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Kammfischchen (Ctenolepisma Lineata Fabricius, 1775) Und Weitere Synanthrop Lebende Lepismatidae (Zygentoma) in Österreich»

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Kammfischchen (Ctenolepisma Lineata Fabricius, 1775) Und Weitere Synanthrop Lebende Lepismatidae (Zygentoma) in Österreich» Zimmermann, K. (2016): «Kammfischchen (Ctenolepisma lineata Fabricius, 1775) und weitere synanthrop lebende Lepismatidae (Zygentoma) in Österreich». inatura – Forschung online, Nr. 31: 6 S. Kammfischchen (Ctenolepisma lineata Fabricius, 1775) Nr. 31 - 2016 und weitere synanthrop lebende Lepismatidae (Zygentoma) in Österreich Klaus Zimmermann1 1 Mag.Dr. Klaus Zimmermann inatura – Erlebnis Naturschau GmbH, Jahngasse 9, A-6850 Dornbirn E-Mail: [email protected] Zusammenfassung Kammfischen (Ctenolepisma lineata Fabricius, 1775) sind in Südeuropa weit verbreitet. In Österreich gelten sie als Archäozoen, die durch menschliche Aktivitäten nach Mitteleuropa verschleppt wurden. Allerdings gibt es Hinweise darauf, dass die Bestän­ de in wärmebegünstigten Zonen nördlich der Alpen auch autochthon sein könnten. Aufgrund seiner fakultativ synanthropen Lebens weise kann sich Ctenolepisma lineata in Mitteleuropa leicht auch im Freiland etablieren. Seit einigen Jahren sind starke Arealausweitungen bei dieser Art zu beobachten. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass sie in Österreich zumindest in Siedlungsnähe mehr oder weniger flächendeckend, aber in geringer Dichte, auftritt. Die Datenlage ist allerdings sehr schlecht, gezielte Erhebun­ gen zu dieser Art wurden in keinem Bundesland angestellt. Umso wichtiger erscheint es, einen Überblick über bisherige Einzel­ funde des Kammfischchens in Österreich zu geben. Key words: Zygentoma, Lepismatidae, Kammfischchen, Ctenolepisma, synanthrop 1 Einleitung solche Arten bei der inatura-Fachbe- auf «seltsam gestreifte Silberfisch- ratungsstelle sehr häufig als vermeint- chen». Gleich fünf dieser Tiere wurden Vorwiegend synanthrop lebende Ar- liche oder echte Schädlinge angefragt. im Badezimmer eines Wohnhauses ten wie das Kammfischchen führen Vertreter der Zygentoma sind aller- entdeckt. Anhand eines Fotobelegs ein Schattendasein. Von den meisten dings auch hier nur selten im Fokus (Abb. 1) konnten die Tiere als Kamm- Freilandbiologen werden sie kaum des Interesses. Sie werden kaum durch fischchen (Ctenolepisma lineata) be- beachtet. Im Gegensatz dazu werden Massenauftreten lästig, und sie richten stimmt werden. Darauf folgende punk- in Privathäusern nur sehr selten Schä- tuelle Erhebungen durch G. Friebe den an. Doch viele Menschen ekeln (unveröff.) lieferten ad hoc mehrere sich vor diesen ungebetenen Gästen zusätzliche Belege zu dieser Art aus und möchten sie möglichst rasch wie- Dornbirn. Auch ein Fotobeleg aus der loswerden. dem Jahr 2013 wurde revidiert und Bei den Silberfischchen (Lepisma sac­ als Cteno lepisma lineata klassifiziert. charina) wird davon ausgegangen, Vieles spricht dafür, dass sich diese Art dass sie sich schon vor langer Zeit in völlig unbemerkt in Vorarlberg eta- Österreich etabliert haben. Zumindest bliert hat. in Häusern scheinen sie bei uns überall zu finden sein, auch wenn es dies un- zureichend dokumentiert ist. 2 Biologie und Verbreitung Im März 2015 erhielten die inatura- synanthroper Zygentoma in Fachberater eine Anfrage in Bezug Mitteleuropa Abb. 1: Die erste Fotoanfrage zu Cteno- Fischchen (Ordnung Zygentoma) sind lepisma lineata an die inatura Fachbera- flügellose Urinsekten. NachA SPÖCK tung (inatura Bildarchiv) & ASPÖCK (2010) sind weltweit etwa Eingegangen: 25.04.2016; Publiziert: 02.05.2016 1 430 Arten beschrieben. Sie sind der Unterart Ctenolepisma lineata pili­ Fortpflanzung dieser extrem thermo- feuchte liebende Bodenbewohner und fera (Lucas, 1840) zu. Spätere Studien philen Art im Freiland ist bei uns nicht Kosmopoliten, nachtaktiv und sehr zeigten allerdings, dass diese Zuord- denkbar. lichtscheu. Für Mitteleuropa sind nur nung irreführend ist, und die Belege fünf Arten beschrieben, von denen zur Nominatform Ctenolepisma lineata einzig das Ameisenfischchen (Atelura zu stellen sind (MOLTERO-BALTANÁS et al. 3 Nachweise von Cteno lepis- formicaria) im Freiland zu finden ist. 2012). ma lineata in Österreich Die anderen Arten leben mehr oder KINZELBACH & KINZELBACH (1968) beschrie- weniger synanthrop, also vorwiegend ben insgesamt 19 Funde von Cteno­ Die ersten Nachweise des Kamm- innerhalb bzw. in der Nähe von Ge- lepisma lineata aus ganz Mitteleuropa, fischchens (Ctenolepisma lineata) in bäuden. 4 davon stammen aus Deutschland. Österreich kommen aus Tirol aus der Silberfischchen (Lepisma saccharina) RENKER et al. (2008) dokumentierten 13 Zeit 1945-1950 (JANETSCHEK 1949, THALER sind die einzigen in ganz Mitteleuropa weitere Nachweise in der nördlichen 2000). Danach dauerte es fast 50 Jahre, regelmäßig registrierten Vertreter die- Oberrheinebene (Rheinland-Pfalz, bis weitere Funde dieser Art registriert ser Ordnung. Sie sind weltweit verbrei- Hessen und Baden-Württemberg). wurden. Nach wie vor ist Ctenolepisma tet (POSPISCHIL 1997). Ihre Nahrung be- In Deutschland wurden bereits etli- lineata noch nicht in allen österreichi- steht aus Stärke- und zuckerhaltigen che Funde im Freiland dokumentiert, schen Bundesländern offiziell belegt, Substraten, daher auch ihr Trivial ame einzelne davon auch abseits mensch- die Datenlage ist sehr inhomogen. «Zuckergast» (REICHHOLF 2002). Eben- licher Siedlungen (MARX & RENKER in Im Folgenden wird versucht, die ver- so wie andere Arten der Zygentoma RENKER et al. 2009, RENKER & REDER 2014). fügbaren Belege und Informationen sind sie in der Lage, auch ohne endo- Freilandfunde werden auch aus Öster- für die einzelnen Bundesländer zu- symbiontische Bakterien Zellulose zu reich (vgl. unten), der Nordostschweiz sammengefasst darzustellen. Dabei verdauen (WEHNER & GEHRING 2007). In (I. Landau, pers. Mitt.) und aus Süd- wurden neben Belegen aus wissen- Sammlungen und Museen können sie mähren (KraL & DAVIDOVA-VILIMOVA 2001) schaftlichen Publikationen auch et- durch Fraß an antiken Büchern und berichtet. Sie sind Indizien dafür, dass liche bislang nicht publizierte Funde Einbänden zu Schädlingen werden. diese Art aktuell ihr natürliches Areal sowie eindeutige Fotobelege von In Haushalten hingegen tritt Lepis­ ausweitet (THALER 2003). Laien erfasst. Ergänzt werden diese ma saccharina als Feuchtezeiger auf, In Nordeuropa wurde in den vergange- Darstellungen durch Hinweise erfah- oft schon lange bevor ein sichtbarer nen Jahren eine weitere eingeschlepp- rener Fachkollegen auf die Bestandes- Schimmelbefall dies anzeigt. Silber- te Fischchen-Art dokumentiert. Das entwicklung von Ctenolepisma lineata fischchen ernähren sich auch von kosmopolitische Papierfischchenin ihrer Region. Schimmelpilzen und Hausstaubmil- (Ctenolepisma longicaudata Escherich, ben, ein Umstand, der sie eigentlich zu 1904) wurde 1998 in Belgien (LOCK Wien Sympathieträgern machen müsste. 2007), 2002 in den Niederlanden (BEIJNE In Wien mehren sich laut CHRISTIAN Über die aktuelle Verbreitung des NIEROP & HAKBIJL 2002) und in Schwe- (1999; 2011) die Funde von Cteno­ Kammfischchens (Ctenolepisma linea­ den (PAPE & WAHLSTEDT 2002) erstmals lepisma lineata seit den 1990er-Jahren. ta) gibt es nur wenige Daten. Die Art nachgewiesen. Der Erstnachweis für Ein erster notierter Beleg aus Wien 5 stammt ursprünglich aus dem Mittel- Deutschland in Hamburg stammt von stammt aus dem Jahr 1991, der erste meerraum. Speziell in Italien, auf den SELLENSCHLO (2007; 2009). Die in Biblio- Beleg außerhalb von Gebäuden vom Kanarischen Inseln und auf Madeira theken gefürchteten Schädlinge wur- Dezember 1998 aus Wien 7. Weite- werden regelmäßig Kammfisch- den vermutlich mit Großlieferungen re Funde sind aus anderen Bezirken chen beobachtet (MOLTERO-BALTANÁS et von Hygienepapier verschleppt und belegt (E. Christian, unveröff.). Es ist al. 2000). Postglazial hat sich die Art sind mittlerweile an mehreren Orten davon auszugehen, dass Ctenolepis­ auch nördlich der Alpen ausgebreitet in Norddeutschland zu finden (WEIDNER ma lineata in ganz Wien regelmäßig (RENKER et al. 2008). CHRISTIAN (2002) klas- & SELLENSCHLO 2010). Aus Österreich gibt vorkommt (E. Christian, pers. Mitt.). sifiziert Lepisma saccharina und auch es lediglich einen von CHRISTIAN (2002) Dennoch gibt es im Naturhistorischen Ctenolepisma lineata als Archäozoen, dokumentierten Einzelfund im Depot Museum Wien bis heute keinen ein- deren Synanthropie gegen Norden hin eines Wiener Museums. zigen Beleg zu dieser Art (S. Randolf, zunimmt. Laut JANETSCHEK (1949) um- Sehr hohe Temperaturansprüche pers. Mitt.). greifen die natürlichen Bestände von hat das Ofenfischchen (Thermobia Ctenolepisma lineata den Alpenbogen domestica). Es wird in Mitteleuropa Niederösterreich auf westlicher (Genf, Basel, Straßburg, ausschließlich in Bäckereien und ähn- In Kritzendorf wurde die Art 1992 Heidelberg) und östlicher Seite (Un- lichen Betrieben gefunden, fehlt aber (30.05.) erstmals in einem Haus ge- garn, Slowakei). Er ordnet seine Belege in Wohnhäusern (POSPISCHIL 2009). Eine funden. Wiederfunde, auch an den inatura – Forschung online 31 (2016) 2 Außenmauern, sind aus 1995 (02.08.) St. Martin, leer stehendes Wohnhaus, in Zirl 2003 (01.02., bei Hauseingang, und 2000 (31.03.) belegt (E. Christian, am Fensterrahmen, innen) ein Exemp- 1m, leg. K. Schallhart). KOFLER (2008) unveröff.). Zwei weitere Belege von lar entdeckt und 2015 in Völkermarkt dokumentierte 2007 den Erstfund für 1993 stammen aus Scheibbs (27.10. (03.06., Wohnhaus, Badewanne, leg. R. Osttirol aus Lienz (Okt., 10 Ex. in altem bzw. 04.12., in einer Wohnung; E. Chris- Stetschnik). Hornissennest). tian, unveröff.). Am 01.06.1994 wur- Zusätzlich existieren zwei Fotobelege de Cteno lepisma lineata in Purgstall Oberösterreich aus Tirol: Im Jahr 2007 wurde in Thaur erstmals außerhalb eines Gebäudes Aus
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