Searching for Spirits: Assessing the Creation and Maintenance of Beliefs Within a Spiritualist New Religious Movement
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
!"#$%&'()*+,$*!-'$'.!/*#!!"!!'()*.&"*%$"#.',(*#(0*1#'(."(#(%"*,+* 2"3'"+!*4'.&'(*#*!-'$'.5#3'!.*("4*$"3')',5!*1,6"1"(.* * * * 78* * * 9:;<=><;*.>:?@A:;* * * !B7?C==DE*C;*@<F=C<G*HBGHCGG?D;=*:H*=>D*FDIBCFD?D;=A*H:F*=>D*EDJFDD*:H*1<A=DF*:H*#F=A* * <=* * 0<G>:BACD*5;CKDFAC=8* &<GCH<LM*(:K<*!N:=C<* #@FCG*OPQR* ! * * * * © %:@8FCJ>=*78*9:;<=><;*.>:?@A:;M*OPQR* ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! * ! * ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .:*?8*SCHD* ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! * CC* * "#$%&!'(!)'*+&*+,! ! ! #7A=F<N=TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUUU@U*CK* 3CA=*:H*#77FDKC<=C:;A*5ADETTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUTTT@U*K* #NV;:SGDEJ?D;=ATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUU@U*KC* %><@=DF*Q/*';=F:EBN=C:;TTTUUTTTTTTUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT@U*Q* %><@=DF*O/*3C=DF<=BFD*$DKCDSTTTTTTUTTTTTTUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTU@U*W* %BG=*%G<AACHCN<=C:;ATTTTTUUTTTTTUTTTTTTUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTU@U*X* %:;KDFAC:;*.>D:FCDATTTTTTTTTTUTTTTTTTUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT@U*QY* %><@=DF*Z/*1D=>:EATTTTTTTUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT@U*OO* %><@=DF*Y/*#*2FCDH*&CA=:F8*,H*!@CFC=B<GCA?TTUTUUUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT@U*OR* %><@=DF*W/*"=>;:JF<@>8TTTUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUU@U*ZR* 4:FVA>:@ATTTTTTTTTTTTTTUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUU@U*YR* %><@=DF*X/*!DKD;*+<N=:FA*+:F*.>D*%FD<=C:;*#;E*1<C;=D;<;ND*,H*2DGCDHATTUTT@U*XZ* 1DEC=<=C:;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUTTTTTU@U*XZ* 1DAA<JDATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUUU@U*XW* #G=DF;<=CKD*2DGCDHATTTTTUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUU@U*XR* %><FCA?<TTTTTTTTTTUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUUUUUUUUUUU@U*X[* $DGCJC:BA*0D@FCK<=C:;TTTUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUU@U*X\* !:NC<G*%:;HCF?<=C:;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT@U*RP* 0D@FCK<=C:;*,H*%FC=CN<G*.>:BJ>=TTTUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT@U*RQ* %><@=DF*R/*%:;NGBAC:;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUU@U*RZ* 2C7GC:JF<@>8UUTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTUUUU@U*[Q* ! ! ! ! ! * CCC* * -$,+.#/+! ! .>CA*A=BE8*CA*<;*D=>;:JF<@>CN*<NN:B;=*:H*7DGCDH*NFD<=C:;*<;E*?<C;=D;<;ND* SC=>C;*<*A@CFC=B<GCA=*;DS*FDGCJC:BA*?:KD?D;=*]A@DNCHCN<GG8M*=>D*!@CFC=B<G*!NCD;ND* +DGG:SA>C@*:F*!!+^U**.>D*D?@><ACA*CA*@G<NDE*:;*@DFA:;<G*DL@DFCD;NDA*:KDF*<*:;D_8D<F* FDAD<FN>*@DFC:EM*>CA=:FCN<G*FDAD<FN>*:H*A@CFC=B<GCA=*;DS*FDGCJC:BA*?:KD?D;=AM*<;E* FDKCDS*:H*N:;=D?@:F<F8*N:;KDFAC:;*=>D:FCDA*SC=>C;*A:NC:G:J8U* * .>D*@BF@:AD*:H*=>CA*A=BE8*CA*=:*DL<?C;D*A:NC<G*H<N=:FA*C;*=>D*?:KD?D;=M*S>CN>* ?<8*<NN:B;=*H:F*=>D*NFD<=C:;*<;E*?<C;=D;<;ND*:H*A@DNCHCN*7DGCDHA*>DGE*78*C=A* ?D?7DFAU**'*B=CGC`D*@DFA:;<G*DL@DFCD;NDA*:7=<C;DE*=>F:BJ>*@<F=CNC@<;=*:7ADFK<=C:;* =:*DGBNCE<=D*=>DAD*H<N=:FAU**'*<GA:*N:?@<FD*<;E*N:;=F<A=*:=>DF*N:;=D?@:F<F8* N:;KDFAC:;*=>D:FCDA*C;NGBEC;J*ED@FCK<=C:;*<;E*7F<C;S<A>C;J*<J<C;A=*?8*DL@DFCD;NDA* SC=>*=>CA*@<F=CNBG<F*A@CFC=B<GCA=*JF:B@U** ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! * CK* * 01,+!'(!-$$.&21#+1'*,!3,&4! ($1*a*(DS*$DGCJC:BA*1:KD?D;=* !!+*a*!@CFC=B<G*!NCD;ND*+DGG:SA>C@* * ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! * K* * -/5*'6%&47&8&*+,* * * .>CA*FDAD<FN>*S<A*@:AAC7GD*EBD*=:*=>D*N:;=C;BDE*AB@@:F=*<;E*DL@DF=CAD*:H*?8* <N<ED?CN*<EKCA:FM*0FU*%>FCA=:@>DF*&DGG<;EU**'*S:BGE*<GA:*GCVD*=:*<NV;:SGDEJD*0FU* &:S<FE*$<?:A*<;E*0FU*b<FD;*+:A=DF*H:F*=>DCF*=C?D*<;E*DHH:F=*C;*>DG@C;J*?D*FDHC;D* =>CA*=>DACA*FDAD<FN>U**'*S:BGE*GCVD*=:*=><;V*0FU*3CDAG*)<?7:GEM*0FU*3C;EA<8*0B2:CAM*<;E* 0FU*9D<;_!D7<A=C<;*)B8*H:F*=>DCF*N:;=C;BDE*AB@@:F=*:H*?8*FDAD<FN>*DHH:F=AU* * '*S:BGE*GCVD*=:*=><;V*?8*@<FD;=A*H:F*=>DCF*B;D;EC;J*AB@@:F=*C;*?8*<N<ED?CN* c:BF;D8U**'*S:BGE*<GA:*GCVD*=:*=><;V*?8*SCHDdA*@<FD;=A*H:F*=>DCF*AB@@:F=*<;E*N:;=C;B<G* DLNC=D?D;=*<7:B=*?8*<N<ED?CN*<EK<;ND?D;=AU**+C;<GG8M*'*S:BGE*GCVD*=:*=><;V*?8*SCHD* H:F*>DF*D;N:BF<JD?D;=M*C;ACJ>=M*<;E*@<=CD;ND*SC=>:B=*S>CN>*=>CA*FDAD<FN>*S:BGE*;:=* ><KD*7DD;*C?<JC;<7GDU * KC* * Q* )9#:+&.!;<!=*+.'4>/+1'*! (DS*$DGCJC:BA*1:KD?D;=A*]($1A^*:F*NBG=AM*<A*?<AA*?DEC<*BAB<GG8*FDHDFA*=:* =>D?M*><KD*N<@=BFDE*=>D*<==D;=C:;*:H*=>D*@B7GCN*H:F*?<;8*8D<FAU**!:NC:G:JCA=A*=::V* C;=DFDA=*C;*=>D*Q\XPdA*S>D;*ADKDF<G*:H*=>DAD*JF:B@A*ECA@G<8DE*KC:GD;=*7D><KC:FAM* C;NGBEC;J*ADLB<G*<AA<BG=M*ABCNCEDM*<;E*?BFEDF*]3DSCA*e*-D=DFA:;M*OPPW^U**&:SDKDFM*C=* S<A*;:=*B;=CG*=>D*D<FG8*Q\\PdA*S>D;*A@DNCHCN*JF:B@AM*ABN>*<A*=>D*2F<;N>*0<KCEC<;A* <;E*&D<KD;dA*)<=DM*SDFD*C;*=>D*;DSA*H:F*<*A=<;E:HH*SC=>*@:GCND*<;E*<*?<AA*ABCNCEDM* =><=*;DS*FDGCJC:BA*?:KD?D;=A*7DN<?D*<*ACJ;CHCN<;=*FDAD<FN>*C;=DFDA=*H:F*A:NC:G:JCA=A* :H*FDGCJC:;*]3DSCA*e*-D=DFA:;M*OPPW^U*'=*S<A*=>D;*EDD?DE*K<GB<7GD*H:F*A:NC:G:JCA=A*=:* ED=DF?C;D*S>8*@D:@GD*S:BGE*<7<;E:;*?<C;A=FD<?*FDGCJC:;*<;E*C;*A:?D*N<ADAM*=>DCF* D;=CFD*H<?CGCDAM*C;*:FEDF*=:*<E:@=*<*AD=*:H*B;:F=>:E:L*7DGCDHAU* * 1<;8*=>D:FCDA*:H*N:;KDFAC:;*=:*;:;_?<C;A=FD<?*FDGCJC:;A*SDFD*NFD<=DE*SC=>* K<F8C;J*EDJFDDA*:H*<NND@=<;ND*78*A:NC:G:JCA=AU**.>D*?:A=*@:G<FC`C;J*:H*=>DAD*=>D:FCDAM* 7F<C;S<A>C;JM*ECKCEDE*FDAD<FN>DFA*C;=:*=S:*JF:B@AM*=>D*?DA:_?CNF:*A@DNC<GCA=A*<;E* =>D*?<NF:_?DA:*A@DNC<GCA=A*]f<7G:NVCM*OPPQ^U**.>D*?DA:_?CNF:*A@DNC<GCA=A*7DGCDKDE* =><=*=>DAD*($1A*SDFD*BAC;J*7F<C;S<A>C;J*=DN>;CIBDA*=><=*FD;EDFDE*C;ECKCEB<GA* >DG@GDAA*=:*GD<KD*=>D*JF:B@A*:;*=>DCF*:S;*<NN:FEU**.>D*?<NF:_?DA:*A@DNC<GCA=A* <FJBDE*=><=*=>D*($1A*SDFD*?DFDG8*<*;DS*H:F?*:H*FDGCJC:BA*DL@FDAAC:;*<;E*=>D*K<A=* ?<c:FC=8*:H*=>D*JF:B@A*SDFD*><F?GDAA*]f<7G:NVCM*OPPQ^U**.>CA*ED7<=D*N:;=C;BDA* =:E<8M*<G=>:BJ>*=>D*?<NF:_?DA:*A@DNC<GCA=A*H<F*:KDFA><E:S*=>D*?DA:_?CNF:* A@DNC<GCA=A*C;*=>D*A:NC:G:JCN<G*FD<G?U*** ,KDF<GG*C;=DFDA=*C;*7:=>*<N<ED?C<*<;E*=>D*?DEC<*:H*($1A*><A*S<;DE*AC;ND* =>D*Q\\PdAU**.>DFDH:FDM*;:*ACJ;CHCN<;=*;DS*=>D:FCDA*SC=>C;*=>CA*GC=DF<=BFD*><KD*7DD;* * * O* @FDAD;=DE*:KDF*=>D*@<A=*QW*8D<FAU**.>CA*GD<EA*=:*=>D*N:;NDF;*=><=*FDAD<FN>DFA*<FD* BAC;J*=>D:FCDA*HF:?*=>D*Q\XP_Q\\PdA*=:*<AADAA*($1A*SC=>C;*<*?:FD*?:EDF;*<;E* N><;JDE*S:FGEU**#GA:M*?<;8*:H*=>D*<NND@=DE*N:;KDFAC:;*=>D:FCDA*C;*=>D*A=BE8*:H* ($1A*><KD*<*AB7A=<;=C<G*<?:B;=*:H*NFC=CNCA?U**.>D*G<NV*:H*B@E<=DA*<;E*<7B;E<;=* NFC=CNCA?A*=:*=>DAD*N:;=D?@:F<F8*=>D:FCDA*?<VDA*=>D*A=BE8*:H*?:EDF;*($1A*?BN>* ?:FD*ECHHCNBG=U**** .>DFD*CA*<GA:*N:;NDF;*78*A:?D*A:NC:G:JCA=A*:H*FDGCJC:;*FDJ<FEC;J*JF:B@A*=><=* ><KD*7DD;*=>D*H:NBA*SC=>C;*($1*GC=DF<=BFDU**.>D*?<c:FC=8*:H*FDAD<FN>*S<A*N:;EBN=DE* SC=>*DC=>DF*!NCD;=:G:J8*:F*KC:GD;=*=8@DA*:H*($1A*ABN>*<A*#B?*!>C;FCV8:*:F*.>D* -D:@GDdA*.D?@GD*]3DSCA*e*-D=DFA:;M*OPPW^U**.>CA*><A*GDH=*<*J<@*C;*=>D*GC=DF<=BFD*:;* ($1A*C;*S>CN>*;:;_C;HGBD;=C<G*<;E*;:;_KC:GD;=*($1A*S:BGE*7D*H:B;EU**.>CA*?D<;A* =><=*N:;KDFAC:;*=>D:FCDAM*S>CN>*SDFD*@FC?<FCG8*ED=DF?C;DE*7<ADE*B@:;*E<=<*HF:?* KC:GD;=*JF:B@AM*<FD*7DC;J*BADE*=:*?<VD*JD;DF<GC`<=C:;A*<7:B=*;:;_KC:GD;=*JF:B@AU** (DS*FDAD<FN>*CA*;DDEDE*=:*<AADAA*>:S*=>D*<K<CG<7GD*N:;KDFAC:;*=>D:FCDA*<@@G8*=:* =>DAD*;:;_KC:GD;=*<;E*;:;_C;HGBD;=C<G*JF:B@AU**.>CA*7DN:?DA*DKD;*?:FD*C?@:F=<;=* S>D;*FD<GC`C;J*=><=*=>D*C;NCED;ND*:H*KC:GD;ND*C;*($1A*CA*?BN>*G:SDF*=><;*=>D* <KDF<JD*KC:GD;=*NFC?D*GDKDGA*C;*=>D*5;C=DE*!=<=DA*]0<SA:;M*OPPX^U* * ';*:FEDF*=:*<EEFDAA*=>D*<H:FD?D;=C:;DE*CAABDAM*'*><KD*N:;EBN=DE*<*8D<F*:H* FDAD<FN>*=><=*H:NBADE*A@DNCHCN<GG8*:;*<AADAAC;J*=>D*:GEDF*N:;=D?@:F<F8*=>D:FCDA*:;* 7DGCDH*H:F?<=C:;*<;E*?<C;=D;<;ND*SC=>C;*<*;:;_KC:GD;=*<;E*;:;_C;HGBD;=C<G*($1U**'* BADE*@<F=CNC@<;=*:7ADFK<=C:;*=:*<EEFDAA*=>D*J<@*C;*=>D*GC=DF<=BFD*SC=>*=>DAD*=8@DA*:H* ($1A*78*7DN:?C;J*<*?D?7DF*:H*=>D*!@CFC=B<G*!NCD;ND*+DGG:SA>C@*:F*!!+U**18* @<F=CNC@<;=*:7ADFK<=C:;*C;NGBEDE*=<VC;J*@<F=*C;*=>D*JF:B@dA*<N=CKC=CDAg*=>DFD78M* * * Z* @F:KCEC;J*?D*SC=>*:@@:F=B;C=8*=:*7D==DF*<AADAA*S><=*=>DAD*DL@DFCD;NDA*?CJ>=*?D<;* =:*?D?7DFAU** * '*><KD*A=FBN=BFDE*=>D*=>DACA*=:*@F:KCED*FDGDK<;=*C;H:F?<=C:;*:;*($1A*<;E* !@CFC=B<GCA?M*S>CN>*SCGG*7D*;DNDAA<F8*=:*B;EDFA=<;E*<;E*<@@FDNC<=D*?8*DL@DFCD;ND* <;E*FDAD<FN>*N:;NGBAC:;AU**.>D*GC=DF<=BFD*FDKCDS*C;*N><@=DF*O*ADFKDA*=:*C;H:F?*=>D* FD<EDF*<7:B=*A:?D*N:;=D?@:F<F8*=>D:FCDA*BADE*78*A:NC:G:JCA=A*:H*FDGCJC:;*=:*DL@G<C;* >:S*<;E*S>8*C;ECKCEB<GA*<E:@=*=>D*7DGCDHA*:H*<;*($1U**.>CA*ADN=C:;*<GA:*N:;=<C;A*<* 7FCDH*>CA=:F8*:H*A:NC:G:JCN<G*FDAD<FN>*FDJ<FEC;J*($1AU* * %><@=DF*Z*H:NBADA*:;*!@CFC=B<GCA?*C;*=>D*N:;=DL=*:H*;DS*FDGCJC:BA*?:KD?D;=AU** #*>CA=:FCN<G*:KDFKCDS*><A*7DD;*@F:KCEDE*=:*JCKD*N:;=DL=*=:*?:EDF;*E<8*A@CFC=B<GCA?* <;E*A@DNCHCN*7DGCDHA*>DGE*78*?D?7DFA*:H*=>D*!!+*<FD*ECANBAADEU**.>D*J:<G*:H*=>CA* N><@=DF*CA*=:*NFD<=D*<*N:>DFD;=*=C?DGC;D*=:*>DG@*=>D*FD<EDF*B;EDFA=<;E*=>D*A@CFC=B<G* ?CGCDB*C;*S>CN>*=>D*!!+*NBFFD;=G8*DLCA=AU* * %><@=DF*Y*DL@G<C;A*=>D*?D=>:EA*BADE*=:*:7=<C;*=>D*E<=<U**'=*N:;=<C;A* C;H:F?<=C:;*:;*<B=:_D=>;:JF<@>8M*@<F=CNC@<;=*:7ADFK<=C:;*<;E*C;=DFKCDSAU**.>CA* ADN=C:;*SCGG*JCKD*=>D*FD<EDF*<*?:FD*N:?@GD=D*B;EDFA=<;EC;J*:H*=>D*FDAD<FN>* ?D=>:EAM*S>CN>*SDFD*BADE*C;*:FEDF*=:*<NNB?BG<=D*=>D*;DDEDE*E<=<U* *%><@=DF*W*CA*<;*D=>;:JF<@>CN*FD@FDAD;=<=C:;*:H*=>D*E<=<*=><=*S<A*J<=>DFDEU** .>CA*ADN=C:;*N:;=<C;A*HCFA=*@DFA:;*<NN:B;=A*:H*=>D*?:A=*FDGDK<;=*<A@DN=A*:H*=>D* FDAD<FN>*@DFC:EU**.>D*C;=D;=*:H*=>CA*N><@=DF*CA*=:*<GG:S*=>D*FD<EDF*EDD@DFM*?:FD* ?D<;C;JHBG*C;ACJ>=*C;=:*=>D*@DFA:;<G*DL@DFCD;NDA*=><=*:NNBFFDE*EBFC;J*?8*=C?D*SC=>* =>D*!!+U* * * Y* %><@=DF*X*N:;=<C;A*=>D*FDABG=A*:H*=>D*D=>;:JF<@>CN*S:FV*FDKCDSDE*C;*N><@=DF* WU**'*@FDAD;=*ACL*H<N=:FAM*S>CN>*<FD*<*HF<?DS:FV*H:F*>:S*7DGCDHA*<FD*NFD<=DE*<;E* ?<C;=<C;DE*C;*=>D*!!+U**.>DAD*H<N=:FA*FD@FDAD;=*?8*=>D:F8*:;*>:S*<*@DFA:;*?<8* :7=<C;*;DS*7DGCDHA*<;E*>:S*=>:AD*7DGCDHA*<FD*?<C;=<C;DE*:KDF*=C?D*C;*AC?CG<F*($1AU* %><@=DF*R*N:;NGBEDA*=>D*=>DACA*SC=>*<*N:?@<FCA:;*:H*=>D*N:;=D?@:F<F8* =>D:FCDA*@FDAD;=DE*C;*N><@=DF*O*SC=>*=>D*FDABG=A*:H*=>D*NBFFD;=*FDAD<FN>U**.>CA* N><@=DF*SCGG*<AADAA*AC?CG<FC=CDA*<;E*ECHHDFD;NDA*7D=SDD;*=>D*NBFFD;=*FDAD<FN>*<;E* :=>DF*N:;=D?@:F<F8*=>D:FCDAU**+B=BFD*FDAD<FN>*@:AAC7CGC=CDA*<FD*<GA:*ECANBAADE*>DFDU* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * W* )9#:+&.!?<!01+&.#+>.&!@&21&6! ($1*CA*<*=DF?*=><=*S<A*N:C;DE*78*A:NC:G:JCN<G*FDAD<FN>DFA*:H*FDGCJC:;*C;*