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AIDS and the POLITICS of DISABILITY in the 1980S by Nancy E

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AIDS and the POLITICS of DISABILITY in the 1980S by Nancy E AIDS AND THE POLITICS OF DISABILITY IN THE 1980S by Nancy E. Brown A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History West Lafayette, Indiana August 2019 2 THE PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL STATEMENT OF COMMITTEE APPROVAL Dr. Nancy Gabin, Chair Department of History Dr. Kathryn Cramer Brownell Department of History Dr. Wendy Kline Department of History Dr. Yvonne M. Pitts Department of History Approved by: Dr. David Atkinson Head of the Graduate Program 3 For my brother Bill 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to express my deepest appreciation to my committee chair, Nancy Gabin, who followed my research path from 19th century immigration to the AIDS crisis in the 1980s. Her encouragement and support helped balance the vagaries of my graduate school experience. As my dissertation took shape, her guidance challenged me. Thank you to my committee: Kathryn Cramer Brownell pushed me to engage in the wider academic community and assisted in many ways. Yvonne Pitt’s enthusiasm and critique motivated me. Wendy Kline’s thoughtful comments helped me conceptualize disability. Conversations with faculty members David Atkinson, Doug Hurt and John Larson fortified my resolve. I appreciate the institutional support from the Department of History and Purdue University. Staff members Fay Chan and Julie Knoeller answered my many questions with good humor. Funding from the Harold D. Woodman research award, the College of Liberal Arts PROMISE award and the Center for C-SPAN helped finance my research and conference participation as did a travel grant from the Organization of American Historians. The staff at Purdue’s Interlibrary Loan never failed to find the obscure items I sought. My family is my anchor. My grandparents Wayne and Irene travelled the world when I was young and welcomed everyone to their home. Their example of fellowship guides me. Grandparents Bill and Madelyn shared their joy in music and love of family which sustains me. My parents continue to live in service for others which inspires me. My journey overlapped my children’s educational quests. I so appreciate their support during my adventure. The grandchildren who have joined our family during my studies remind me of the important things in life. My husband, my partner, my love, may not have understood my need to tell this story but supported me nonetheless. To him, my heart. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... 9 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. 10 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 11 THE NATIONAL GAY TASK FORCE: BUILDING A NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ........................................................................................................................ 19 1.1 The Origins of the National Gay Task Force .................................................................... 21 1.2 National Gay Task Force and Gay Activist Alliance ........................................................ 26 1.2.1 Political Ideology and Goals ...................................................................................... 27 1.2.2 Strategy ...................................................................................................................... 30 1.3 Confronting Disability: The American Psychiatric Association ...................................... 33 1.3.1 Stigma ........................................................................................................................ 34 1.3.2 Early Efforts: Pre-NGTF ........................................................................................... 36 1.3.3 NGTF Involvement .................................................................................................... 43 1.3.4 Progress ...................................................................................................................... 47 1.3.5 Resistance .................................................................................................................. 49 1.4 Confronting the Media ...................................................................................................... 55 1.4.1 Media Equality ........................................................................................................... 56 1.4.2 Legal Reform ............................................................................................................. 61 1.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 70 THE TASK FORCE AIDS PROGRAM AND FEDERAL ENTITLEMENTS, 1983 -1985……………………………………………………………………………………….73 2.1 Federal Benefits for the Disabled: .................................................................................... 77 2.1.1 Income ....................................................................................................................... 77 2.1.2 Health Care ................................................................................................................ 80 2.1.3 Social Security and AIDS: Early Concerns ............................................................... 81 2.2 The Task Force AIDS Program, 1983 .............................................................................. 84 2.2.1 Establishing Networks ............................................................................................... 85 2.2.2 Investigations ............................................................................................................. 88 2.2.3 The Task Force at the Table ...................................................................................... 90 6 2.2.4 Communication and Collaboration ............................................................................ 93 2.2.5 1983 Accomplishments ............................................................................................. 95 2.3 The Task Force AIDS Program, 1984 .............................................................................. 97 2.3.1 April 30, 1984 SSA Meeting: Preparation ................................................................. 98 2.3.2 April 30, 1984 SSA Meeting, Post-Meeting ............................................................ 104 2.3.3 1984 Accomplishments ........................................................................................... 109 2.4 The Task Force AIDS Program, 1985 ............................................................................ 112 2.4.1 Continued Monitoring ............................................................................................. 112 2.4.2 NGTF Stumbles ....................................................................................................... 117 2.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 119 AIDS AND CIVIL RIGHTS, 1983-1986 ......................................................... 123 3.1 Disability Rights Law Background:................................................................................ 125 3.1.1 Federal ..................................................................................................................... 125 3.1.2 New York State Human Rights Law ....................................................................... 129 3.1.3 New York City Human Rights Law ........................................................................ 131 3.2 AIDS Discrimination in New York ................................................................................ 134 3.2.1 Collaboration ........................................................................................................... 135 3.2.2 Litigation .................................................................................................................. 140 3.2.2.1 Columbia University ........................................................................................... 141 3.2.2.2 People v. 49 West 12 Tenants Corp: Sonnabend ................................................ 142 3.2.3 Advocacy ................................................................................................................. 145 3.2.4 Civil Rights Protection in other Cities ..................................................................... 149 3.2.5 Section Summary ..................................................................................................... 152 3.3 AIDS and Section 504 .................................................................................................... 153 3.3.1 Charlotte Memorial Hospital ................................................................................... 156 3.3.2 The Politics of Section 504 ...................................................................................... 160 3.3.3 Cooper 504 Memorandum ....................................................................................... 166 3.3.4 Reaction to Cooper Memo ....................................................................................... 170 3.3.5 Doe v. Charlotte ....................................................................................................... 178 3.3.6 Section Conclusion .................................................................................................
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