DOCSLIB.ORG

Curriculum 2015/2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Curriculum 2015/2016 218 Curriculum 2015/2016 5th year / spring semester The deadline of submitting the thesis is March 10, 2016 Pharmacy students perform a 4-month clerkship (3 successive months in public pharmacies, 1 month can be accomplished in pharmacy, pharmaceutical factory, galenical laboratory, university department or hospital pharmacy). Fees: From the academic year 2005/2006 fifth year pharmacy students have to pay the whole tuition fee for the second semester of the fifth year. INTERIM PRACTICE Pharmacy students are required to complete a compulsory practice in a pharmacy which must be accredited by the country concerned. At the completion of the practice an evaluation form should be filled in, signed, stamped and sent directly from the pharmacy or submitted by the student in a sealed envelope. (The form can be downloaded from our website). A “Letter of Acceptance ” completed by the pharmacy has to be presented at the Foreign Students’ Secretariat until May, 2016 . 2nd year pharmacy students must perform a practice of 4 weeks in a pharmacy. 3rd year pharmacy students must perform a practice of 4 weeks in a pharmacy. 4th year pharmacy students must perform a practice of 2 months in a pharmacy (pharmacy, pharmaceutical factory, galenical laboratory, university department or hospital/clinical pharmacy). Note: The precondition of starting the 2-month compulsory practice is completing all the courses of the first four years and acquiring 16 credits of elective subjects. 5th year pharmacy students must perform a 4-month clerkship in the second semester of the academic year. (3 successive months in public pharmacies and 1 month in a hospital/clinical pharmacy.) Curriculum 2015/2016 219 SYLLABUSES FOR 1ST YEAR PHARMACY STUDENTS PHYSICS-BIOPHYSICS 1st semester LECTURE Flow of fluids. Flow of incompressible fluids: the equation of continuity. Flow of ideal fluids: Bernoulli’s law. Flow of viscous fluids: Newton’s law and the Hagen–Poiseulle law. Laminar and turbulent flow. Intermittent flow in tubes with elastic walls. Non-Newtonian fluids Diffusion. Fick’s first law. Generalised equation of continuity. Fick’s second law. The oxygen supply of tissues Heat transport. Heat conduction. Heat convection. Heat radiation. Newton’s law of cooling. Evaporation. Heat exchange between the human body and its environment Transport through biological membranes. Passive diffusion. Facilitated diffusion; the kinetics of facilitated diffusion: the Michaelis–Menten equation. Active transport Membrane balance of neutral particles: osmosis. Van’t Hoff’s law. The physiological significance of osmosis. The Starling effect. Dialysis Membrane potential. Origin of the membrane potential. Diffusion potential. Determining the membrane potential experimentally. Resting potential. Action potential The experimental basis of quantum mechanics. Laws of thermal radiation. Photoelectric effect. The Franck- Hertz experiment. The spectrum of the hydrogen atom and the Bohr model. Particle-wave duality. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Atomic orbitals 2nd semester LECTURE PRACTICE Optical spectroscopy. The energy-level structure of molecules: Statistical evaluation of experimental data Born–Oppenheimer approximation; Jablonski diagram. Viscometry Luminescence properties: absorption, fluorescence and Electrical conductance. Conductometry phosporescence spectra; efficiency, polarisation and life time of Refractometry radiation. Experimental methods of molecular spectroscopy: Optical imaging atomic absorption, atomic fluorescence, molecular absorption Optical absorption spectroscopy and molecular fluorescence spectroscopy Kinetics of heating and cooling Lasers. Special properties of laser radiation. Physical principles Chirality optical activity. Polarimetry of laser operation: Einstein coefficients and optical gain. Recording time-dependent electric signals Population inversion. Laser oscillators. Laser types. Lasers in Electronic amplifiers medical practice Absorption of nuclear radiation X-rays. General properties of X-rays. X-ray sources. X-ray Optical emission spectroscopy spectra: Bremstrahlung and characteristic radiation. The attenuation of X-rays in a medium. Medical applications of X- rays: the basics of tomography. Determining molecular structure with the help of X-ray diffraction Nuclear radiation. Models of the nucleus. Radioactive decay law, radioactive dating. Types of nucleus decay: alpha decay, beta decay, positron decay, K-electron capture, gamma radiation. Absorption of nuclear radiation in a medium. Dosimetry. Ionising radiation and the human being: effects of radiation, hit theories, radiation protection. Radiation meters: ionisation chambers, the Geiger–Müller counter, scintillators, gamma camera. Nuclear medicine HISTORY OF PHARMACY * Medicinal treatments and medicines in ancient societies: in prehistoric times, in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, Hellas and in the Roman Empire. * The rise of Chistianity. Nestorius and Nestorians. Monasticism. * Medieval medicine. Medicine under Islam. The establishment of the first pharmacy. * Crusades. The rise of universities (Salerno, Montpellier and other European universities). * The first medical decree. Foundation of the first medical faculty. * Renaissance. Art and science in the Renaissance. The time of alchemy. 220 Curriculum 2015/2016 * The emergence of medicinal chemistry (iatrichemistry), Paracelsus. * The formation of the European pharmacy, foundation of pharmacies. * The "Age of Scientific Revolution", medicine and pharmacy in the 17th century. * Innovations in the 17th century. The story of Cinchona bark. * Medicine and pharmacy in the 18th century. Innovation in the 18th century. * Medicine and pharmacy in the 19th and 20th centuries. Formation of pharmaceutical industry. * The history of medical and pharmaceutical education. History of the Hungarian pharmaceutical education and postgraduate training of pharmacists. * Dispensatoriums, Antidotariums. * Pharmacopoeias, national and international pharmacopoeias, Ph.Hg.VII. * National and international standards of drugs. * Definition and classification of drug. Expiry date. Drugs and doses. Dosage forms. * The principles of efficacy, safety of drug use. The therapeutic index and the margin of safety. * Drug utilization: monitoring of drug consumption. Regulation and control of drug consumption. Tolerance, physical dependence and drug abuse. * Naming of medical substances: Latinized and licensed (trade) names. The forms dispensation. Formula Magistralis, Normalis, Originalis, Nosocomialis. The three levels of drug production. * Public, clinical and hospital pharmacies. The conditions of a working pharmacy. Administration work in pharmacies. * The development of drug control. Drug control and quality assurance (GMP, GLP, GXP). Drug trade and the drug supply in Hungary. Pharmaceutical societies and chambers. * International organization of health care. World Health Organization (WHO). International Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red Half-Moon). Commission of Narcotic Drugs. International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufactures Association (IPFMA). European Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (EPFMA). MATHEMATICS LECTURE PRACTICE * Basic concepts: sets, numbers, intervals, relations, functions. Exercises and solutions of problems in the Elementary properties of functions: domain, range, graph, topics of the corresponding lectures. even/odd functions, periodicity, boundedness, monotonicity, concavity, maxima and minima. Compositions, one-to-one functions, inverse function. * Elementary functions in the life sciences: Arithmetical and geometrical growth, power functions, exponential and logarithmic functions, trigonometric functions. * Graphical study of functions and practical processes: elementary and logarithmic transformations, logarithmic plots. * Applications of Calculus in life sciences: Intuitive concept of limits; Continuity Instantaneous growth rate, derivative: definition, general and geometrical meaning, equation of the tangent line. Second derivative, acceleration and concavity. Differentiation rules * Applications: Relation between the growth and concavity and the derivatives, graphical and numerical study. Find maxima, minima and the maximal growth rate. Investigation processes in Pharmacy. * Antiderivative, indefinite integral: inversion of differentiation, understanding vector fields. simple integration methods and rules * Definite integral: geometric meaning (area under curve), and formal definition. Elementary properties and rules. The integral mean value. Simple numerical methods of integration. Area function, Newton-Leibniz formula. Applications in Pharmacy. * Functions of two variables: graphical methods, partial derivatives and their geometrical meaning. Local minima and maxima. * Curve fitting with the least square method, linear regression. Curriculum 2015/2016 221 * Differential equations in Pharmacy: basic properties, vector fields, initial value problems, equilibria. Autonomous systems. Graphical study. Solution in case of separable right hand sides. Linear equations, exponential decay. Logistic equations. Some external effects and their meaning in life sciences. Equations of drug elimination, dosing, infusion, population dynamics. INFORMATICS 1st semester PRACTICE (2 hrs/week) * Basic concepts of informatics in life sciences. Terminology used in informatics and computer techniques. The role of the human component. * Local and Network drives; File and folder operations
Load more

Recommended publications
  • List of Union Reference Dates A
    Active substance name (INN) EU DLP BfArM / BAH DLP yearly PSUR 6-month-PSUR yearly PSUR bis DLP (List of Union PSUR Submission Reference Dates and Frequency (List of Union Frequency of Reference Dates and submission of Periodic Frequency of submission of Safety Update Reports, Periodic Safety Update 30 Nov. 2012) Reports, 30 Nov.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,314.465 B2 Brew Et Al
    US009314465B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,314.465 B2 Brew et al. (45) Date of Patent: *Apr. 19, 2016 (54) DRUG COMBINATIONS AND USES IN 2008.0003280 A1 1/2008 Levine et al. ................. 424/456 TREATING A COUGHING CONDITION 2008/O176955 A1 7/2008 Hecket al. 2008, 0220078 A1 9, 2008 Morton et al. (71) Applicant: Infirst Healthcare Limited 2009, O136427 A1 5/2009 Croft et al. 2009, O220594 A1 9, 2009 Field (72) Inventors: John Brew, London (GB); Robin Mark 2012/O128738 A1 5, 2012 Brew et al. Bannister, London (GB) 2012fO252824 A1 10/2012 Brew et al. (73) Assignee: Infirst Healthcare Limited, London FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (GB) CN 1593451 3, 2005 CN 101024.014 A 8, 2007 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this CN 101112383 B 5, 2010 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 DE 4420708 A1 12, 1995 U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. EP 2050435 B1 4/2009 GB 2114001 A 8, 1983 This patent is Subject to a terminal dis GB 2284761 A 6, 1995 claimer. GB 2424.185 B 9, 2006 GB 2442828 A 4/2008 JP 62-249924 A 10, 1987 (21) Appl. No.: 14/287,014 JP H1O-316568 A 12/1998 JP 2001-518928 A 10, 2001 (22) Filed: May 24, 2014 JP 200219.3839. A T 2002 JP 2003-012514 A 1, 2003 (65) Prior Publication Data JP 20030552.58 A 2, 2003 JP 2003128549 A 5, 2003 US 2014/O256750 A1 Sep. 11, 2014 JP 2003-321357 A 11, 2003 JP 2005-516917 A 6, 2005 JP 2008O31146 A 2, 2008 Related U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITE DE NANTES Thomas Gelineau
    UNIVERSITE DE NANTES __________ FACULTE DE MEDECINE __________ Année 2011 N° 139 THESE pour le DIPLÔME D’ÉTAT DE DOCTEUR EN MÉDECINE DES de médecine générale par Thomas Gelineau né le 29 janvier 1983 à Cholet __________ Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 06/12/2011 __________ LE RHUME DE L'ENFANT ET SON TRAITEMENT: DECISION PARTAGEE AVEC LES PARENTS D'APRES UN QUESTIONNAIRE __________ Président : Monsieur le Professeur Olivier MALARD Directeur de thèse : Madame le Professeur Jacqueline LACAILLE 1 Table des matières IIntroduction................................................................................................................ 7 IIDéfinition, état des connaissances...........................................................................8 1Le rhume.......................................................................................................................................8 APhysiopathologie............................................................................................................................. 8 aL'origine virale.................................................................................................................................... 8 bLa saisonnalité................................................................................................................................... 8 cL'âge de survenue.............................................................................................................................. 9 dLe sexe..................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment Report on Malva Sylvestris L. And/Or Malva Neglecta Wallr., Folium and Malva Sylvestris L., Flos Final
    20 November 2018 EMA/HMPC/749518/2016 Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) Assessment report on Malva sylvestris L. and/or Malva neglecta Wallr., folium and Malva sylvestris L., flos Final Based on Article 16d(1), Article 16f and Article 16h of Directive 2001/83/EC (traditional use) Herbal substance(s) (binomial scientific name Malva sylvestris L., flos of the plant, including plant part) Malva sylvestris L. and/or Malva neglecta Wallr., folium Herbal preparation(s) Malva sylvestris L., flos Comminuted herbal substance Malva sylvestris L. and/or Malva neglecta Wallr., folium Comminuted herbal substance Pharmaceutical form(s) Malva sylvestris L., flos Comminuted herbal substance as herbal tea for oral use. Comminuted herbal substance for infusion or decoction preparation for oromucosal use. Malva sylvestris L. and/or Malva neglecta Wallr., folium Comminuted herbal substance as herbal tea for oral use. Comminuted herbal substance for infusion or decoction preparation for oromucosal use Rapporteur Ewa Widy-Tyszkiewicz Peer-reviewer Marie Heroutova Official address Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Address for visits and deliveries Refer to www.ema.europa.eu/how-to-find-us Send us a question Go to www.ema.europa.eu/contact Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2019. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Table of contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 4 1.1. Description of the herbal substance(s), herbal preparation(s) or combinations thereof .. 4 1.2. Search and assessment methodology ..................................................................... 7 2. Data on medicinal use ............................................................................. 8 2.1. Information about products on the market .............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ehealth DSI [Ehdsi V2.2.2-OR] Ehealth DSI – Master Value Set
    MTC eHealth DSI [eHDSI v2.2.2-OR] eHealth DSI – Master Value Set Catalogue Responsible : eHDSI Solution Provider PublishDate : Wed Nov 08 16:16:10 CET 2017 © eHealth DSI eHDSI Solution Provider v2.2.2-OR Wed Nov 08 16:16:10 CET 2017 Page 1 of 490 MTC Table of Contents epSOSActiveIngredient 4 epSOSAdministrativeGender 148 epSOSAdverseEventType 149 epSOSAllergenNoDrugs 150 epSOSBloodGroup 155 epSOSBloodPressure 156 epSOSCodeNoMedication 157 epSOSCodeProb 158 epSOSConfidentiality 159 epSOSCountry 160 epSOSDisplayLabel 167 epSOSDocumentCode 170 epSOSDoseForm 171 epSOSHealthcareProfessionalRoles 184 epSOSIllnessesandDisorders 186 epSOSLanguage 448 epSOSMedicalDevices 458 epSOSNullFavor 461 epSOSPackage 462 © eHealth DSI eHDSI Solution Provider v2.2.2-OR Wed Nov 08 16:16:10 CET 2017 Page 2 of 490 MTC epSOSPersonalRelationship 464 epSOSPregnancyInformation 466 epSOSProcedures 467 epSOSReactionAllergy 470 epSOSResolutionOutcome 472 epSOSRoleClass 473 epSOSRouteofAdministration 474 epSOSSections 477 epSOSSeverity 478 epSOSSocialHistory 479 epSOSStatusCode 480 epSOSSubstitutionCode 481 epSOSTelecomAddress 482 epSOSTimingEvent 483 epSOSUnits 484 epSOSUnknownInformation 487 epSOSVaccine 488 © eHealth DSI eHDSI Solution Provider v2.2.2-OR Wed Nov 08 16:16:10 CET 2017 Page 3 of 490 MTC epSOSActiveIngredient epSOSActiveIngredient Value Set ID 1.3.6.1.4.1.12559.11.10.1.3.1.42.24 TRANSLATIONS Code System ID Code System Version Concept Code Description (FSN) 2.16.840.1.113883.6.73 2017-01 A ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM 2.16.840.1.113883.6.73 2017-01
    [Show full text]
  • General Pharmacology
    GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY Winners of “Nobel” prize for their contribution to pharmacology Year Name Contribution 1923 Frederick Banting Discovery of insulin John McLeod 1939 Gerhard Domagk Discovery of antibacterial effects of prontosil 1945 Sir Alexander Fleming Discovery of penicillin & its purification Ernst Boris Chain Sir Howard Walter Florey 1952 Selman Abraham Waksman Discovery of streptomycin 1982 Sir John R.Vane Discovery of prostaglandins 1999 Alfred G.Gilman Discovery of G proteins & their role in signal transduction in cells Martin Rodbell 1999 Arvid Carlson Discovery that dopamine is neurotransmitter in the brain whose depletion leads to symptoms of Parkinson’s disease Drug nomenclature: i. Chemical name ii. Non-proprietary name iii. Proprietary (Brand) name Source of drugs: Natural – plant /animal derivatives Synthetic/semisynthetic Plant Part Drug obtained Pilocarpus microphyllus Leaflets Pilocarpine Atropa belladonna Atropine Datura stramonium Physostigma venenosum dried, ripe seed Physostigmine Ephedra vulgaris Ephedrine Digitalis lanata Digoxin Strychnos toxifera Curare group of drugs Chondrodendron tomentosum Cannabis indica (Marijuana) Various parts are used ∆9Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Bhang - the dried leaves Ganja - the dried female inflorescence Charas- is the dried resinous extract from the flowering tops & leaves Papaver somniferum, P album Poppy seed pod/ Capsule Natural opiates such as morphine, codeine, thebaine Cinchona bark Quinine Vinca rosea periwinkle plant Vinca alkaloids Podophyllum peltatum the mayapple
    [Show full text]
  • Alphabetical Listing of ATC Drugs & Codes
    Alphabetical Listing of ATC drugs & codes. Introduction This file is an alphabetical listing of ATC codes as supplied to us in November 1999. It is supplied free as a service to those who care about good medicine use by mSupply support. To get an overview of the ATC system, use the “ATC categories.pdf” document also alvailable from www.msupply.org.nz Thanks to the WHO collaborating centre for Drug Statistics & Methodology, Norway, for supplying the raw data. I have intentionally supplied these files as PDFs so that they are not quite so easily manipulated and redistributed. I am told there is no copyright on the files, but it still seems polite to ask before using other people’s work, so please contact <[email protected]> for permission before asking us for text files. mSupply support also distributes mSupply software for inventory control, which has an inbuilt system for reporting on medicine usage using the ATC system You can download a full working version from www.msupply.org.nz Craig Drown, mSupply Support <[email protected]> April 2000 A (2-benzhydryloxyethyl)diethyl-methylammonium iodide A03AB16 0.3 g O 2-(4-chlorphenoxy)-ethanol D01AE06 4-dimethylaminophenol V03AB27 Abciximab B01AC13 25 mg P Absorbable gelatin sponge B02BC01 Acadesine C01EB13 Acamprosate V03AA03 2 g O Acarbose A10BF01 0.3 g O Acebutolol C07AB04 0.4 g O,P Acebutolol and thiazides C07BB04 Aceclidine S01EB08 Aceclidine, combinations S01EB58 Aceclofenac M01AB16 0.2 g O Acefylline piperazine R03DA09 Acemetacin M01AB11 Acenocoumarol B01AA07 5 mg O Acepromazine N05AA04
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 80 / Wednesday, April 26, 1995 / Notices DIX to the HTSUS—Continued
    20558 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 80 / Wednesday, April 26, 1995 / Notices DEPARMENT OF THE TREASURY Services, U.S. Customs Service, 1301 TABLE 1.ÐPHARMACEUTICAL APPEN- Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DIX TO THE HTSUSÐContinued Customs Service D.C. 20229 at (202) 927±1060. CAS No. Pharmaceutical [T.D. 95±33] Dated: April 14, 1995. 52±78±8 ..................... NORETHANDROLONE. A. W. Tennant, 52±86±8 ..................... HALOPERIDOL. Pharmaceutical Tables 1 and 3 of the Director, Office of Laboratories and Scientific 52±88±0 ..................... ATROPINE METHONITRATE. HTSUS 52±90±4 ..................... CYSTEINE. Services. 53±03±2 ..................... PREDNISONE. 53±06±5 ..................... CORTISONE. AGENCY: Customs Service, Department TABLE 1.ÐPHARMACEUTICAL 53±10±1 ..................... HYDROXYDIONE SODIUM SUCCI- of the Treasury. NATE. APPENDIX TO THE HTSUS 53±16±7 ..................... ESTRONE. ACTION: Listing of the products found in 53±18±9 ..................... BIETASERPINE. Table 1 and Table 3 of the CAS No. Pharmaceutical 53±19±0 ..................... MITOTANE. 53±31±6 ..................... MEDIBAZINE. Pharmaceutical Appendix to the N/A ............................. ACTAGARDIN. 53±33±8 ..................... PARAMETHASONE. Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the N/A ............................. ARDACIN. 53±34±9 ..................... FLUPREDNISOLONE. N/A ............................. BICIROMAB. 53±39±4 ..................... OXANDROLONE. United States of America in Chemical N/A ............................. CELUCLORAL. 53±43±0
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacology
    STATE ESTABLISHMENT «DNIPROPETROVSK MEDICAL ACADEMY OF HEALTH MINISTRY OF UKRAINE» V.I. MAMCHUR, V.I. OPRYSHKO, А.А. NEFEDOV, A.E. LIEVYKH, E.V.KHOMIAK PHARMACOLOGY WORKBOOK FOR PRACTICAL CLASSES FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS STOMATOLOGY DEPARTMENT DNEPROPETROVSK - 2016 2 UDC: 378.180.6:61:615(075.5) Pharmacology. Workbook for practical classes for foreign stomatology students / V.Y. Mamchur, V.I. Opryshko, A.A. Nefedov. - Dnepropetrovsk, 2016. – 186 p. Reviewed by: N.I. Voloshchuk - MD, Professor of Pharmacology "Vinnitsa N.I. Pirogov National Medical University.‖ L.V. Savchenkova – Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Head of the Department of Clinical Pharmacology, State Establishment ―Lugansk state medical university‖ E.A. Podpletnyaya – Doctor of Pharmacy, Professor, Head of the Department of General and Clinical Pharmacy, State Establishment ―Dnipropetrovsk medical academy of Health Ministry of Ukraine‖ Approved and recommended for publication by the CMC of State Establishment ―Dnipropetrovsk medical academy of Health Ministry of Ukraine‖ (protocol №3 from 25.12.2012). The educational tutorial contains materials for practical classes and final module control on Pharmacology. The tutorial was prepared to improve self-learning of Pharmacology and optimization of practical classes. It contains questions for self-study for practical classes and final module control, prescription tasks, pharmacological terms that students must know in a particular topic, medical forms of main drugs, multiple choice questions (tests) for self- control, basic and additional references. This tutorial is also a student workbook that provides the entire scope of student’s work during Pharmacology course according to the credit-modular system. The tutorial was drawn up in accordance with the working program on Pharmacology approved by CMC of SE ―Dnipropetrovsk medical academy of Health Ministry of Ukraine‖ on the basis of the standard program on Pharmacology for stomatology students of III - IV levels of accreditation in the specialties Stomatology – 7.110105, Kiev 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Examination Questions Chapter I
    EXAMINATION QUESTIONS CHAPTER I. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PRESCRIPTION 1. Essence of pharmacology as a science. Parts and fields of modern pharmacology. 2. The chemical nature of the drug. Factors providing the therapeutic effect of drugs - the pharmacological effect and placebo effect. 3. Sources of drugs. Definition: medicinal agent (medicinal drug, drug), medicinal substance, medicinal form. 4. Stages of development of new medicines and therapeutic dental appointment toothpastes. 5. Types of pharmacotherapy. Deontological problems of pharmacotherapy. 6. Routes of drug administration into the body and their characteristic. 7. Pathological changes in the mucosa of mouth and dental tissues as a result use of medicines. 8. Absorption and distribution of drugs in the body. Bioavailability. Volume of distribution. 9. Transformation of drugs in the body. 10. Routes of elimination of drugs and their characteristics. Clearance. Semi-elimination period. 11. Excretion of drugs through the oral mucosa, the possible consequences. 12. Mechanisms of drug interactions with the receptors. The concept of receptors in pharmacology. 13. Pharmacodynamic drug interactions. Antagonism, synergism, their types. Character of change of drug effect (activity, efficacy), depending on the type of antagonism. 14. Types of action of drugs. 15. Dependence of action of drugs on the chemical structure and physico-chemical properties. 16. The concept of dose. Types doses. Principles and units of drug dosage. 17. The dependence of the action of drugs on the dose, age, gender, individual characteristics of the organism. Idiosyncrasy. 18. Change of action of drugs in their re-introduction. Addictive. Tachyphylaxis. Cumulation. Medicinal dependence. 19. Medical and social aspects of the drug addiction control.
    [Show full text]
  • 7: Current and Future Drugs for the Treatment of Chronic Cough
    438 REVIEW SERIES Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.2003.013490 on 28 April 2004. Downloaded from Cough ? 7: Current and future drugs for the treatment of chronic cough M G Belvisi, P Geppetti ............................................................................................................................... Thorax 2004;59:438–440. doi: 10.1136/thx.2003.013490 There are currently no effective treatments for controlling Orally administered dextromethorphan is as effective as codeine in suppressing cough and the cough response with an acceptable therapeutic ratio. has been used as a constituent of many OTC However, several new mechanisms have been identified preparations. Furthermore, recent reports sug- which may lead to the development of new drugs. gest that patients with an opioid resistant cough achieved symptomatic relief with the peripher- ........................................................................... ally acting non-opioid drug benzonatate.5 Levodropropizine, oxalamine, and prenoxdiazine are available as cough treatments in Europe. Clinical studies have shown favourable data with hronic cough is associated with many levodropropizine in cancer related cough.6 inflammatory airways diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary C Local anaesthetics disease (COPD), post viral infections, pulmonary fibrosis, and bronchiectasis. Indeed, it is the first Local anaesthetics such as lignocaine are deliv- and most persistent symptom of diseases such as ered locally to the airways and have been shown asthma and COPD.12Furthermore, it is the most to attenuate capsaicin induced cough in 7 common respiratory complaint for which medi- humans. However, the effect is transient and cal attention is sought and, although UK annual the antitussive effect is accompanied by orophar- sales of over the counter (OTC) cough remedies yngeal anaesthesia leading to an increased risk of are over £0.5 billion, effective treatments for aspiration of airway secretions and food.
    [Show full text]
  • Malva Folium & Sylvestris Flos
    5 June 2018 EMA/HMPC/749518 Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) Assessment report on Malva sylvestris L. and/or Malva neglecta Wallr., folium and Malva sylvestris L., flos Draft Based on Article 16d(1), Article 16f and Article 16h of Directive 2001/83/EC as amended (traditional use) Herbal substance(s) Malva sylvestris L., flos (binomial scientific name of the plant, including Malva sylvestris L. and/or Malva neglecta Wallr., folium plant part) Herbal preparation(s) Malva sylvestris L., flos Comminuted herbal substance Malva sylvestris L. and/or Malva neglecta Wallr., folium Comminuted herbal substance Pharmaceutical form(s) Malva sylvestris L., flos Comminuted herbal substance as herbal tea for oral use Comminuted herbal substance for infusion or decoction preparation for oromucosal use. Malva sylvestris L. and/or Malva neglecta Wallr., folium Comminuted herbal substance as herbal tea for oral use Comminuted herbal substance for infusion or decoction preparation for oromucosal use Rapporteur Ewa Widy-Tyszkiewicz Peer-reviewer Marie Heroutova Note: This draft assessment report is published to support the public consultation of the draft European Union herbal monograph on Malva sylvestris L. and/or Malva neglecta Wallr., folium and Malva sylvestris L., flos. It is a working document, not yet edited, and shall be further developed after the release for consultation of the monograph. Interested parties are welcome to submit comments to the HMPC secretariat, which will be taken into consideration but no ‘overview of comments received during the public consultation’ will be prepared on comments that will be received on this assessment report. The publication of this draft assessment report has been agreed to facilitate the understanding by Interested Parties of the assessment that has been carried out so far and led to the preparation of the draft monograph.
    [Show full text]