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MARTIN-DISSERTATION-2020.Pdf (5.650Mb) DRIVERS OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE IN BISON (BISON BISON): CONSEQUENCES OF RISING TEMPERATURE, INCREASING DROUGHT, AND ASSESSING VULNERABILITIES FOR MANAGING A KEYSTONE SPECIES A Dissertation by JEFFREY MICHAEL MARTIN Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Peregrine S. Barboza Committee Members, Jim I. Mead Jason B. West David D. Briske Head of Department, G. Cliff Lamb August 2020 Major Subject: Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Copyright © 2020 Jeff M. Martin ABSTRACT Body size of animals is plastic and dependent on environmental conditions that are changing globally. In this dissertation, I explore environmental traits as they relate to and drive body size change of North American bison (Bison bison) along the Great Plains. I examined 1) 40,000 years of body size change in the fossil record, 2) five decades of long-term ecological dataset of body size change at one location and one decade of body size differences among 19 locations along the Great Plains, 3) seasonal heat flux and growth rates of bison along the Great Plains, and 4) bison managers’ vulnerabilities to environmental change. In the fossil record, I estimated body mass from a foot bone, the calcaneum, in 849 specimens that range over the 40,000 years and related that body and bone size to global temperature—reconstructed from the Greenland ice sheet. The rate of mass loss was 41 ± 10 kg per 1°C increase of global temperature. In the decadal dataset, I estimated asymptotic body mass of 19 herds from 6,400 observations of individual bison to relate body mass to average temperature and drought over the last five decades. Drought decreased asymptotic mass by ˗16 kg whereas temperature decreased mass between -1 and ˗115 kg, depending on location. I measured the seasonal effect of ambient heat load on growth of 700 Bison from 19 herds along the Great Plains from Saskatchewan (52 °N) to Texas (30 °N). Bison are better able to grow over summer when environmental heat loads are low. As seasons become warmer, reduction of body mass will likely alter reproduction to reduce annual growth of herds, the production of breed stock, and meat in the bison industry. I surveyed 132 bison ii managers from North America that represent private, public, and NGO sectors to measure their perceptions, practices, attitudes, and values related to environmental change. I found that private and public/NGO sectors differed in adaptive capacity and thus the score for vulnerability. The private sector was less vulnerable than the public/NGO sector because the private sector had greater access to information exchange, external revenue, and grazing leases. iii DEDICATION I dedicate this to Rachel, the love of my life; without whom I would probably be a miserable slob of a mess. Our travels together through life have led us to this point where are both graduating with our doctorates at the same time and I am so proud of you and your many accomplishments! And to our dog, Koda; you are my bringer of snuggles, joy, and smiles at this intersection of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic and the conclusion of my doctoral studies. I love my little family. I also dedicate this to the people of the bison coalition who are saving the species in their own ways. On my various travels during my doctoral work, the people along the way have been fun-loving and they truly love what they do raising and conserving bison. Lastly, I dedicate this dissertation to the bison; without whom this dissertation would be impossible. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my committee chair, Dr. Barboza. Without his generosity and mentorship, I would be wandering lost in the woods of Maine or Wisconsin, and from whom I cannot learn enough—my deepest thanks and gratitude. I also thank my committee members, Drs. Mead, West, and Briske, for their guidance, encouragement, editing, and support throughout my process of academic growth. Dr. Jill Zarestky of Colorado State University was also particularly generous with her time and energy for Chapter 5, I thank her for aiding and investing in my academic career. It takes a village to raise a scientist. I also my graduate coordinator, Ms. Lindsay Hutchins, for navigating and guiding me through the paperwork process of such a huge bureaucratic system like Texas A&M. I also thank Rachel Shively for her leadership and guidance in and out of the laboratory. My lab mates, Keith Oster, Kaylee Hollingsworth, Dan Thompson, and Bridgett Benedict, were particularly helpful in providing words of encouragement and a lively atmosphere to discuss and problem solve our collective research projects—thank you. I also thank the undergraduate students that contributed to my dissertation along the way in the field and laboratory—some of whom are now working on their graduate degrees: Gloria Lima, Chason Frost, Trevor Lessard, Zach Nowak, and Austin Eickhoff; I’m proud of all of you! During my field work visiting the 19 extant bison herds, the managers and owners were generous in providing wonderful hospitality for me including my parents v Tom and Kris Martin of Long Ago Ranch; Bill and Linda Cox, and Steve Cox; Mike and Kathy Gear of Red Canyon Ranch; Dave and Gail Griffin of Rockie Hill Bison; Doug and Anna Griller, Mike Jacobson, Rod and Chelsea Swart, Tom Riemann of North American Bison, LLC.; Mimi Hillenbrand, Moritz Espy, Cody Smith, and “Butch” Selke of 777 Bison; Bud and John Flocchini and Pat Thompson of Durham Ranch; Dr. Dave Hunter, Mark Kossler, Danny Johnson, Garret and Stephanie Blue, Keith and Eva Yearout, Gus Holm, Hadley Hill, Jeremy Gingerich, and E.D. Edwards of Turner Enterprises, Inc.; Chad Kremer, Chad Lehman, Mark Hendrix of Custer State Park; Barbara Muenchau, Vidal Davila, and Daniel Licht of Wind Cave National Park; Chris Sullivan of Montana Buffalo Gals; Barbara Van Slyke and Dr. John Briggs of the Konza Prairie Biological Station; Amy Lisk and Dr. Jeff King of National Bison Range; Dr. Jim Mead, Sandra Swift, and Presston Gabel of the Mammoth Site; Jim and Julie Beauprez of Eagles Wing Natural Bison; Ken Klemm of Beaver Creek Bison; Tim and Rhonda Frasier, Kevin and Phyllis Johnson, Nate Ballard, Cotton and Tammy Sewell, Joe Madrid, and Campbell Burgess of Southwest Bison; Beverly Brown and Donnis Baggett of Lucky B Bison. Many other folks played important roles in the success of this dissertation, including Susan Maass, Alan Douglass, Jake Weirich, and John Painter of the Western Bison Association; Dr. Vern Anderson, Dr. Blaine Schatz, and Dr. Bryan Neville of North Dakota State University's Carrington Research Extension Center; Tom and Gail Barthel of Snake River Farm; Dick Gehring, Donnis Baggett, Dave Carter, Jim Matheson, Karen Conley of the National Bison Association; and Jud Seaman, Ilana vi Xinos, Dr. Clint Patterson, and Dr. Connor Elliott. I am also thankful for the bison-hair- insulated winter weather gear provided in-kind, in part by United by Blue, The Buffalo Wool Co., and Buffalo Gold/Herd Wear, especially in the exceptionally cold winter weather of the northern Great Plains. To all of you, thank you is not enough. I also thank my parents, again, for continually pushing and challenging me to be the best that I can be. I love you very much! Last and most importantly, I thank Rachel Short, my wife, for her relentless love, support, and patience during this stressful time. It’s been a crazy ride over the last 10 years to this point, and I look forward to our next phase in our lives. I am very proud of you! I love you very much! vii CONTRIBUTORS AND FUNDING SOURCES Contributors This work was supervised by a dissertation committee consisting of Professor Perry Barboza of the Department of Rangeland, Wildlife, and Fisheries Management, Professors Jason West and David Briske of the Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, and Emeritus Professor Jim Mead of the Department of Geoscience at East Tennessee State University and Director of Research at The Mammoth Site. Data analyzed for Chapter 2 was provided in part by Dr. Mead and Dr. Barboza along with Drs. Chris Widga, Matt E. Hill, Matt G. Hill, H. Greg McDonald, Jerry N. McDonald, and Eric Scott for supplying linear calcaneal measures which were published in 2018. I am especially grateful to the many institutions listed in S2 of Martin et al. (2018) that provided over 2,400 fossil specimens and more than 7,300 linear measurements for this study. Museums and natural history collections are essential for this type of work. The data analyzed for Chapter 3 was provided in part by Wind Cave National Park and were enabled by the managers of the 19 bison ranches I visited, data and analyses were published in 2020 (Martin and Barboza, 2020). The analyses depicted in Chapter 4 were accepted for publication in April 2020 and were assisted by Dr. Perry Barboza. The data collection was enabled by the managers and owners of the 19 study herds whom were generous in providing hospitality. I also recognize J. I. Mead and the Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, SD for providing extended housing and logistics during JMM’s field work. Mike Jacobson of North American Bison, LLC in New Rockford, North Dakota viii provided data and information on slaughtered bison body components. The analyses depicted in Chapter 5 were analyzed with the assistance of Dr. David Briske and Dr. Perry Barboza of Texas A&M and Dr. Jill Zarestky of the School of Education at Colorado State University and are likely to be published in 2020.
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