DOCSLIB.ORG

Final Conceptual Restoration Plan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Final Conceptual Restoration Plan Conceptual Restoration Plan and Cumulative Effects Analysis, Rio Grande—Caballo Dam to American Dam, New Mexico and Texas Prepared for: United States Section International Boundary and Water Commission (USIBWC) Under (MOU) IBM 92-21, IWO No. 31 Prepared by: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Albuquerque District Fort Collins, Colorado Nutrioso, Arizona March 5, 2009 08Table of Contents Page 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 1.1 1.1. Project Objectives .............................................................................................. 1.1 1.2. Scope of Work.................................................................................................... 1.1 2. SUMMARY OF BASELINE CONDITIONS..................................................................... 2.1 2.1. Baseline Geomorphology ................................................................................... 2.1 2.2. Baseline Hydrologic Analysis ............................................................................. 2.3 2.3. Baseline FLO-2D Hydraulic Analysis.................................................................. 2.7 2.4. Baseline Sediment-continuity Analysis............................................................. 2.10 2.5. Baseline Ecological Conditions ........................................................................ 2.12 2.5.1. General .................................................................................................... 2.12 2.5.2. Functions of Riparian and Wetland Vegetation........................................ 2.14 2.5.3. Plant Communities Within the Study Area ............................................... 2.16 2.5.4. Relative Habitat Value.............................................................................. 2.18 2.6. Implications for Restoration Potential............................................................... 2.20 3. EVALUATION OF RESTORATION POTENTIAL........................................................... 3.1 3.1. Restoration Objectives ....................................................................................... 3.1 3.2. Restoration Implementation Methods................................................................. 3.3 3.3. Selection and Modeling of Potential Restoration Flows ................................... 3.10 4. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF RGCP RESTORATION SITES............................ 4.1 4.1. Site Selection Criteria......................................................................................... 4.1 4.2. Preliminary Site Evaluation ................................................................................ 4.1 4.3. Site Selection ..................................................................................................... 4.2 4.4. Analysis of Restoration Site Design Techniques................................................ 4.2 4.5. Individual Site Prescriptions and Analysis.......................................................... 4.6 5. CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ANALYSIS ............................................................................ 5.1 5.1. Modifications to FLO-2D Model to Simulate Cumulative Effects........................ 5.1 5.2. Effects on Cumulative Water Losses ................................................................. 5.3 5.2.1. Impact on Losses During Operational and Restoration Flow Releases..... 5.3 5.2.2. Net Change in Annual ET Loss.................................................................. 5.6 5.3. Effects on 10- and 100-year Floods ................................................................... 5.6 5.4. Potential Long-term Channel Impacts ................................................................ 5.8 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS................................................................................. 6.1 7. REFERENCES............................................................................................................... 7.1 Conceptual Restoration Plan and i Cumulative Effects Analysis, Rio Grande—Caballo Dam to American Dam, New Mexico and Texas APPENDIX A: Brief Overview of the RGCP FLO-2D Model ....................................................A.1 APPENDIX B: Baseline Conditions Inundation Locations .......................................................B.1 List of Figures Figure 1.1. Map showing the location of the Rio Grande Canalization Project..................... 1.2 Figure 2.1. Pre-canalization, 1943 design and 2004 thalweg profiles of the RGCP. Also shown are the changes in elevation between the pre-canalization and 1943 profiles (green line) and between the 1943 profile and the 2004 profile (red line). ................................................................................................. 2.4 Figure 2.2. Longitudinal profile of D50 and D84 sediment sizes collected by MEI, Tetra Tech, and RTI. .......................................................................................... 2.5 Figure 2.3. Variation in median (50-percent exceedence), 10-percent exceedence, and 90-percent exceedence flows along the study reach for the period from WY1975 through WY2006.................................................................................. 2.6 Figure 2.4. Computed flood-frequency curve for the Rio Grande at El Paso gage and maximum mean daily flows for the Rio Grande gages below Caballo, Leasburg, and at El Paso. .................................................................................. 2.8 Figure 2.5. Predicted area of inundation for the range of potential restoration release with and without the diversion operating at their typical levels........................... 2.9 Figure 2.6. Comparison of average annual supply and bed-material transport capacity for each subreach............................................................................................. 2.11 Figure 2.7. Estimated average annual aggradation/degradation depths for each subreach........................................................................................................... 2.11 Figure 2.8. Comparison of current channel and historic streambeds in the Upper Mesilla Valley (from Parsons, 2003)............................................................................. 2.13 Figure 3.1. Conceptual design for check structure and turnout to provide overbank irrigation adjacent to irrigation wasteways and drains........................................ 3.7 Figure 3.2. Median mean daily flows at Rio Grande at Caballo gage (USGS Gage No. 08362500) and the Rio Grande at El Paso gage (EBID gage) for the periods from WY1938 through WY2006 and WY1975 through WY2006...................... 3.11 Figure 3.3. Maximum mean daily flow release from Caballo Dam in the primary and secondary target restoration release windows during the period from WY1951 through WY2007................................................................................ 3.12 Figure 3.4 Recorded Caballo Dam releases during 1951. No augmentation is shown, but augmentation is possible within the spring window.................................... 3.14 Figure 3.5. Recorded Caballo Dam releases during 1955. Dry year with no augmentation.................................................................................................... 3.14 Figure 3.6. Recorded Caballo Dam releases during 1987. Highest target restoration flow was met; no augmentation is necessary................................................... 3.15 Figure 3.7. Recorded Caballo Dam releases during 1958. Wet year, in which augmentation is possible within the target period............................................. 3.15 Conceptual Restoration Plan and ii Cumulative Effects Analysis, Rio Grande—Caballo Dam to American Dam, New Mexico and Texas Figure 3.8. Maximum historical flow during the primary restoration release window and the flow augmentation required to meet the restoration objectives for a target release of 2,250 cfs........................................................................ 3.16 Figure 3.9. Maximum historical flow during the primary restoration release window and the flow augmentation required to meet the restoration objectives for a target release of 3,500 cfs........................................................................ 3.16 Figure 3.10. Average volume of augmentation flows per event............................................ 3.17 Figure 3.11. Average annual volume of augmentation flows over the 57 years on which the analysis was based. ......................................................................... 3.17 Figure 4.1. Trujillo restoration site. ......................................................................................4.7 Figure 4.2. Jaralosa restoration site. .................................................................................. 4.10 Figure 4.3. Yeso Arroyo Restoration site showing the channel alignment and boundaries of the tributary mouth bar at maximum anticipated channel migration........................................................................................................... 4.13 Figure 4.4. Yeso East restoration site. ............................................................................... 4.15 Figure 4.5. Yeso West restoration site................................................................................ 4.18 Figure 4.6. Existing (left) and restored (right) Inset floodplain cross sections ................... 4.19 Figure 4.7. Crow Canyon A restoration site.......................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE RIO GRANDE Inside: Putting the Pieces Together on This Important Binational Water Source
    Winter 2021 THE RIO GRANDE Inside: Putting the pieces together on this important binational water source Texas A&M AgriLife Research Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service Texas A&M University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Message from Assistant Director of TWRI, Allen Berthold Published by Texas Water Resources Institute Editor Working to make Kerry Halladay Texas Water Resources Institute every drop count Art Direction When you think about the Rio Grande, what comes to mind? The songs written about it? The cultures surrounding it? That it’s a physical border between two Audrey Guidry countries? The growing populations on both sides of the border that rely on that Texas A&M AgriLife Marketing water? The fact that in recent history it hasn’t reached the Gulf of Mexico? Or and Communications maybe it seems like some mystical landmark you only hear about on the news? Whatever your thoughts, the Rio Grande is an extremely important landmark, Assistant Editors resource and cultural icon in our history. Wars have been fought over using it as a border. There have been battles in courtrooms over allocation of its water. There is Danielle Kalisek a strong sense of culture and pride among those who live within close proximity Sarah Richardson of it. All viewpoints on the importance of the Rio Grande are valid, but they also present some unique challenges and have caused the river to be classified as one C hantal C ough-Schulze of the top most endangered American and world rivers according to the World Ava English Texas Water Resources Institute Wildlife Fund.
    [Show full text]
  • Leasburg Diversion Dam Flows Along the Rio Grande River About a Mile and a Half Northwest of Fort Selden Historic Site
    H. Davis with the U.S. military was Explore History, Where It Happened surveying the area for use as a military Visit New Mexico Historic Sites and explore the state’s most important places. post. These seven historic sites and one historic property highlight the traditions and Today, the Diversion Dam is part of culture of New Mexico. It is an experience LEASBURG Leasburg Dam State Park, designated a you won’t forget. state park in 1971. DIVERSION DAM Help Preserve Fort Selden Help us preserve Fort Selden by becoming a site volunteer or by making a designated gift to the Museum of NM Foundation for the Fort’s preservation and interpretation. 100% of your gifts will be used to support Fort Selden. Become a Friend of Fort Selden Join other community members as we work to form a non-profit group to support the Fort. Call us for more information at 575-202-1638. The Leasburg Diversion Dam flows along the Rio Grande River about a mile and a half northwest of Fort Selden Historic Site. This diversion dam is vitally important to the region because water is one of New Mexico’s most important commodities. For thousands of years the Rio Grande has been a source of water for travelers, settlers, and livestock and provided water for crop irrigation. Fort Selden Historic Site However, the Rio Grande is an extremely powerful force of nature. It 1280 Ft. Selden Rd. Radium Springs, NM 88054 is a naturally moving river whose path changes on an almost yearly basis. Phone (575) 526-8911 Regional Office: (575) 202-1638 nmhistoricsites.org In the mid-19th century, settlers in the two flood controls in Picacho North and through to the Juarez Valley can have Upper Mesilla Valley were looking for Picacho South; and diversion dams access to water when needed.
    [Show full text]
  • Rio Grande Project
    Rio Grande Project Robert Autobee Bureau of Reclamation 1994 Table of Contents Rio Grande Project.............................................................2 Project Location.........................................................2 Historic Setting .........................................................3 Project Authorization.....................................................6 Construction History .....................................................7 Post-Construction History................................................15 Settlement of the Project .................................................19 Uses of Project Water ...................................................22 Conclusion............................................................25 Suggested Readings ...........................................................25 About the Author .............................................................25 Bibliography ................................................................27 Manuscript and Archival Collections .......................................27 Government Documents .................................................27 Articles...............................................................27 Books ................................................................29 Newspapers ...........................................................29 Other Sources..........................................................29 Index ......................................................................30 1 Rio Grande Project At the twentieth
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar Year 2016 Report to the Rio Grande Compact Commission
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Law of the Rio Chama The Utton Transboundary Resources Center 2016 Calendar Year 2016 Report to the Rio Grande Compact Commission Dick Wolfe Colorado Tom Blaine New Mexico Patrick R. Gordon Texas Hal Simpson Federal Chairman Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/uc_rio_chama Recommended Citation Wolfe, Dick; Tom Blaine; Patrick R. Gordon; and Hal Simpson. "Calendar Year 2016 Report to the Rio Grande Compact Commission." (2016). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/uc_rio_chama/72 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the The Utton Transboundary Resources Center at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Law of the Rio Chama by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Calendar Year 2016 Report to the Rio Grande Compact Commission Colorado New Mexico Texas Dick Wolfe Tom Blaine Patrick R. Gordon Federal Chairman Hal Simpson U. S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Albuquerque Area Office Albuquerque, New Mexico March 2017 MISSION STATEMENTS The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nation's natural resources and cultural heritage; provides scientific and other information about those resources; and honors its trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians, Alaska Natives, and affiliated island communities. The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. Cover photo – Overbank flow at habitat restoration site on the Sevilleta NWR during 2016 spring pulse (Dustin Armstrong, Reclamation) Calendar Year 2016 Report to the Rio Grande Compact Commission U.
    [Show full text]
  • Rio Grande Project
    RIO GRANDE PROJECT El Paso Field Division 10737 Gateway Blvd. West, Suite 350 El Paso, TX 79935 U. S Dept. of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation RIO GRANDE PROJECT CURRENT HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS OF UPPER RIO GRANDE BASIN U. S Dept. of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation ALBUQUERQUE AREA OFFICE BUREAU OF RECLAMATION ~ I CO ·· - ·· - ·· AZ:NM I • AMARILLO RIO GRANDE PROJECT MEXICO %OF AVG. SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT vs TIME %OF AVG. SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT vs TIME Upper Rio Grande Basin (Basin Avg.) Rio Chama Basin (Basin Avg.) 600 ~-----------------., 140 ...--:-------------:--;:--:-;:-=--~ w ~500 .------------~ ~ 120 ~~-------~~~~ ~ Avg=Avgo ~400 #---------------~~~~ ~ 100 ~H*--~.----~~=-~ ~ Avg=Avg o w 9SNOTEL 4 SNOTEL ~300 ~-----------~ Sites ~ 8o ~UW~~.J~~~----~ ~ 60 ~~~~----~~--~ Sites ~200 rr~----------~ 0 40 ~-----------~ ~ ~100 ~~~~~""~~~-----~ 20 ~-----------~ o ~~~~~TITITTI~~~~Trrrrrn 10/1 11/6 12/18 1/29 3/12 4/23 6/4 7/16 10/1 11/6 12/18 1/29 3/12 4/23 6/4 7/16 OCT. 01,2006 to APR. 30,2007 OCT. 01,2006 to APR. 30,2007 %OF AVG. SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT vs TIME %OF AVG. SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT vs TIME Sangre de Cristo Mtn Basins (Basin Avg.) Jemez River Basin (Basin Avg.) 160 ...-----------------., w 140 +-----~------~ ~ 120 ~---~~~~-~--~ w 120 ...-------~--~-----------­ ~ Avg=Avgo ~ 100 ~------~1r~r---~~~~ ffi 100 +--+--~----+-~------~ ~ Avg=Avgo ~ 80 ~~~-~---~---~ 9SNOTEL ffi 80 +------1~----r---------­ Sites 3 SNOTEL ~ 60 ~~~~-----~==~~ ~ 60 ~----~------~---------­ Sites ~ 40 ++~~~-----~~-"~ o~ 40 ~~r-~------~~-------­ 20 ++--------~~~~ ~ 20 ~~~~--------+--------- o ~~~~~~~~~~~~nTM o ~~~~~~~ITTI~ITnTITITTITIT 10/1 11/6 12/18 1/29 3/12 4/23 6/4 7/16 10/1 11 /6 12/18 1/29 3/12 4/23 6/4 7/16 OCT.
    [Show full text]
  • Rio Grande Project Operating Agreement: Supplemental Environmental Assessment
    Rio Grande Project Operating Agreement: Supplemental Environmental Assessment Jim Wilber Albuquerque Area Office Bert Cortez August 2, 2013 El Paso Field Division Project Operations: 1916 - 1979 • From Project initiation in 1916 through 1979, Reclamation operated the full Rio Grande Project irrigation system in New Mexico and Texas. • Reclamation allotted water to project lands by acre, and delivered water from storage to farm gates. 2 Project Operations: 1980 - 2007 • In 1980, specified operations were Project Storage transferred from Reclamation to EBID and EPCWID. • Since 1980, Reclamation has Diversions to allocated water to Diversions to EP#1 (TX) EBID (NM) – 69,010 Acres districts and Mexico 90,640 Acres and delivered water to river head gates Diversions to Mexico rather than to project lands. Project Water Allocations to Irrigation Districts • Project Allocations to the Districts have been made: • in accordance with the proportion of land in each District, • taking into account the Project delivery efficiency, as defined by the “D2 curve”. The “D2 curve” represents the historical relationship 57% of [GrossD2–Mexico] between releases from Caballo and total 43% of [GrossD2–Mexico] project diversions Mexico allocation calculated4 per Treaty of 1906 Origin of the Operating Agreement • Reclamation, EBID and EPCWID signed contracts in 1979/1980 that required them to create a mutually agreeable “detailed operational plan…setting forth procedures for water delivery and accounting.” • Parties agreed upon operating procedures and in 2008 signed an Operating Agreement that will be in effect until 2050. • The Operating Agreement resolves decades of litigation, and is in compliance with a legal settlement related to some of the District’s concerns.
    [Show full text]
  • Lead and Arsenic Contamination by a Smelter Plant Located in the Mexico-USA Boundary Area
    Lead and Arsenic Contamination by a Smelter Plant Located in the Mexico-USA Boundary Area F.E. Porras Hernández 1, M.T. Alarcón Herrera 2, A. Granados Olivas 1, and I.R. Martin Domínguez 2. 1Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez (UACJ), Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Ave of Charro 450 North Ciudad Juárez, México 2Environment and Energy Department, Advanced Materials Research Center (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico Key Words: contamination, soil, arsenic, lead, smelting Summary The ASARCO smelter, located in El Paso del Norte border region between Chihuahua (Mexico) and Texas and New Mexico (United States of America), was working for approximately 100 years, mainly in the casting of metals. The direct impacts to soil and water due to the emissions coming out from the smelter are considered in this study. It is assumed that during the period of its operation, the plant continuously released lead, cadmium and arsenic to the atmosphere. This research is limited to an area enclosed in 5 km-perimeter circle, Ciudad Juarez included. A geospatial analysis, using a digital-thematic cartography, is presented. The types of soil in the area of interest included variables such as: geology, topography, surface hydrology and regional climate. Taking the main chimney of the smelter as a center, the study area is enclosed into concentric circles with radii that range from 500 m up to 5000 m. Within this area, 160 soil samples of 0.60 m depth and 160 soil samples of 0.05 m were collected. The lab analysis of the samples showed that after the closing of the plant, 10 years ago, the pollution of soil by arsenic and lead still remains in some points near the main Chimney.
    [Show full text]
  • El Paso Del Norte: a Cultural Landscape History of the Oñate Crossing on the Camino Real De Tierra Adentro 1598 –1983, Ciudad Juárez and El Paso , Texas, U.S.A
    El Paso del Norte: A Cultural Landscape History of the Oñate Crossing on the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 1598 –1983, Ciudad Juárez and El Paso , Texas, U.S.A. By Rachel Feit, Heather Stettler and Cherise Bell Principal Investigators: Deborah Dobson-Brown and Rachel Feit Prepared for the National Park Service- National Trails Intermountain Region Contract GS10F0326N August 2018 EL PASO DEL NORTE: A CULTURAL LANDSCAPE HISTORY OF THE OÑATE CROSSING ON THE CAMINO REAL DE TIERRA ADENTRO 1598–1893, CIUDAD JUÁREZ, MEXICO AND EL PASO, TEXAS U.S.A. by Rachel Feit, Heather Stettler, and Cherise Bell Principal Investigators: Deborah Dobson-Brown and Rachel Feit Draft by Austin, Texas AUGUST 2018 © 2018 by AmaTerra Environmental, Inc. 4009 Banister Lane, Suite 300 Austin, Texas 78704 Technical Report No. 247 AmaTerra Project No. 064-009 Cover photo: Hart’s Mill ca. 1854 (source: El Paso Community Foundation) and Leon Trousset Painting of Ciudad Juárez looking toward El Paso (source: The Trousset Family Online 2017) Table of Contents Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Oñate Crossing in Context .............................................................................................................. 1 .....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Geomorphology and American Dams: the Scientific, Social, and Economic Context
    Geomorphology 71 (2005) 3–26 www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph Geomorphology and American dams: The scientific, social, and economic context William L. Graf Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA Received 13 November 2002; received in revised form 11 May 2004; accepted 12 May 2004 Available online 31 May 2005 Abstract American geomorphologic research related to dams is embedded in a complicated context of science, policy, economics, and culture. Research into the downstream effects of large dams has progressed to the point of theory-building, but generalization and theory-building are from this research because (1) it is highly focused on a few locations, (2) it concerns mostly very large dams rather than a representative sample of sizes, (3) the available record of effects is too short to inform us on long-term changes, (4) the reversibility of changes imposed by dam installation and operation is unknown, and (5) coordinated funding for the needed research is scarce. In the scientific context, present research is embedded in a history of geomorphology in government service, with indistinct boundaries between bbasic and appliedQ research. The federal policy that most strongly influences present geomorphological investigations connected with dams is related to habitat for endangered species, because the biological aspects of ecosystems are directly dependent on the substrate formed by the sediments and landforms that are influenced by dams. The economic context for research includes large amounts of public funds for river restoration, along with substantial private investments in dams; and geomorphology is central to these expensive issues. The cultural context for research is highly contentious and dominated by advocacy procedures that include intense scrutiny of any geomorphologic research related to dams.
    [Show full text]
  • Baseline Report Rio Grande-Caballo Dam to American Dam FLO-2D Modeling, New Mexico and Texas
    Baseline Report Rio Grande-Caballo Dam to American Dam FLO-2D Modeling, New Mexico and Texas Prepared for: United States Section International Boundary and Water Commission (USIBWC) Under IBM 92-21, Task IWO #31 Prepared by: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Prime Contractor) Albuquerque District Subcontractors: Mussetter Engineering, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado Riada Engineering, Inc., Nutruiso, Arizona September 4, 2007 Table of Contents Page 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1.1 1.1. Project Objectives ......................................................................................................1.1 1.2. Scope of Work............................................................................................................1.1 1.3. Authorization ..............................................................................................................1.3 2. GEOMORPHOLOGY..........................................................................................................2.1 2.1. Background ................................................................................................................2.1 2.2. Pre-Canalization Conditions.......................................................................................2.1 2.3. Canalization Project ...................................................................................................2.1 2.4. Subreach Delineation.................................................................................................2.3
    [Show full text]
  • Dam Safety in the United States: a Progress Report on the National
    NDSP_Biennial_06-07.qxp 3/9/2009 10:30 AM Page c1 Dam Safety in the United States A Progress Report on the National Dam Safety Program Fiscal Years 2006 and 2007 FEMA P–759/February 2009 NDSP_Biennial_06-07.qxp 3/9/2009 10:30 AM Page c2 Cover photo courtesy: Folsom Dam, CA Bureau of Reclamation NDSP_Biennial_06-07.qxp 3/9/2009 10:30 AM Page i Preface Dams are a vital part of our Nation’s infrastructure, • encourage acceptable engineering policies and providing economic, environmental, and social benefits, procedures to be used for dam site investigation, i including hydroelectric power, river navigation, water design, construction, operation and maintenance, and supply, wildlife habitat, waste management, flood control, emergency preparedness; and recreation.The benefits of dams, however, are countered by the risks they can present. In the event of a • encourage the establishment and implementation of dam failure, the potential energy of the water stored behind effective dam safety programs in each state based on even a small dam is capable of causing loss of life, state standards; significant property damage, and an extended period of denial of the services dams provide. • develop and encourage public awareness projects to increase public acceptance and support of state dam For almost 30 years, reducing the risk of dam failure has safety programs; been the cornerstone and driving force of the National Dam Safety Program.The purpose of the National Dam • develop technical assistance materials for federal and Safety Program, as expressed
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    Application of a ground-water flow model to the Mesilla Basin, New Mexico and Texas Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Hamilton, Susan Lynne, 1964- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 10:15:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278362 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book.
    [Show full text]