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Xi. Humedales De La Orinoquia (Colombia - Venezuela)

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Xi. Humedales De La Orinoquia (Colombia - Venezuela) SERIE RECURSOS HIDROBIOLÓGICOS Y PESQUEROS CONTINENTALES DE COLOMBIA XI. HUMEDALES DE LA ORINOQUIA (COLOMBIA - VENEZUELA) Carlos A. Lasso, Anabel Rial, Giuseppe Colonnello, Antonio Machado-Allison y Fernando Trujillo (Editores) F. Mijares Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Impresión: JAVEGRAF-Fundación Cultural Alexander von Humboldt. 2014 Javeriana de Artes Gráficas. Los textos pueden ser citados total o parcialmente 1.000 ejemplares. citando la fuente. CITACIÓN SUGERIDA: SERIE EDITORIAL RECURSOS HIDROBIOLÓGICOS Y PESQUEROS Obra completa: Lasso, C. A., A. Rial, G. CONTINENTALES DE COLOMBIA Colonnello, A. Machado-Allison y F. Trujillo Instituto de Investigación de Recursos (Editores). 2014. XI. Humedales de la Orinoquia (Colombia- Venezuela). Serie Editorial Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH) Hidrobiológicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO Editor: Carlos A. Lasso Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH). Bogotá, D. C., Colombia. 303 pp. Revisión científica: Josefa C. Señaris y Donald Taphorn Capítulos o fichas: Lasso, C. A. 2014. Tipología de aguas (blancas, claras y negras) y su relación • Anabel Rial Bouzas (BioHábitat A. C., Venezuela y consultora independiente) Revisión de textos: Carlos A. Lasso con la identificación y caracterización de los • Aniello Barbarino (Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias – INIA, humedales de la Orinoquia. Pp. 50-61. En: Lasso, C. Fotos portada: Ivan Mikolji y Fernando Chan A., A. Rial, G. Colonnello, A. Machado-Allison y F. Venezuela) Trujillo (Editores). XI. Humedales de la Orinoquia • Antonio Machado-Allison (Universidad Central de Venezuela) Foto contraportada: Carlos A. Lasso (Colombia- Venezuela). Serie Editorial Recursos • Carlos Barreto-Reyes (Fundación Humedales, Colombia) Hidrobiológicos y Pesqueros Continentales de Foto portada interior: Ivan Mikolji Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos • Carlos A. Rodríguez Fernández (Fundación Tropenbos, Colombia) Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH). • Célio Magalhães (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia INPA/CPBA, Brasil) Diseño y diagramación: zOOm diseño S.A.S. Bogotá, D. C., Colombia. • Donald Taphorn (Universidad Experimental de los Llanos – Unellez, Venezuela) • Edwin Agudelo-Córdoba (Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas - Sinchi, Colombia) Humedales de la Orinoquía (Colombia-Venezuela) / editado por Carlos A. Lasso, Anabel Rial, Giuseppe • Fernando Trujillo (Fundación Omacha, Colombia) Colonnello, Antonio Machado-Allison y Fernando Trujillo; Serie Recursos Hidrobiológicos y Pesqueros • Francisco de Paula Gutiérrez (Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Colombia) Continentales de Colombia, XI -- Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von (Universidad Nacional de Colombia) Humboldt, 2014. • Germán Galvis Vergara • Hernando Ramírez-Gil (Universidad de los Llanos - Unillanos, Colombia) 303 p.: il., col.; 16.5 x 24 cm. • Hernán Ortega (Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos – UNMSM, Perú) Incluye bibliografía, tablas, mapas • Jaime De La Ossa (Universidad de Sucre, Colombia) ISBN DIGITAL: 978-958-8889-24-5 • John Valbo Jørgensen (Departamento de Pesca y Acuicultura, FAO) 1. Humedales -- Colombia -- Venezuela 2. Humedales -- caracterización • Josefa C. Señaris (Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Venezuela) 3. Vegetación acuática 4. Cuencas hidrográficas 5. Orinoquia I. Lasso, Carlos A. (Ed) II. • Luz F. Jiménez-Segura (Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia) Rial, Anabel (Ed) III. Colonnello, Giuseppe (Ed) IV. Allison-Machado, Antonio (Ed) V. Trujillo, • Mauricio Valderrama Barco (Fundación Humedales, Colombia) Fernando (Ed) VI. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. • Myriam Lugo Rugeles (Universidad Nacional de Colombia) CDD: 333.918 Ed. 23 • Ramiro Barriga (Instituto Politécnico de Quito, Ecuador) Número de contribución: 503 • Ricardo Restrepo M. (Universidad Santo Tomas de Aquino – USTA, Colombia) Registro en el catálogo Humboldt: 14942 • Rosa E. Ajiaco-Martínez (Universidad de los Llanos – Unillanos, Colombia) Catalogación en la publicación – Biblioteca Instituto Humboldt – Nohora Alvarado Responsabilidad. Las denominaciones empleadas y la presentación del material en esta publicación no im- plican la expresión de opinión o juicio alguno por parte del Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. Así mismo, las opiniones expresadas no representan necesariamente las decisiones o políticas del Instituto, ni la citación de nombres, estadísticas pesqueras o procesos comerciales. Todos los aportes y opiniones expresadas son de la entera responsabilidad de los autores correspondientes. F. TrujilloF. TABLA DE CONTENIDO Presentación 9 Prólogo 11 Autores y afiliaciones 13 Resumen ejecutivo 17 Executive summary 27 Introducción 31 1. Clasificación de los paisajes de la Orinoquia: Colombia y Venezuela 35 2. Tipología de aguas (blancas, claras y negras) y su relación con la identificación y caracterización de los humedales de la Orinoquia 51 3. Plantas acuáticas: utilidad para la identificación y definición de límites en humedales de la Orinoquia 63 4. Humedales de la Orinoquia 97 4.1 Humedales naturales 100 • Aguas termales o manantiales geotérmicos 101 • Arracachales o rabanales 103 • Arroyos y quebradas de montaña 106 • Bajíos o bajos 110 Bosque inundable, Venezuela. Foto: I. Mikolji. 5 XI. HUMEDALES DE LA ORINOQUIA (COLOMBIA-VENEZUELA) TABLA DE CONTENIDO M. A. Morales-B. • Bijagüales 113 • Lagunas altoandinas profundas 173 • Bosques arbustivos o de matorral inundable 115 • Lagunas altoandinas someras 179 • Bosques de albardón del delta del Orinoco 117 • Lagunas de rebalse o inundación 185 • Bosques de rebalse 121 • Lagunas inundables de origen pluvial 189 • Bosques enanos inundables en valles glaciares 124 • Laurelares 193 • Bosques esclerófilos inundables, altos a medios siempreverdes de los • Madreviejas 195 ríos Atabapo, Casiquiare y Río Negro 126 • Manglares del delta del Orinoco 198 • Bosques estacionalmente inundables, altos y siempre verdes de las planicies terminales del Guaviare, Vichada, Ventuari y Guayapo 129 • Maporales o chaguaramales 202 • Bosques ribereños siempreverdes e inundables de los ríos Orinoco, • Mijaguales 205 Ventuari y Atabapo 133 • Morichales 207 • Bosques y matorrales de pantano del delta del Orinoco 137 • Palmares llaneros 211 • Boyales 142 • Palmares de pantano del delta del Orinoco 213 • Bucarales 144 • Platanillales 217 • Cañabravales 146 • Pozos de médanos 219 • Caños 148 • Quereberales 221 • Charcos temporales en afloramientos rocosos del Escudo Guayanés 151 • Raudales de Arauca 223 • Chigüirales o gramalotales 154 • Ríos de aguas blancas 226 • Chuscales 157 • Ríos de aguas claras 230 • Congriales 159 • Ríos de aguas negras 233 • Escarceos 162 • Ríos de piedemonte, montaña y abanicos trenzados 236 • Esteros 164 • Saladillales 241 • Güafales 167 • Turberas altoandinas 245 • Herbazales del delta del Orinoco 169 • Turberas tepuyanas 249 6 7 XI. HUMEDALES DE LA ORINOQUIA (COLOMBIA-VENEZUELA) F. Mijares TABLA DE CONTENIDO M. A. Morales-B. • Zurales o tatucos 252 4.2 Humedales creados, transformados o regulados por el hombre 256 • Arrozales 257 • Embalses 260 • Estanques piscícolas excavados en tierra 265 PRESENTACIÓN • Jagüeyes o préstamos 268 • Lagunas de inundación impactadas por la industria del aluminio 272 • Módulos o pólderes 276 La conservación de la inmensa diversidad prioritaria y de especial interés en sus me- biológica de la cuenca del Orinoco de- tas de investigación. Los talleres binacio- • Ríos regulados 279 pende de nuestra voluntad y del conoci- nales 2009-2011, auspiciaron la colabora- miento que tengamos de sus ecosistemas ción entre ambos países y dieron origen a acuáticos, hasta hoy apenas descritos, proyectos como el que hoy presentamos. siendo como son, abundantes y variados Un libro que reúne años de trabajo y obser- a lo largo del gradiente altitudinal. Am- vación en los humedales de esta cuenca, bientes temporales y permanentes; de gracias al aporte de investigadores de Ve- aguas quietas, corrientes o torrentosas; nezuela y Colombia cuyos datos, apuntes y blancas, claras o negras; naturales, crea- análisis han servido para la identificación dos o muy transformados por el hombre, y descripción de las grandes regiones del conforman un mosaico heterogéneo que Orinoco, su vegetación acuática y la tipo- da vida a las alturas paramunas y a las ci- logía de sus aguas. Este nuevo volumen mas de los tepuyes, a los piedemontes, los de la Serie de Recursos Hidrobiológicos y Llanos, la Guayana y finalmente al Delta, Pesqueros Continentales, identifica y ho- en la unión salobre del río Orinoco con el mologa decenas de ambientes acuáticos o océano Atlántico. humedales que serán a partir de esta sín- tesis un valioso punto de referencia, que Para el Instituto de Investigación de Re- contribuirá sin duda alguna, al proceso de cursos Biológicos Alexander von Hum- delimitación de los humedales continen- boldt la Orinoquia representa un área tales de Colombia. Brigitte L. G. Baptiste Directora Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt 8 9 F. TrujilloF. PRÓLOGO Las características geológicas, los atribu- distribución de las especies y otras propie- tos de los biomas y ecosistemas y la com- dades que le dan riqueza y vida a esos am- plejidad ecológica de la región geográfica bientes acuáticos. Muy a pesar de esta he- de la Orinoquia
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