Morální Aspekty Zvířat Jako Majetku Z Pohledu Druhové Nadřazenosti

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Morální Aspekty Zvířat Jako Majetku Z Pohledu Druhové Nadřazenosti Masarykova univerzita Fakulta sociálních studií Katedra environmentálních studií Bakalářská práce obor humanitní environmentalistika ¨ Morální aspekty zvířat jako majetku z pohledu druhové nadřazenosti Vypracoval: Jan Makeš Vedoucí práce: doc. Mgr. Bohuslav Binka, Ph.D. Brno 2015 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně s použitím literatury a pramenů uvedených v bibliografii. ………………………………….. V Brně 18. května 2015 2 Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval vedoucí práce doc. Mgr. Bohuslavu Binkovi, Ph.D. za toleranci. Také bych zde rád poděkoval mamince a tatínkovi, také bych rád poděkoval za chmel a všem přátelům za podněty. 3 Obsah Úvod ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 Cíl práce a metodika práce ................................................................................................................... 8 Teorie morálního statusu ...................................................................................................................... 9 Morální status ................................................................................................................................... 9 Morální význam, morální důležitost .............................................................................................. 10 Morální status a plný morální status .............................................................................................. 12 Kritika konceptu morálního statusu ............................................................................................... 13 Teorie morálního statusu u zvířat....................................................................................................... 14 Teorie racionálního jednání ........................................................................................................... 16 Teorie humanity ............................................................................................................................. 17 Etika země ...................................................................................................................................... 17 Teorie úcty k životu ....................................................................................................................... 18 Teorie úrovně bytí .......................................................................................................................... 19 Teorie subjektu života .................................................................................................................... 20 Závěr .............................................................................................................................................. 21 Utilitarismus a preferenční utilitarismus ............................................................................................ 22 Utilitarismus ................................................................................................................................... 22 Kritika utilitarismu ......................................................................................................................... 23 Preferenční utilitarismus ................................................................................................................ 24 Praktická etika Petera Singera ........................................................................................................ 24 Kritika preferenčního utilitarismu .................................................................................................. 26 Druhová nadřazenost...................................................................................................................... 28 Termín druhová nadřazenost ...................................................................................................... 28 Zacházení znevýhodňující a zacházení rozdílné ........................................................................ 31 Klasifikace druhové nadřazenosti .................................................................................................. 31 Závěr .............................................................................................................................................. 34 Vlastnictví .......................................................................................................................................... 35 Vlastnictví a majetek ...................................................................................................................... 35 Vlastnění zvířat .............................................................................................................................. 35 Vlastnictví podle Lockea ............................................................................................................... 36 Vlastnictví podle Smitha ................................................................................................................ 37 Vlastnictví podle Schumachera ...................................................................................................... 38 Mód bytí a mód vlastnění........................................................................................................... 40 Závěr .............................................................................................................................................. 42 Závěrečné shrnutí ............................................................................................................................... 43 Jmenný rejstřík ................................................................................................................................... 44 Použitá literatura ................................................................................................................................ 45 4 5 Úvod Vztah člověka a zvířete se v západní společnosti dynamicky vyvíjí v mnoha směrech. Spotřeba masa v rozvinutých západních zemích spíše klesá, narůstá tlak na zlepšení zacházení se zvířaty ve velkochovech, omezují se býčí zápasy a v mnoha případech se v myšlení západní společnosti objevuje otázka statusu čtvernožců ve společnosti. Aktivisté za práva zvířat chtějí zlepšit podmínky zacházení a i celkově se vztah lidí za poslední desítky let vlivem mnoha civilizačních jevů mění. Některé zájmové skupiny aktivistů pro práva zvířat se v jisté míře snaží zvířata lidem z morálního hlediska přiblížit tak, aby měla stejné postavení a některá práva stejná jako člověk. Minimálně právo na život a právo na důstojné zacházení. V posledních desetiletích se téma vztahu zvířat a lidí stalo velmi populárním a vzniká mnoho publikací zaměřených tímto směrem. Některé jsou bestsellery známé široké veřejnosti, některé výtečnými vědeckými pracemi hodnotnými pro význam i badatelskou hloubku, jiné slouží jako užitečný zdroj argumentů pro specifické skupiny čtenářů hledajících stanoviska potvrzení svých názorů.1 Nejznámějším autorem bojujícím na straně zvířat je pravděpodobně Peter Singer zavádějící v Osvobození zvířat (Singer 2001) pojem druhové nadřazenosti mezi širokou veřejnost a v knize Practical Ethic (Singer 1993) rozvíjející teorii preferenčního utilitarismu aplikovanou do praxe. Dalším teoretikem bojujícím perem za osvobození zvířat je Gary L.Francione. V závěru knihy Animals, Property and the Law (Francione 1995) analyzuje vlastnění zvířat z hlediska zákona a přichází s tvrzením, že zákony na ochranu zvířat neposkytují zvířatům významnou ochranu, protože zvířata jsou lidským majetkem. Zvíře je podle závěrů jeho analýzy věcí s vnější nebo podmíněnou hodnotou. Speciální povinnosti lidí vycházející ze zákona sice zamezují krutému zacházení jako je týrání, jednání končící bolestivou smrtí nebo utrpením zvířete, na druhou stranu jsou zvířata pořád jen prostředkem lidským cílům, komodity a v každodenní rovině zůstávají bez vnitřní hodnoty. Jejich ochrana je postavena na základech fungujících pouze do míry prospívající člověku. Status zvířat v zákonu jako majetku podle Franciona hovoří silně proti jakékoliv možnosti výrazného zlepšení lidského chování. Ochrana zvířat nebo koncept welfare pouze zaštiťuje proces přeměňující vykořisťování zvířat na ekonomicky efektivnější a společností akceptovatelnější a proto je takový koncept zacházení jen těžko obhajitelný pro zastánce 1 V ČR může z mnoha titulů zaujmout Stanislav Komárek v Ochlupených bližních (Komárek 2011) zaměřující se na kontexty vztahu člověka a zvířete v současnosti i v minulosti z kulturního hlediska nebo Tereza Vandrovcová s Zvíře jako pokusný objekt (Vandrovcová 2011) píšící o vztazích zvířat v laboratořích a člověka ze sociologického hlediska. Ve světě zaujme zase Boria Sax ve Zvířatech ve třetí říši (Sax B. 2003) kde z historického pohledu analyzuje vazby mezi zacházení se zvířaty a s lidmi v Německu za války. Ještě více se pak do hledání paralel mezi nacistickými zločiny a současným chováním lidí ke zvířatům zabývá Charles Patterson ve Věčné Treblince (Petterson 2003). O inovativní návrh politické agendy se pokouší Donaldson a Kymlicka v knize Zoopolis : A Political Theory of Animal Rights (Donaldson a Kymlicka 2011). 6 rovnoprávnosti. Zvířata jsou ve vlastnictví lidí z nejrůznějších důvodů. Jsou společníky, jsou jídlem a ošacením, nebo jídlo a ošacení vytvářejí. Jezdí se na nich či s nimi na závodech, testují se na nich léky a kosmetika, dají se vystavit v zoologické zahradě či cirkusu, po smrti se můžou vycpat do učebny
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