radio control system： 2) Air data (Telemetry) 1) Movie 3) Piloting 2-1）Primary 2-2）Backup

Frequency 1.2 GHz 2.4 GHz 5.7 GHz 427.2 MHz

Max distance 200 km 400 km 30 Flight／Candidate of takeoff and landing

Hokkaido/Taiki-cho (Taiki Multi-Purpose Aerospace Park) １,０００ｍ

Wakayama Pre. (Nanki–Shirahama Airport, Old side) １,３００ｍ US／Colorado Air&Space Port Okinawa Pre. Shimoji-shima airport ３,０００ｍ 2,400m x2 Other business area(1) : Spaceport 【Shimojishima Airport】 ・320km from Okinawa Island ・3,000m x 60m runway ・Fully equipped air traffic management facility ・Wide civil airspace on north- south corridor

32 Market Analysis Global Demand： $1.5B～2.0B (predicted) $250k/person

（13,600 person/year） US market $544M/year

Within 5 years from VG Market launch

（650 person/year) Ticket Prices (thousands) $162M/year $50k/FL

Assume 100 JPY = 1 USD Research by Futron Corporation in 200633 Capital alliance Technical and business alliance for space transport

- Bringing space closer, moving forward to realize peaceful and prosperous society.

- Be the wing that bridges Space and Earth. 34 34 Business Scope

(Planned) 【Operation】 【 】 【Manufacturing and R&D ・ Maintenance】 Flight operation ・Design ・Daily maintenance ・Manufacture ・Ground operation ・Periodical maintenance 【Customer Service】 (Collaboration)

Universities and research institutes (Planned) User (Partners) ・Meteorological agencies OEMs ・Universities and research Processing manufacturer institutes ・Aerospace companies Software developers ・Event organizers, Travel Agent * Purchase existing products for electronic devices and parts 35 Other business area(1) : Pre-flight training program Movie

Pre-flight training program http://pdas.co.jp/movies/PP_PV.html

37 Law issue：

Rocket・Satellite 【Space activity law】

※Exclusion from Space Sub-orbital Space activity law Flight （other laws）

Airplane 【Aviation law】

38 Regulation of Suborbital (Proposal) ▶ Space Activities Law Orbital Rocket

Sounding rocket Suborbital spaceplane Proposal 1

▶ Civil Unmanned Aircraft Drone Aviation Law Pilotless Aircraft X06 Aircraft Aircraft Suborbital spaceplane Proposal 2

▶ New Law Suborbital spaceplane Proposal 3

Adopt one of the proposal listed above. Alternatively, transition in stages based on time(technological maturity). Supplementary explanation 2 Regulatory path of suborbital spaceflight (proposal) ①Transitional Stage for Industry Standards Development as a precursor to ②Transitional Stage for Routine Occupant Safety licensing. Commercial Space Travel (Including paid flights)

Operational Certificates Assurance ・Production ・Airworthiness ・Air Carrier Occupant Occupant ・Pilot ・Instruction Safety Safety ・Mechanic ・Dispatch ・Parts Public Public Public Safety Safety Safety

【Actions Requested to be taken by responsible governing body】 Time Notification License Certification (Technological Maturity) of Unmanned flight of Manned flight of Manned flight Source (with slight revision) Commercial Space Transportation / FAA (COMSTAC-STANDARD WORKING GROUP (SWG) April 27-28, 2016 OBSERVATIONS, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (OFR’S) https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/advisory_committee/meeting_news/media/2016/apr/standards_working_group_report_mr_oscar _garcia.pdf Development Schedule

• Demonstration of UAS essential technologies ～ Oct. 2017 • Proof of patented engine technology ～ Oct. 2017 ------

• Achieve altitude 100km/328ktf by Unmanned ～ Jan. 2022 ------

• Achieve altitude 100km/328ktf by Manned ～ July 2024 ------

• Start commercial space tourism service ～ May 2025 ------

43 Long-term Objectives

© Space mining Space hotel SSPS Air launch Orbital Space tourism launch Altitude 100km μG flight High alt. (test bed) Hypersonic atmospheric transportation observation Point to Point flight

Spaceport

44 Be a wing for Space

PD AeroSpace, LTD. 45