Development of Composite Deprivation Index for Korea: the Correlation with Standardized Mortality Ratio

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Development of Composite Deprivation Index for Korea: the Correlation with Standardized Mortality Ratio J Prev Med Public Health 2009;42(6):392-402 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.6.392 신호성, 이수형, 추장민1) 한국보건사회연구원, 한국환경정책·평가연구원1) Development of Composite Deprivation Index for Korea: The Correlation with Standardized Mortality Ratio Hosung Shin, Suehyung Lee, Jang Min Chu1) Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs; Korea Environment Institute1) Objectives : The aims of this paper were to develop the rural areas, respectively. The distributional variation of the composite deprivation index (CDI) for the sub-district (Eup- CDI was the highest in metropolitan areas (8.9 - 353.7) and Myen-Dong) levels based on the theory of social exclusion the lowest was in the rural areas (26.8 - 209.7). The extent and to explore the relationship between the CDI and the and relative differences of deprivation increased with standardized mortality ratio (SMR). urbanization. Compared to the Townsend and Carstairs Methods : The paper calculated the age adjusted SMR index, the CDI better represented the characteristics of and we included five dimensions of social exclusion for rural deprivation. The correlation with the SMR was CDI; unemployment, poverty, housing, labor and social statistically significant and the direction of the CDI effects network. The proxy variables of the five dimensions were on the SMR was in accordance with that of the previous the proportion of unemployed males, the percent of studies. recipients receiving National Basic Livelihood Security Act Conclusions : The study findings indicated mortality benefits, the proportion of households under the minimum inequalities due to the difference in the CDI. Despite the housing standard, the proportion of people with a low social attempt to improve deprivation measures, further research class and the proportion of single-parent household. All the is warranted for the consensus development of a variables were standardized using geometric transformation deprivation index. and then we summed up them for a single index. The paper utilized the 2004-2006 National Death Registry data, the J Prev Med Public Health 2009;42(6):392-402 2003-2006 national residents’registration data, the 2005 Population Census data and the 2005-2006 means-tested Key words : Composite Deprivation Index, Deprivation, benefit recipients’data. Mortality, Social exclusion, Socioeconomic Results : The figures were 115.6, 105.8 and 105.1 for the factors CDI of metropolitan areas (big cities), middle size cities and 서론 개발된 underprivileged score [1], Townsend 표에 대한 사회적 합의가 이루어지지 않 Index [2], Carstairs Index [3], Index of 아 국내의 대부분의 연구들은 Townsend 지 최근 의료, 환경, 도시개발 등 각 분야에 Multiple Deprivation (IMD) [4], 뉴질랜드에 수또는Carstairs 지수 등을 변형하여 사용 서 지역사회의 결핍상태의 측면에서 다양 서 개발된 NZDep Index of Deprivation [5], 하는 수준이다 [2,7-10]. 한 문제와 현상을 설명하고 연관관계를 그리고 캐나다에서 개발된 지역결핍지표 Carstairs 지수를 변형하여 물질적 결핍과 추적하는 연구조사가 증가하고 있다. 이 [6] 등이 있다. 우리나라에서도 위의 지표 표준화사망비(standardized mortality ratio, 에 따라 지역사회의 결핍상태를 측정하기 들을 이용하여 지역의 사회경제적 특성과 SMR)와의 관계를 살펴본 Son [7]의연구 위하여 다양한 지표들이 개발되어 사용되 지역주민들의 건강간의 관계를 연구한 연 에서는‘과잉밀집도’,‘남자실업률’ ,‘낮 고있다. 그 가운에 특히 지역사회의 결핍 구가 몇몇 있다. 하지만 지역사회의 결핍 은 사회계급의 가장’등의 지표는 Carstairs 상태를 측정하는 다양한 지표들이 개발되 지표와 관련된 연구는 아직 탐색수준이며 등 [3]이 제안한 방식을 그대로 적용하였 어 왔으며, 대표적인 지표로는 영국에서 우리나라 실정에 맞는 지역사회의 결핍지 으나‘자동차 소유’는 가용자료의 한계로 Townsend 등 [2]이 제안한‘무가옥 소유와 접수 : 2009년 7월 6일, 채택 : 2009년 9월 25일 본 연구는 환경부 수탁연구과제로 한국환경정책·평가연구원에서 수행한 것임. 책임저자 : 신호성 (서울시 은평구 진흥로 268번지, 전화 : 02-380-8391, 팩스 : 02-380-4533, E-mail : [email protected]) 표준화사망비와 지역결핍지수의 상관관계 393 거주시설의 부재’로 대치하여 사용한 바 측정하기에는 부적합한 것으로 보고된 바 차원으로 측정하였다. 반면, Bradshaw 등 있다. Lee [10]는 Son 이 사용한 변형된 있다 [15]. [20]은 사회적 배제를 수입 혹은 자원, 노 Carstairs 지수를 이용하여 지역의 물질적 본 연구는 대표적인 지역사회 결핍지수 동시장, 서비스, 사회적 관계로 구분하여 결핍지수와 주관적 건강상태와의 관계를 등의 공통점과 다차원적인 결핍상태에 주 영국사회의 사회적 배제 정도를 측정하였 살펴보았다. Sim [11] 또한 Son이 사용한 목하는‘사회적 배제(social exclusion)’를 다. 영국을 중심으로 한 사회적 배제 연구 Carstairs 지수를 이용하여 지역의 물질적 근간으로 우리나라의 실정에 부합하는 통 는 2000년에 들어와 유럽연합 내 국가들간 결핍수준과 뇌혈관질환 사망의 관련성을 합결핍지수(Composite Deprivation Index, 에서도 활발하게 연구되었으며 Atkinson 살펴보았다. 그 외에 물질적 결핍수준을 본 연구에서 산출한 지역결핍지수는 이하 등 [21]은 유럽연합의 사회적 배제 지표를 포함한 사회경제적 요인과 대사증후군과 통합결핍지수로 명명함)를 개발하고자 하 경제, 교육, 고용, 건강, 주거, 사회적 참여 의 관계를 분석한 Kim [9]은 영국에서 개 였다. 또한 기존의 연구에서 주로 인용되 6가지 영역을 제시하여 측정하였다. 발한 Carstairs 지수와 관상동맥 심질환과 었던 Townsend 지수와 Carstairs 지수와 비 Kim 등 [17]은 사회적 배제를“사회구조 관련성이 높다고 알려져 있는 교육척도를 교하고 통합결핍지수가 지역의 결핍수준 적으로 다양한 기회의 박탈 혹은 공동체 병용하여‘남성 실업률’,‘육체노동가구 을 잘 설명해 주는지를 파악하기 위해 주 에 대한 사회적 연계의 결핍으로 정상적 의 비율’그리고 ‘고등학교 졸업비율’로 요한 건강결과인 표준화사망비와의 상관 인 사회경제적 활동에 참여하지 못함으로 구성된 지수를 사용하였다. Jeong 등 [8]은 관계를 고찰하였다. 써 인간이 기본적인 권리를 박탈당한 상 기존의 Townsend 지수 항목 중‘자동차가 통합결핍지수는 사회적 배제의 개념에 태”로 규정하고 국제비교가 가능하면서 없는 가구의 분율’을‘낮은 사회계급의 가 기반한다. 일반적으로 사회적 배제는 물 도 한국사회 상황을 반영하는 사회적 배 장의 분율’로 대치하여 지역의 물질적 결 질적 결핍의 정태적인 상황에 초점을 두 제 영역으로 빈곤, 노동, 실업, 주거, 교육, 핍수준과 표준화사망비의 관계를 살펴보 는 전통적 의미의 빈곤과는 달리 물질적 건강, 사회적 연계, 사회서비스 등을 제안 았다. 물론 기존의 물질결핍지수를 그대 결핍이 일어나게 된 원인과 과정에 초점 한바있다. 이처럼 사회적 배제의 영역은 로 원용하여 저소득계층과 사회경제적 결 을 맞춘 개념이다 [16]. 따라서 관심대상 크게 물질적 결핍과 사회적 결핍으로 구 핍관계를 살펴본 연구 [12]나 주성분분석 계층은 경제적으로 취약한 소득 빈곤계층 성된다. 일반적으로 물질적 결핍이 사회 기법을 이용하여 기존의 Townsend 지수와 뿐만 아니라 근로, 주거, 의료, 교육 등 다 생활의 일부로서 사용 가능한 재화나 편 Carstairs 지수의 지표를 재구성하여 5세미 양한 사회적 환경에서 한시적으로 혹은 리성의 정도와 관련되어 있다면 사회적 만 아동의 심각한 사고(fatal injury)와사회 장기적으로 배제되고 있는 계층까지 포괄 결핍은 개인이 가족이나 직장, 지역사회 경제적 지위 관계를 연구한 Kim [13] 의연 한다. 그리고 정책적 측면에서 기존의 결 와의 맺는 관계 정도를 측정하는 것이라 구도 있으나 대부분의 연구들은 가용자료 과로서 초래된 빈곤에 대한 완화정책에서 할수있다. 의 한계로 시/군/군 수준에서 기존 지표를 더 나아가 예방과 결과의 중요성을 동시 국내외 선행연구 [17-21] 를 바탕으로 사 변형하여 사용한 것이다. 에 강조한다 [17]. 하지만 사회적 배제는 회적 배제 영역에서 다루고 있는 주 배제 국내 연구에서 많이 인용되는 Townsend 논의의 유용성에도 불구하고 국가와 사회 영역과 각 영역의 세부 지표를 분류해 보 지수나 Carstairs 지수는 영국의 실정에 맞 의 특성에 따라 다소 차이가 있는 형태로 면 배제 영역은 크게 1) 소득빈곤의 사회 게 개발된 물질결핍지수인 관계로 우리나 존재하며, 관련 연구자도 그 개념을 다양 적배제, 2) 노동의 사회적 배제, 3) 의료의 라 실정에 맞지 않은 부분이 있다. 한 조작적 정의로 규정하여 사용하고 있 사회적 배제, 4) 교육의 사회적 배제, 5) 주 Townsend 지수와 같은 물질결핍지수는 건 다 [16]. 이 때문에 사회적 배제라는 개념 거의 사회적 배제, 6) 사회적 관계의 사회 강수준과의 상관관계가 도시와 농촌에서 은 일정한 범주의 단일한 의미로 정의되 적 배제로 나눌 수 있다. 각 영역의 세부지 다르게 나타나 [14] 농촌지역의 특성을 잘 고 있지 못하다 [17]. 표는 소득빈곤과의 사회적 배제 영역의 나타내지 못하는 것으로 알려져 있다 [12]. 사회적 배제를 포괄적으로 측정한 대표 경우 빈곤율, 소득, 수입, 소비행위 등의 지 특히 농촌에서의 물질결핍지수와 건강수 적인 연구인 Robinson과 Oppenheim [18]의 표가, 노동과의 사회적 배제 영역에는 고 준의 차이는 사회취약층(deprived popul- 연구는 영국의 사회적 배제를 크게 실업, 용률, 실업률, 저임금근로자 비율, 비정규 ation)이 농촌지역의 경우 넓은 지역에 흩 저기술(교육), 건강하지 못함, 열악한 주거, 직비율, 노사조직률, 근로빈곤층 비율 등 어져 있기 때문에 도시지역에서 물질결핍 높은 범죄율, 가정 파탄, 빈곤(저소득)의 7 의 지표가 포함되며 의료의 사회적 배제 지수를 측정하는 지역단위 수준에서는 측 가지 영역으로 분류한 후 이 7가지 영역의 영역에는 기대여명, 주관적 건강상태, 의 정되기가 어렵다는 의견이 있으며 [15], 결 지표를 이용하여 영국사회의 사회적 배제 료욕구 미충족, 진료 대기시간 등의 지표 핍지수 구성요소 가운데 자동차소유 여부 정도를 측정하였다. Burchardt 등 [19]은사 가 포함된다. 교육과의 사회적 배제 영역 는 이동거리가 크고 공공교통수단이 발달 회적 배제를 소비행위, 저축행위, 생산행 에는 저학력 비율, 학업중퇴자율, 학생들 하지 못한 농촌지역에서 물질적 결핍을 위, 정치적 행위, 사회적 행위 등의 5가지 의 문자해독수준 등의 지표가 포함되며 394 신호성·이수형·추장민. Table 1. Indicators of deprivation index 의 없는 이유를 대부분이 자기집을 소유 Indicator UPA Townsend Carstairs IMD NZDep2001 Canada 하고 있기 때문인 것으로 보고 있다. 또한 Unemployment ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 도시에서의 전세, 월세의 종류는 다양하 Poverty ○ ○ 며가격차이또한매우크므로단순히가 Mean household income ○ Elderly living alone who received ○ ○ ○ 옥 소유여부로 물질적 결핍정도를 측정하 Pension/public assistance benefit Education ○ ○ 는 것은 무리가 있다. 하지만 주택구조 및 Qualification ○ ○ 주거환경 지표는 지역의 결핍정도를 나타 No car ○ ○ ○ Owned home ○ ○ ○ 내는 대표적인 지표이기 때문에 최저주거 Overcrowded household ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Living environment ○ 기준미달 지표를 적용하였다. Low social class ○ 최저주거기준은 2000년 처음으로 마련 Unskilled occupation ○ Changed address ○ ○ 되어 2004년 건설교통부 공고로 법제화 되 Communication ○ Ethnic minority ○ 었다 [24]. 최저주거기준은 시설기준, 방수 Child under five years ○ 기준, 구조·성능·환경기준으로 구성되 Divorce/separation ○ SIngle parent ○ ○ ○ 며 시설기준에는 주택에 갖추어야할 최소 Percentage of people living alone ○ Poor health and disability ○ 한의 시설기준으로 부엌, 화장실, 목욕시 Crime rate ○ 설을 포함한다. 방수와 면적 기준은 가구 UPA: underprivileged score, IMD: index of multiple deprivation, NZDep2001: NZDep index of deprivation 2001. 원 수를 고려하며 구조·성능·환경기준 주거와의 사회적 배제 영역에는 최저주거 일반적으로 실업과 빈곤은 그 사회의 물 으로 주택의 물리적 구조와 생활에 필요 기준 미달가구수, 임대료 연체 가구수, 쪽 질적 결핍을 나타내는 대표적인 지표 중 한 설비 및 주변환경, 자연재해에 대한 위 방거주 인구수 등의 지표가 포함된다. 사 의 하나이다 [2,3,6]. 실업은 15-64세인구 험 등이 고려된다 [24]. 본 연구에서 적용 회적 관계와의 사회적 배제 영역에는 가 중 구직상태에 있으면서 신체적으로 일을 한 최저주거 기준 지표는 인구주택 총조 족과 친구의 부재, 사회적 활동의 제한, 선 할 수 있는 사람 비율로 정의하였으며, 빈 사 전수조사 데이터를 사용하여 산출하였 거만 참여하고 모든 활동에 참여하지 않 곤에 대한 프락시로는 조사대상 지역의 고 법에 공시된 최소거주기준의 침실분리 은 사회적 이탈 등의 지표가 포함된다.
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    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by White Rose Research Online promoting access to White Rose research papers Universities of Leeds, Sheffield and York http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ This is an author produced version of a paper published in Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/76875/ Paper: Norman, PD (2010) Identifying change over time in small area socio-economic deprivation. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 3 (2-3). 107 - 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12061-009-9036-6 White Rose Research Online [email protected] Identifying change over time in small area socio-economic deprivation Paul Norman School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK * Correspondence to: Paul Norman School of Geography University of Leeds Leeds, LS2 9JT Tel: +44 (0)113 34 38199 Fax: +44 (0)113 34 33308 [email protected] Please cite as: Norman P (2010) Identifying change over time in small area socio-economic deprivation. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy 3(2-3) 107-138 1 Identifying change over time in small area socio-demographic deprivation Abstract The measurement of area level deprivation is the subject of a wide and ongoing debate regarding the appropriateness of the geographical scale of analysis, the input indicator variables and the method used to combine them into a single figure index. Whilst differences exist, there are strong correlations between schemes. Many policy-related and academic studies use deprivation scores calculated cross-sectionally to identify areas in need of regeneration and to explain variations in health outcomes.
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    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2007 Social Pathogenic Sources Of Poor Community Health Hayden Smith University of Central Florida Part of the Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Smith, Hayden, "Social Pathogenic Sources Of Poor Community Health" (2007). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 3355. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/3355 SOCIAL PATHOGENIC SOURCES OF POOR COMMUNITY HEALTH by HAYDEN P. SMITH B.Ed. University of Wollongong, Australia, 1992 M.S. University of Central Florida, 2003 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Affairs in the College of Health and Public Affairs at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2007 Major Professor: Thomas T.H. Wan © 2007 Hayden P. Smith ii ABSTRACT The United States currently provides a health care system that is neither efficient nor equitable. Despite outspending the world on health care, over three-fourths of developed countries produce better health outcomes (Auerbach et al., 2000). Simultaneously, the “Ecological School of Thought” has documented the large impact that social, economic, and environmental circumstances play in health outcomes. Unfortunately, these ‘ecological” studies are frequently conducted without theoretical justification, and rely solely on a cross-sectional research design and a myriad of unrelated variables.
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  • Stewart, Joanna L. (2016) Glasgow's Spatial Arrangement of Deprivation Over Time: Methods to Measure It and Meanings for Health
    Stewart, Joanna L. (2016) Glasgow's spatial arrangement of deprivation over time: methods to measure it and meanings for health. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7936/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Glasgow’s spatial arrangement of deprivation over time: methods to measure it, and meanings for health. Joanna L. Stewart BA (Hons) MRes MSc Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Institute of Health and Wellbeing College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow July 2016 © [Joanna L. Stewart] [July 2016] 2 Abstract Background Socio-economic deprivation is a key driver of population health. High levels of socio-economic deprivation have long been offered as the explanation for exceptionally high levels of mortality in Glasgow, Scotland. A number of recent studies have, however, suggested that this explanation is partial. Comparisons with Liverpool and Manchester suggest that mortality rates have been higher in Glasgow since the 1970s despite very similar levels of deprivation in these three cities.
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  • Glasgow Effect
    Excess mortality in the Glasgow conurbation: exploring the existence of a Glasgow effect James Martin Reid MSci Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of PhD University of Glasgow Faculty of Medicine, Section of Public Health and Health Policy September 2008 ii Abstract Introduction There exists a ‘Scottish effect’, a residue of excess mortality that remains for Scotland relative to England and Wales after standardising for age, sex and local area deprivation status. This residue is largest for the most deprived segments of the Scottish population. Most Scottish areas that can be classified as deprived are located in West Central Scotland and, in particular, the City of Glasgow. Therefore the central aim of this thesis is to establish the existence of a similar ‘Glasgow effect’ and identify if the relationship between deprivation and all cause mortality is different in Glasgow to what is in other, comparable cities in the UK. Methods A method to compare the deprivation status of several UK cities was devised using the deprivation score first calculated by Carstairs and Morris. The population of mainland UK was broken into deciles according to the Carstairs score of Scottish postcode sectors and English wards. Deprivation profiles for particular cities were drawn according to the percentage of the local population that lived in each Carstairs decile. Using data from the three censuses since 1981, longitudinal trends in relative deprivation status for each city could be observed. Analysis of death rates in cities was also undertaken. Two methods were used to compare death rates in cities. Indirect standardisation was used to compare death rates adjusting for the categorical variables of age group, sex and Carstairs decile of postcode sector or ward of residence.
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  • Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Suicidal Behaviour Report March 2017 Page No
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  • Thomas Laurie Clemens Phd Thesis
    A PRICE NOT WORTH PAYING: USING CAUSAL EFFECT MODELLING TO EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORKLESSNESS AND MORTALITY FOR MALE INDIVIDUALS IN SCOTLAND Thomas Laurie Clemens A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2012 Full metadata for this item is available in Research@StAndrews:FullText at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4036 This item is protected by original copyright A PRICE NOT WORTH PAYING: USING CAUSAL EFFECT MODELLING TO EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORKLESSNESS AND MORTALITY FOR MALE INDIVIDUALS IN SCOTLAND THOMAS LAURIE CLEMENS A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF PHD AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS 2012 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Thomas Clemens, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 63,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2006 and as a candidate for the degree of Ph.D in September 2007 the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2007 and 2012. Date signature of candidate 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Ph.D in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree.
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  • The Index of Local Area Relative Disadvantage a Cross-Country Comparison
    The Index of Local Area Relative Disadvantage A Cross-Country Comparison By Anthony Buttaro, Jr. and Ludovica Gambaro Centre for Longitudinal Studies Working paper 2018/3 Contact the author Anthony Buttaro Jr Visiting Academic Centre for Longitudinal Studies University College London [email protected] This working paper was first published in August, 2018 by the Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education University College London 20 Bedford Way London WC1H 0AL www.cls.ioe.ac.uk The Centre for Longitudinal Studies (CLS) is an Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) Resource Centre based at the UCL Institution of Education (IOE). It manages four internationally-renowned cohort studies: the 1958 National Child Development Study, the 1970 British Cohort Study, Next Steps, and the Millennium Cohort Study. For more information, visit www.cls.ioe.ac.uk. The views expressed in this work are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of CLS, the IOE or the ESRC. All errors and omissions remain those of the author. This document is available in alternative formats. Please contact the Centre for Longitudinal Studies. tel: +44 (0)20 7612 6875 email: [email protected] Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 2. MOTIVATING CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................. 2 3. METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS .....................................................................................
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  • GLA147851 Hypothesis Report
    ACCOUNTING FOR SCOTLAND’S EXCESS MORTALITY: TOWARDS A SYNTHESIS Gerry McCartney, Chik Collins, David Walsh & David Batty April 2011 Glasgow Centre for Population Health CONTENTS Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Purpose .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Methods ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Results .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Discussion .................................................................................................................................................................................. 73 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................................................. 75 Appendix ...................................................................................................................................................................................
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  • Children Aged 0-14 Years Living in Poverty
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  • Geocoding and Monitoring of US Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mortality and Cancer Incidence: Does the Choice of Area-Based Measure and Geographic Level Matter?
    American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 156, No. 5 Copyright © 2002 by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Printed in U.S.A. All rights reserved DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwf068 Geocoding and Monitoring of US Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mortality and Cancer Incidence: Does the Choice of Area-based Measure and Geographic Level Matter? The Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project Nancy Krieger, Jarvis T. Chen, Pamela D. Waterman, Mah-Jabeen Soobader, S. V. Subramanian, and Rosa Carson From the Department of Health and Social Behavior, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Received for publication October 18, 2001; accepted for publication May 7, 2002. Despite the promise of geocoding and use of area-based socioeconomic measures to overcome the paucity of socioeconomic data in US public health surveillance systems, no consensus exists as to which measures should be used or at which level of geography. The authors generated diverse single-variable and composite area-based socioeconomic measures at the census tract, block group, and zip code level for Massachusetts (1990 population: 6,016,425) and Rhode Island (1990 population: 1,003,464) to investigate their associations with mortality rates (1989–1991: 156,366 resident deaths in Massachusetts and 27,291 in Rhode Island) and incidence of primary invasive cancer (1988–1992: 140,610 resident cases in Massachusetts; 1989–1992: 19,808 resident cases in Rhode Island). Analyses of all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates and all-cause and site- specific cancer incidence rates indicated that: 1) block group and tract socioeconomic measures performed comparably within and across both states, but zip code measures for several outcomes detected no gradients or gradients contrary to those observed with tract and block group measures; 2) similar gradients were detected with categories generated by quintiles and by a priori categorical cutpoints; and 3) measures including data on economic poverty were most robust and detected gradients that were unobserved using measures of only education and wealth.
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  • Does Relative Deprivation Predict the Need for Mental Health Services?
    The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics J Ment Health Policy Econ 7, 167-175 (2004) Does Relative Deprivation Predict the Need for Mental Health Services? Christine Eibner,1* Roland Sturm,2 Carole Roan Gresenz3 1Ph.D., Associate Economist, RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA, USA 2Ph.D., Senior Economist, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA 3Ph.D., Economist, RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA, USA Abstract Results: Even after controlling for an individual’s absolute income status, those with low relative income are at higher risk of experiencing a mental health disorder. Our findings hold for both Background: Several studies postulate that psychological depressive disorders and anxiety/panic disorders. conditions may contribute to the link between low relative income Discussion/Limitations: Our findings suggest that relative and poor health, but no one has directly tested the relationship deprivation is associated with an increased likelihood of probable between relative deprivation and mental health disorders. In this depression and anxiety or panic disorders. Simulations suggest that paper, we investigate whether low income relative to a reference a 25 percent decrease in relative deprivation could decrease the group is associated with a higher probability of depressive disorders probability of any likely mental healthdisorderbyasmuchas9.5 or anxiety disorders. Reference groups are defined using groups of percent. Limitations of this study include the fact that we only have individuals with similar demographic and geographic one measure of relative deprivation, and that reference groups are characteristics. We hypothesize that perceptions of low social status defined using relatively large geographic areas. relative to one’s reference group might lead to worse health Implications for Health Policy: Low relative income may outcomes.
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