Data Collection Survey on Infrastructure Development in Central Asia and the Caucasus

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Data Collection Survey on Infrastructure Development in Central Asia and the Caucasus Azerbaijan Republic Data Collection Survey on Infrastructure Development in Central Asia and the Caucasus Final Report Azerbaijan MAY 2019 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) NOMURA RESEARCH INSTITUTE, LTD. 3R JR 19-006 Azerbaijan Republic Data Collection Survey on Infrastructure Development in Central Asia and the Caucasus Final Report Azerbaijan MAY 2019 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) NOMURA RESEARCH INSTITUTE, LTD. Table and Figures ....................................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................................. ix 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Purpose ................................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Methodology ................................................................................................................................................ 3 2.1. Research framework .......................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1. Target sectors ............................................................................................................................. 3 2.1.2. Research items ........................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.3. Assumed support tools ............................................................................................................. 4 2.1.4. Document Desktop Survey ...................................................................................................... 4 2.1.5. Interviews ................................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.6. Statistical Data ........................................................................................................................... 6 3. Development Policies, Laws and Infrastructure development – Analysis of Current Status and Issues 7 3.1. Development Policies ........................................................................................................................ 7 3.2. PPP Related Systems ......................................................................................................................... 9 3.2.1. PPP Related Policies ................................................................................................................. 9 3.2.2. PPP Examples.......................................................................................................................... 10 3.3. Financial Sector Fund Raising Feasibility...................................................................................... 14 3.3.1. Private Sector Financing ......................................................................................................... 14 3.3.2. Feasibility of Long-Term Fund Supply for Infrastructure Projects .................................... 16 3.3.3. Restrictions on International Commercial Borrowing ........................................................ 17 3.4. Donor Activity Status ....................................................................................................................... 18 3.4.1. Asian Development Bank (ADB) ......................................................................................... 18 3.4.2. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) ........................................ 21 3.4.3. European Union (EU) ............................................................................................................. 21 3.4.4. International Finance Cooperation (IFC) .............................................................................. 22 3.4.5. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) ........................................................... 22 iii 3.4.6. The World Bank (WB) ........................................................................................................... 23 3.4.7. Summary .................................................................................................................................. 27 4. Target Sector Status and Forthcoming Planning and Sector Issues ...................................................... 28 4.1. Urban Development and Transportation ........................................................................................ 28 4.1.1. Infrastructure development Status ......................................................................................... 28 4.1.2. Infrastructure Development Agencies and Personnel Structures ....................................... 40 4.1.3. Cross-border Issues ................................................................................................................. 42 4.1.4. Issues in Advancing Infrastructure development ................................................................. 43 4.1.5. Infrastructure Development Projects ..................................................................................... 48 4.1.6. Donor Activity Status .............................................................................................................. 54 4.2. Energy ................................................................................................................................................ 54 4.2.1. Infrastructure Development Status ........................................................................................ 54 4.2.2. Infrastructure development Agencies and Personnel Structure .......................................... 58 4.2.3. Cross-border Issues ................................................................................................................. 60 4.2.4. Issues in Advancing Infrastructure development ................................................................. 60 4.2.5. Infrastructure development Projects ...................................................................................... 61 4.2.6. Donor Activity Status .............................................................................................................. 62 4.3. Environment...................................................................................................................................... 63 4.3.1. Infrastructure development Status ......................................................................................... 63 4.3.2. Infrastructure development Agencies and Personnel Structure .......................................... 66 4.3.3. Cross-border Issues ................................................................................................................. 68 4.3.4. Issues in Advancing Infrastructure development ................................................................. 69 4.3.5. Infrastructure development Projects ...................................................................................... 72 4.3.6. Donor Activity Status .............................................................................................................. 74 4.4. Healthcare .......................................................................................................................................... 76 4.4.1. Infrastructure Development Status ........................................................................................ 76 4.4.2. Infrastructure Development Agencies ................................................................................... 81 4.4.3. Cross-border Issues ................................................................................................................. 82 4.4.4. Issues in Advancing Infrastructure development ................................................................. 83 4.4.5. Infrastructure development Projects ...................................................................................... 86 4.4.6. Donor Activity Status .............................................................................................................. 89 5. Japanese Company Activity Status in the Region .................................................................................. 92 5.1. Urban Development, Transportation and Traffic .......................................................................... 92 5.1.1. Japanese Company Activity Status ....................................................................................... 92 5.1.2. Japanese Company Service SWOT Analysis and Superior Subsectors ............................ 93 5.2. Energy .............................................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • I. Introduction 1
    I. Introduction 1. Introduction (1) Background of the Study Since her declaration of independence from the former Soviet Union (FSU) in 1991, the Azerbaijan economy stagnated and its unfavorable consequences can be observed in socio- economic sector. In the transport sector in Baku, operation and management problems of public transport, difficulty of new investment for transport facilities and insufficient rehabilitation and maintenance works are identified as such consequences. Although the rate of car ownership is not so high, some congested sections of road have already emerged in Baku. In the near future, the expansion and strengthening of the national economy is likely due to the rapid resource development programs implemented by the Government with very active private sector participation. In tandem with the growth of the economy, the expansion of car ownership rate is also expected. High dependency on vehicle traffic in the urban transport system will duly lead to undesirable road and environmental conditions of the city and inactivate urban activities through traffic congestion and parking problems. In many countries great efforts were exerted to cope with urban transport problems as a result of the high dependency on private vehicles. In Baku, the formulation of urban transport plan and efforts for its implementation is required at this moment to avoid similar urban transport problems occurring in many developed countries and to develop social and economic activities in harmony with the environment. Under these circumstances, the Japan International Cooperation Agency implemented "Project Formation Study" in the transport infrastructure sector in Baku in October 1998. On the basis of this study, the government of Azerbaijan requested to the government of Japan, the implementation of the Study on Urban Transport Improvement including the feasibility study on the selected projects in the City of Baku.
    [Show full text]
  • Nationwide March to Commemorate 27Th Anniversary of Khojaly
    A nationwide march has been held in Baku to commemorate the 27th anniversary of Khojaly genocide, one of the bloodiest crimes in the history of mankind. President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev, first lady Mehriban Aliyeva and family members attended the march. TheThe nationwide nationwide march, march, which which began began from from the the Azadlyg Azadlyg Square Square in inKhatai Khatai district, district, involves involves ten ten thousands thousands of of people.people. They They gathered gathered to to pay pay tribute tribute to to victims victims of of Khojaly Khojaly tragedy tragedy and and draw draw the the world world community`s community`s attention attention to to this this crime against humanity, which was committed by the Armenian fascists. WithWith President President Ilham Ilham Aliyev Aliyev and and first first lady lady Mehriban Mehriban Aliyeva Aliyeva in in the the front front row, row, the the marchers marchers started started moving moving in in thethe directiondirection ofof thethe KhojalyKhojaly memorialmemorial inin KhataiKhatai district.district. Thousands of young people gathered along the avenues and streets that the marchers are moving. They hold portraitsportraits of innocent of innocent victims victims of the of bloodythe bloody event event – slaughtered – slaughtered children, children, women women and andelders elders – photos – photos depicting depicting abominableabominable scenesscenes ofof slaughter,slaughter, placardsplacards demandingdemanding toto bringbring toto accountaccount andand
    [Show full text]
  • Ports and Logistics Scoping Study in CAREC Countries 3Rd Proof.Indd
    Ports and Logistics Scoping Study in CAREC Countries CAREC countries rely upon open-sea ports of third-party countries outside of their borders as conduits for their exports and imports. These open-sea ports are located mostly in non-CAREC countries and act as international oceanic trade nodes to connect CAREC freight moving on cross border railways, highways, inland sea shipping, and on river and canal barges. This Scoping Study analyses seaports and multimodal corridors serving CAREC landlocked countries. The purpose is to provide sufficient background to ports and logistics developments in the region and identify areas and potential activities that will require cooperation among CAREC countries and development partners within the framework of the CAREC Program. About the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Program is a partnership of 11 member countries and development partners working together to promote development through cooperation, leading to accelerated economic growth and poverty reduction. It is guided by the overarching vision of “Good Neighbors, Good Partners, and Good Prospects.” CAREC countries include Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, the People’s Republic of China, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. PORTS AND LOGISTICS SCOPING STUDY IN CAREC COUNTRIES FEBRUARy 2021 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines www.adb.org PORTS AND LOGISTICS SCOPING STUDY IN CAREC COUNTRIES FEBRUARy 2021 Contents Tables, Figures, and Boxes vi Preface viii Abbreviations ix Executive Summary xi 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Objective 1 1.2. Pertinence of a Ports and Logistics Scoping Study 1 1.3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Caucasus Globalization
    Volume 6 Issue 2 2012 1 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION INSTITUTE OF STRATEGIC STUDIES OF THE CAUCASUS THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies Conflicts in the Caucasus: History, Present, and Prospects for Resolution Special Issue Volume 6 Issue 2 2012 CA&CC Press® SWEDEN 2 Volume 6 Issue 2 2012 FOUNDEDTHE CAUCASUS AND& GLOBALIZATION PUBLISHED BY INSTITUTE OF STRATEGIC STUDIES OF THE CAUCASUS Registration number: M-770 Ministry of Justice of Azerbaijan Republic PUBLISHING HOUSE CA&CC Press® Sweden Registration number: 556699-5964 Registration number of the journal: 1218 Editorial Council Eldar Chairman of the Editorial Council (Baku) ISMAILOV Tel/fax: (994 12) 497 12 22 E-mail: [email protected] Kenan Executive Secretary (Baku) ALLAHVERDIEV Tel: (994 – 12) 596 11 73 E-mail: [email protected] Azer represents the journal in Russia (Moscow) SAFAROV Tel: (7 495) 937 77 27 E-mail: [email protected] Nodar represents the journal in Georgia (Tbilisi) KHADURI Tel: (995 32) 99 59 67 E-mail: [email protected] Ayca represents the journal in Turkey (Ankara) ERGUN Tel: (+90 312) 210 59 96 E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Board Nazim Editor-in-Chief (Azerbaijan) MUZAFFARLI Tel: (994 – 12) 510 32 52 E-mail: [email protected] (IMANOV) Vladimer Deputy Editor-in-Chief (Georgia) PAPAVA Tel: (995 – 32) 24 35 55 E-mail: [email protected] Akif Deputy Editor-in-Chief (Azerbaijan) ABDULLAEV Tel: (994 – 12) 596 11 73 E-mail: [email protected] Volume 6 IssueMembers 2 2012 of Editorial Board: 3 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION Zaza D.Sc.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No: 41755 - AZ PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT Public Disclosure Authorized ON A PROPOSED LOAN IN THE AMOUNT OF US$450 MILLION TO THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN FOR A Public Disclosure Authorized RAIL TRADE AND TRANSPORT FACILITATION PROJECT February 28,2008 Sustainable Development Department South Caucasus Country Unit Europe and Central Asia Region Public Disclosure Authorized This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUJYALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective October 1, 2007) Currency Unit = AZN (Azeri New Manats) AZN0.8531 = US$1 FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRl NYMS ACG Azeri-C hirag-Gunashli I IAS International Accounting Standards AC Alternating Current I IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ADB Asian Development Bank ICB International Competitive Bidding ADDY Azerbaijan Railway IDA International Development Association AZN Azerbaijan New Manat IF1 International Financial Institution BTC Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards CAPSAP Corporate and Public Sector IRR Internal Rate of Return Accountability Project CFAA Country Financial Accountability kPh Kilometer per hour Assessment CIS Commonwealth of Independent States LCS Least Cost Selection CPAR Country Procurement Assessment MED Ministry of Economic Development CPS
    [Show full text]
  • Improving the Sustainability of Road Management and Financing in Azerbaijan
    Report No. 66532-AZ Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized IMPROVING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF ROAD MANAGEMENT AND FINANCING IN AZERBAIJAN Public Disclosure Authorized OCTOBER 13, 2011 THE WORLD BANK Public Disclosure Authorized WASHINGTON, D.C. Abbreviations and Acronyms AADT Average Annual Daily Traffic AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ADB Asian Development Bank ARS AzerRoadService BOT Build-Operate-Transfer BRMAC Baku Road Maintenance and Advertisement Company EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ECA Europe and Central Asia EU European Union FIDIC International Federation of Consulting Engineers FWD Falling Weight Deflectometer GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GDP Gross Domestic Product GOA Government of Azerbaijan HDM-4 Highway Development and Management Model IDA International Development Agency IFI International Financial Institution IT Information Technology JSC Joint-Stock Company KM Kilometer M Roads Major Arterial roads MoED Ministry of Economic Development MOT Ministry of Transport NCC National Construction Council NTCC National Traffic Control Centre OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development O & M Operations and Maintenance PPP Public Private Partnership R Roads Minor Arterial Roads RAMS Road Asset Management System RMU Road Maintenance Unit RONET Road Network Evaluation Tools Model RTSD Road Transport Services Department SOFAZ State Oil Fund TRACECA Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia UK United Kingdom
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Final Presentation of EU – Funded Projects
    Final Presentation of EU – funded Projects “Motorways of the Sea for Black Sea and the Caspian Sea” “International Logistics Centres in Western NIS and Caucasus” “International Logistics Centres in Central Asia” “Strengthening of Transport Training Capacity in NIS countries” DRAFT AGENDA 9th – 12th February 2011 9th February 2011 – Arrival Day Arrival of the Participants Hotel Thon Hotel Brussels City Centre Avenue du Boulevard 17 1210 Brussels Tel: 0032 2 205 15 38 Fax: 0032 2 205 15 80 Arrival Dinner on behalf of the MoS / ILC projects at the Hotel 1st DAY – LOGISTICS AND MOTORWAYS OF THE SEA Venue: Charlemagne – ROOM Sicco Mansholt, Brussels 09:00 – 09:30 Opening Session Ms. Carmen Falkenberg, Head of Sector, DG DEVCO, Unit A.3 – Centralised Operations for Europe, the Mediterranean and the Middle East Mr. Pawel Stelmaszczyk, Head of Unit, DG MOVE, Unit B3 Transport Logistics, TEN-T and Co-modality Mr. Eduard Biriucov, Secretary General of the Intergovernmental Commission TRACECA - Purpose and objectives of the meeting - Adoption of Agenda 09:30 – 13:30 Session 1 – Logistics Centres in Western NIS and the Caucasus Chair: Ms. Carmen Falkenberg, Head of Sector, DG DEVCO, Unit A.3 – Centralised Operations for Europe, the Mediterranean and the Middle East 09:30 – 09:45 Final Presentation “Project Results and Lessons Learned” Mr. Andreas Schoen, Team Leader Mr. Eduard Biriucov Secretary General of the Intergovernmental Commission TRACECA Interventions by the countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine, Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania 1 09:45 –10:00 ILC at “Zvarnots” International Airport, Cargo Terminal – Mr. Gagik Grigoryan, National Secretary of Armenia and “Zvartnots” Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Energy Reserves, Pipeline Routes and the Legal Regime in the Caspian Sea
    3. Energy reserves, pipeline routes and the legal regime in the Caspian Sea John Roberts I. The energy reserves and production potential of the Caspian The issue of Caspian energy development has been dominated by four factors. The first is uncertain oil prices. These pose a challenge both to oilfield devel- opers and to the promoters of pipelines. The boom prices of 2000, coupled with supply shortages within the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), have made development of the resources of the Caspian area very attractive. By contrast, when oil prices hovered around the $10 per barrel level in late 1998 and early 1999, the price downturn threatened not only the viability of some of the more grandiose pipeline projects to carry Caspian oil to the outside world, but also the economics of basic oilfield exploration in the region. While there will be some fly-by-night operators who endeavour to secure swift returns in an era of high prices, the major energy developers, as well as the majority of smaller investors, will continue to predicate total production costs (including carriage to market) not exceeding $10–12 a barrel. The second is the geology and geography of the area. The importance of its geology was highlighted when two of the first four international consortia formed to look for oil in blocks off Azerbaijan where no wells had previously been drilled pulled out in the wake of poor results.1 The geography of the area involves the complex problem of export pipeline development and the chicken- and-egg question whether lack of pipelines is holding back oil and gas pro- duction or vice versa.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Public Disclosure Authorized AZERBAIJAN REPUBLIC MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT “AZERROADSERVICE” OJC Azerbaijan Highway Project II-Additional Financing IBRD Loan No. 7516 AZ Public Disclosure Authorized Upgrading of Baku-Shamakhi Road Section of Baku-Shamakhi- Yevlakh Road, preparation of Environmental Assessment and Environmental Management Plan Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized November 2013 Studi e Azerbaijan Republic – Ministry of Transport Pianificazione del Territorio “AZERROADSERVICE” OJC Table of contents 0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 4 0.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND AND PREVIOUS STUDIES ....................................................................................... 4 0.2 SCOPE OF THE PRESENT REPORT ............................................................................................................. 4 0.3 REPORT STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................................. 5 0.4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................................................... 5 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 PROJECT SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Azerbaijan 2017 Crime & Safety Report
    Azerbaijan 2017 Crime & Safety Report Overall Crime and Safety Situation U.S. Embassy Baku does not assume responsibility for the professional ability or integrity of the persons or firms appearing in this report. The ACS Unit cannot recommend a particular individual or location and assumes no responsibility for the quality of service provided. THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE HAS ASSESSED BAKU AS BEING A MEDIUM-THREAT LOCATION FOR CRIME DIRECTED AT OR AFFECTING OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT INTERESTS. Please review OSAC’s Azerbaijan-specific webpage for proprietary analytic reports, Consular Messages, and contact information. Crime Threats Criminal acts committed against foreigners are infrequent in Baku. The majority of reported crimes involve Azerbaijani citizens, with burglary and assault being the most common. Late- night targeted attacks against lone men are the most common crimes perpetrated against foreigners. Petty thefts (pickpocketing), while not common, are sometimes perpetrated against foreigners in Baku. Expatriates are at greater risk of being victims of petty crime in areas that attract large crowds or are very isolated. Some U.S. citizens, most commonly males, have reported being victims of certain scams in bars frequented by Westerners. Commonly, a male patron is approached by a young woman who asks him to buy her a drink. After buying the woman a drink and conversing, the male is presented with a bill for 375 AZN (approximately US$200). When he protests, he is approached by several men, detained, and forced to pay the full amount under threat of physical violence. Some women have reported incidents of unwanted male attention, including groping and other inappropriate behavior while walking on the streets alone and when taking taxis.
    [Show full text]
  • Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention Against
    United Nations CTOC/COP/WG.4/2015/INF/1/Rev.1 Conference of the Parties to the Distr.: General 26 November 2015 United Nations Convention against Transnational English/French/Spanish Organized Crime Working Group on Trafficking in Persons Vienna, 16-18 November 2015 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS States Parties Afghanistan Ayoob M. ERFANI, Ambassador, Permanent Representative, Permanent Mission to the United Nations, Vienna Hassan SOROOSH, Counsellor, Permanent Mission to the United Nations, Vienna Waheed AMIN, Second Secretary, Permanent Mission to the United Nations, Vienna Algeria Mohamed BENHOCINE, Ambassadeur, Représentant Permanent, Mission permanente auprès des Nations Unies, Vienne Billel HASSANI, Attaché, Mission permanente auprès des Nations Unies, Vienne Angola Maria DE JESUS FERREIRA, Ambassador, Permanent Representative, Permanent Mission to the United Nations, Vienna Mariano JOAO BAPTISTA, Minister Counsellor, Permanent Mission to the United Nations, Vienna Teresa Manuel BENTO DA SILVA, First Secretary, Permanent Mission to the United Nations, Vienna Paulo Nicolau CANDEIA, Second Secretary, Permanent Mission to the United Nations, Vienna Argentina Jorge Mariano JORDAN, Consejero, Representante Permanente Alterno, Misión Permanente ante las Naciones Unidas, Viena Armenia Areg HOVHANNISIAN, Deputy Permanent Representative, Permanent Mission to the United Nations, Vienna Lusine HAKOBYAN, Second Secretary, Human Rights and Humanitarian Issues Division Lena TERZIKYAN, Alternate Permanent Representative, Second Secretary, Permanent Mission
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Urban Mobility and Public Transport in Unece Capitals
    UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN UNECE CAPITALS UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN UNECE CAPITALS This publication is part of the Transport Trends and Economics Series (WP.5) New York and Geneva, 2015 ©2015 United Nations All rights reserved worldwide Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright Clearance Center at copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications, 300 East 42nd St, New York, NY 10017, United States of America. Email: [email protected]; website: un.org/publications United Nations’ publication issued by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Maps and country reports are only for information purposes. Acknowledgements The study was prepared by Mr. Konstantinos Alexopoulos and Mr. Lukasz Wyrowski. The authors worked under the guidance of and benefited from significant contributions by Dr. Eva Molnar, Director of UNECE Sustainable Transport Division and Mr. Miodrag Pesut, Chief of Transport Facilitation and Economics Section. ECE/TRANS/245 Transport in UNECE The UNECE Sustainable Transport Division is the secretariat of the Inland Transport Committee (ITC) and the ECOSOC Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals.
    [Show full text]