CIS News Migration and Multiculturalism 2015 I Annual Edition, No. 25

Center for Comparative and Internationa­l Studies (CIS)

Editorial CIS Director Marco Steenbergen

If I had to name a political issue that put its stamp on 2014, “principles of justice that intuitively resonate with a majority migration would be high on my list. Conflicts in Syria and of the population.” elsewhere have set in motion a continuing stream of asylum seekers, which in turn have contributed to an increasingly The essay by Nenad Stojanovic focuses on the descriptive heated debate about the question of who should take care representation of migrants and minorities. It is well known of them. In the United States, immigration has been an that minorities are often underrepresented in legislative important topic, one that is likely to carry over into the institutions. Stojanovic explores whether this is also true next presidential elections. In Europe we have seen the in Switzerland and to what extent this can be considered a rise of populist parties who question not only the influx of function of ‘’racism.’’ migrants from outside the EU but also internal migration. The success of parties like UKIP and the FN in the elections The remaining essays take up the question of citizenship. for the European parliament has shown the potency of anti- Rebecca Welge and Antoinette Scherz explore the topic of immigrant sentiments alongside Euroskeptic tendencies. European citizenship, which is held by all EU citizens in Still closer to home, the Masseneinwanderungsinitiative was addition to their respective nationalities. They ask to what passed in Switzerland on February 9, 2014. extent European citizenship, which is guaranteed by the EU treaties, actually works? Finally, Johan Rochel approaches At CIS Zurich, the importance of the theme has not gone the question of citizenship from a philosophical perspective. unnoticed. Hence, I am proud to present this Newsletter, He explores the position, taken by some prominent which is dedicated to the topics of migration and philosophers, that anyone who is being subjected to the multiculturalism. In five essays, colleagues speak to some coercion of the state should also have the right to influence of the most central questions of the migration debate. Daniel this coercion. When we accept this position, any migrant who Bochsler, assistant professor of comparative politics with pays taxes could claim the political rights associated with an emphasis on democratization, probes the question of citizenship. But it may be important to distinguish coercion whether the Swiss model, often hailed for its power to include from being affected by laws. After all, most of us are affected minorities, is really capable of serving multiculturalism. by U.S. policies but it is not clear that this should give us Summarizing research from his current research project, American citizenship rights. he dispenses with four myths about the power of Swiss political institutions to provide a multi-cultural solution. Also The essays in this Newsletter show that CIS Zurich is taking a Swiss perspective, Simon Bornschier, head of the a vibrant intellectual and scholarly community. Equally research area of political sociology, analyzes how the conflict open to normative arguments and empirical evidence, we between multiculturalism and the traditional community tackle important questions in novel ways. As the current evolved between 1975 and 2007. He argues that we need to CIS director, it is my great pleasure to be a part of this view this conflict as one between universalistic values and community and to lead its way in 2015.

CIS News 2015 3 In this edition Migration and Multiculturalism

COVER STORY: 16 Democracy and Immigration: 6 Multiculturalism: the Swiss Trap Shifting Towards Inclusion Why Swiss democracy is not for export Johan Rohel (Ethics Center/UZH) Daniel Bochsler (CIS)

19 Union Citizenship Revisited 8 Multiculturalism and its Multilateral democracy as normative Discontents standard for European citizenship Cultural conflicts in the Swiss party system, Rebecca Welge (CIS) & 1975-2007 Antoinette Scherz (Goethe University Frankfurt am Main)

Simon Bornschier (CIS)

20 Right-Wing Populist Parties and 12 Explaining the Need for Welfare-State Chauvinism Sub-National Refugee Data Dominik Geering (CIS) Seraina Rüegger (CIS) & Heidrun Bohnet (IHEID)

21 CIS Colloquium 2014 15 When Racist Voters Discriminate A year in review Against Minority Candidates

Nenad Stojanovic (UZH/ZDA)

4 CIS News 2015 22 My First Year at MACIS 29 Ready, Steady, Snow!

Interview with Katherine Woolbright CIS gets its skates on

23 Multiculturalism at CIS 30 PhDs Completed in 2014 Our nationalities (in bubbles) 33 CIS News 24 Of Deadlines and... Lifelines

Interview with PhD candidate Mirjam Hirzel 34 CIS Publications

25 Africa’s Last Colony 37 The Institute of Science, Technology and Policy (ISTP) Mirjam Hirzel on the Western Sahara conflict CIS Professor Thomas Bernauer spearheads 26 CIS Exchange Program a new institute in 2015

Three students share their views 38 Goodbye and Good Luck!

MACIS graduation 2014 28 CIS Welcomes New Staff

CIS News 2015 5 Multiculturalism: the Swiss Trap Why Swiss democracy is not for export

Daniel Bochsler (CIS)

The Swiss identity is based on a two- layered system of myths: As ZDA researcher Anja Giudici analyses, in the Swiss identity construction, Wilhelm Tell was thought to serve the masses. Meanwhile, the educated classes have built the Swiss identity on the premise of a peaceful co-existence between linguistic and confessional groups. The picture of Switzerland as the ideal model of multiculturalism has persisted in the heads of notable politicians, academics, and media elites.

When analysed in a cross-country Wilhelm Tell memorial, Altdorf © Fotolia/Waldteufel comparative perspective, many of the institutions praised by the Swiss as the magical solution to the challenges of multicultural democracy seem not to In her study on political representation, democracies, which in turn increase hold. By discussing four frequently- Miriam Hänni, doctoral student at the satisfaction of ethnic minorities heard myths, this essay gives a the NCCR Democracy, finds that with their political system. succinct and very selective glimpse of the election of minority MPs from several comparative research projects separate ethnic parties is related to a SECOND MYTH: on the effect of political institutions in stronger impact on policies. Certainly, Veto rights provide for compromise. multicultural democracies, currently the presence of MPs representing With the double majority rule being conducted at CIS. ethnic minorities generally has a (‘Ständemehr’) and the second chamber, positive impact on their substantial Switzerland provides for rules which FIRST MYTH: representation. MPs elected through benefit the Catholic-conservative The Swiss model, where political parties separate ethnic parties, however, cantons, and such veto rights are inclusive across language borders, push particularly towards the rights contribute to a culture of compromise. rather than segmented by cultural of ethnic minorities, such as language groups, provides for better policy rights or economic inclusion. Separate Elsewhere, veto rights also provide outcomes. ethnic parties seem to be better suited for reform blockages. In Bosnia and to providing for the consideration Herzegovina, the domestic institutions of minority rights in multicultural constantly fail to pass important laws.

6 CIS News 2015 The veto rights given to the three “When analysed in a cross-country comparative constitutional groups leave the political system virtually paralysed. As Adis perspective, many of the institutions praised Merdžanović shows in his dissertation (recently defended at CIS), the by the Swiss as the magical solution political elites, rather than engaging in negotiations, shift the burden of to the challenges of multi-cultural democracy passing laws to the international body with prerogative powers, the Office of seem not to hold.” the High Representative (OHR). we characterise as an arbiter mandate. the ethnic communities and higher THIRD MYTH: Unlike other High Representatives, standards of minority protection in a Swiss peasants have fought a heroic Petritsch did not only pursue the policy first instance. The comparative case and crucial fight against foreign rule; agenda of the international community, study which I conducted together with democracies work better if they are not but his main goal was to facilitate the Edina Szöcsik, shows that in a second ruled from Habsburg. negotiations between domestic veto instance, minority parties included players. By offering his prerogative in governmental coalitions face the Analysing the reform blockage in powers as a means to push through risk of being challenged from within Bosnia and Herzegovina, Daniel compromises of the domestic elites their own community. Rivals accuse Bochsler, Adis Merdžanović and Davor in cases when they would otherwise them of establishing and maintaining Petrić argue that foreign intervention have been blocked in the parliamentary clientelistic relations in government can resolve domestic blockages. We procedure, he effectively chose to while selling out the demands of have analysed the use of the OHR’s intervene in the political process. This their group. As a result, we observe prerogatives from 1997 to 2013, and model, we show, was the only one a spiral of radicalisation, driven by show how different models of foreign which has at least partially helped in the competition between the ethnic interventions have led to very different resolving the political deadlock from minority party in power and its intra- results. According to this analysis, the which Bosnia and Herzegovina has group challengers, also discussed as most successful period in this respect suffered during the last 20 years. ethnic outbidding. was when Wolfgang Petritsch held the Good to know: As far as his function Office of the High Representative in goes, Petritsch is the contemporary Whether the first Swiss myth might Bosnia and Herzegovina. He closely incarnation of the Habsburg baliff resolve the dilemma of outbidding might followed a model of rule, one which Albrecht Gessler, albeit in the clothes be subject to further investigation. of an Austrian diplomat. References on p. 37 FOURTH MYTH: Governing coalitions including Daniel Bochsler representatives of all groups provide is Assistant for political moderation. Professor at NCCR Democracy at the University of In several Eastern European Zurich. He studies countries, such as Serbia, Romania, democratisation, with a focus on Slovakia, and the Baltic States, the political institutions European Union has pushed for the and the ways with which they deal with cultural inclusion of ethnic minority parties diversity. He received his PhD from the into governing coalitions. No doubt, University of Geneva, and has been for research stays at the Universities of Tartu, Belgrade, at in many countries, this went along the University of California at Irvine as well as © Fotolia/lunamarina with a reduction of tensions between the Central European University in Budapest.

CIS News 2015 7 Multiculturalism and its Discontents Cultural conflicts in the Swiss party system, 1975–2007

these issues, marking the birth of the for law and order. These analyses are Simon Bornschier (CIS) so-called New Left, which came to based on data from the project “National form a universalistic pole, or center Political Change in a Globalizing The rejection of multiculturalism of gravity, in party systems across World”, which involved various former embodied in the politicization of Western Europe. Contrary to what and current members of CIS, including immigration cannot fully be understood was often assumed at the time, these Hanspeter Kriesi, Romain Lachat, unless it is conceived as part of a broader new issues proved less disruptive for Timotheos Frey, Dominic Höglinger, cultural divide that is at the center of the state-market divide than for the Bruno Wueest, Marc Helbling, Simon political conflict in many advanced religious cleavage, which still strongly Maag, and myself. Figure 1 shows the industrial democracies. The first shaped party systems and voter Social Democrats located close to the harbinger of an emerging antagonism alignments in the 1970s. universalistic pole of this divide, with between universalistic values on the Christian Democrats surprisingly the one hand, and at the defense of A slow transformation close. A strong opposition against traditional values and communities the New Left has not yet crystallized. on the other, was the mobilization of The right was slow to respond to the Relying on evidence from a post-election the New Social Movements of the left transformation of cultural conflicts. A survey, we can see that the line-up of in the 1960s. By putting issues such as dimensional analysis of party positions electorates and parties correspond the recognition of difference and equal derived from reports in the news rather well to one another. Electorates rights for women, gays, minorities, and media in the mid-1970s reveals that of the major parties, however, did not alternative life-styles on the political while the state-market cleavage had take strongly divergent positions, and agenda, these movements advocated remained intact, a second dimension preferences within electorates are a strong equality principle. Social was structured around the antagonism quite heterogeneous, as mirrored in Democrat and Green parties took up between universalistic values and calls the bars below the mean positions that

sp cvp lib svp rr

lib sps cvp svp rr

Figure 1: Parties (upper dimension) and voters (lower dimension) on the cultural divide opposing universalistic values and law and order in Switzerland, 1975: Positions and standard deviations. Key: cvp, Christian Democratic People’s Party, various small Christian Democratic parties, Alliance of Independents; rr, various radical right parties; lib, Free Democratic Party, Liberal Party; sp, Social Democratic Party; svp: Swiss People’s Party

8 CIS News 2015 sp lib cvp svp

gr cvp rl sps lib rr svp

Figure 2: Parties (upper dimension) and voters (lower dimension) on the cultural divide opposing universalistic values and anti-immigration stances in Switzerland, 1995: Positions and standard deviations. Key: rl, radical left; gr, greens. For all other abbreviations, see Figure 1.

indicate the spread of preferences. This A strong challenger populist party family: Figure 2 shows suggests that this dimension did not yet that by combining opposition against strongly shape partisan alignments. The The Swiss People’s Party (SVP) is universalistic values and tough rightist pole is constituted by the “old” a particularly successful exponent immigration stances, the SVP forms radical right parties and their voters. of the right-wing populist party one pole of the divide. The populist right Yet individual-level evidence shows that family that rose to prominence by is thus clearly distinct from the center- discomfort with the political changes countering the New Left. Contrarily right, while the Social Democrats are brought about by the New Left was to the entire political elite, the SVP located at the opposing pole of the much broader than that represented by convinced majorities of the population cultural divide. the old radical right. Any actor wishing to oppose membership in the UN and to grasp this broader anti-universalistic the European Economic Area. The A comparison of Figures 1 and 2 potential and construct a collective election campaign data, however, shows that competition along the identity around it, however, would have reveals that the SVP also shared the cultural dimension became much to succeed in tying it to issues of his other convictions of the successful more segmented in the two decades own. members of the new right-wing between 1975 and 1995 as a result of the mobilization of the SVP and “individual-level evidence shows that the transformation of the meaning of the cultural conflict. In developing a discomfort with the political changes brought counter-ideology to the universalism of the New Left, the New Right about by the New Left was much broader than successfully adopted arguments from communitarian political thought, that represented by the old radical right” arguing that multiculturalism destroys

CIS News 2015 9 sps cvp lib svp

sps gr lib cvp svp

Figure 3: Parties (upper dimension) and voters (lower dimension) on the European integration divide, 2007: Positions and standard deviations. Key: see Figure 1.

entrenched traditions and social norms, and that no limits shown in Figure 3 suggest that oppositions are even more should be imposed on popular sovereignty by supra-national segmented in the domain of European integration, but with bodies, constitutional courts, or human rights conventions. a twist: While the New Left and the New Right represent Both at the party and the voter level, the New Left and the their voters’ preferences well, the Liberals and the Christian SVP are situated close to the poles of the new cultural divide. Democrats still stand to lose from the European integration There is virtually no overlap between the electorates of the issue – despite all the realignments that have already New Left and the New Right, while the center-left is caught occurred between the“old” and New Right. in-between these two blocks. This configuration did not undergo major changes until 2007, the most recent election Growing polarization and improved representation covered by the data. The polarization brought about by the transformation of That said, the European integration issue, which is more cultural conflicts and the rise of the European integration prominent in Switzerland than elsewhere in Europe, has issue has proven difficult to handle by the long-entrenched galvanized support for the SVP, and enhances the potential consociational practices characteristic of the Swiss political for the populist right. The results of an analysis of the system. Ironically, then, the SVP’s defense of tradition is 2007 campaign and the ensuing post-election voter survey undermining a central and highly symbolic feature of the country’s political system. But what does polarization mean for democracy? On one dimension, the quality of democracy has improved: The congruence between voter preferences and party positions has risen concomitant to polarization. Figure 4 plots party-system polarization against party- voter congruence for all those points in time where we have both information on party positions from the media data and suitable post-election surveys. The results Poster rights courtesy of SVP Schweiz © 2015 show that representation in the cultural

10 CIS News 2015 high 1 CIS ANNUAL

.8 2003 europe COLLOQUIUM 2003 cult

1995 europe 2007 europe at the .6 2007 cult Polarization of the 1999 cult party system SORELL HOTEL .4 1995 cult ZÜRICHBERG .2

1975 cult

low 0

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Figure 4: Polarization and congruence along the cultural dimension and the European integration divide, 1975-2007. N.B. Polarization is calculated as the standard deviation of party positions along a divide, weighted by party size. Congruence is measured in terms of the z-value of ordered logit regressions using individual-level preferences along a divide to predict the positions of respondents‘ chosen party, correcting for differences in sample size. domain has improved a great deal in avoid electoral losses, and then moving parallel to the transformation of the to more universalistic convictions. 10 JUNE 2015 divide’s substantive meaning, and its The lesson to be drawn from the growing polarization. In terms of voter mobilization of the anti-universalistic ORELLISTR. 2, preferences over European integration, potential is that without new (cultural) too, a segmented electorate is well issues of its own, the New Left and ZURICH 8044 represented by parties. One of the the center are unlikely to be up for the fundamental antagonisms in West challenge posed by the Swiss People’s 09h00–13h00 European party systems thus runs Party. between universalistic values and the defense of those principles of (DELICIOUS) justice that intuitively resonate with BUFFET LUNCH a majority of the population. Parties are well placed to represent the preferences of their voters along this MEET STAFF AND divide in Switzerland. A strong tension STUDENTS // has emerged, however, between good representation – a key aspect Simon Bornschier LISTEN TO TALKS of the quality of democracy – and the directs the // ENGAGE IN OUR Political Sociology liberal democratic institutions serving research area at RESEARCH to protect fundamental rights and IPZ. He is the minorities. These institutions have author of Cleavage Politics and the RSVP: come under attack by the SVP. The Populist Right. New Left and the center are on the The New Cultural defensive: The New Left has exhausted Conflict in Western Europe (Philadelphia: [email protected] its own issues, while the center Temple University Press, 2010). His current research focuses on party systems and oscillates between approaching the democratization in Latin America and Western position of the New Right in order to Europe.

CIS News 2015 11 Explaining the Need for Sub-National Refugee Data

Seraina Rüegger (CIS) & those of Sudan, Somalia, Uganda, their ethnic group membership, Heidrun Bohnet (University of Geneva) Rwanda and the Democratic Republic especially when fleeing from of Congo. ethnic discrimination or systematic At the end of 2013, more than 16 persecution. Secondly, the direction million people registered as refugees, Depending on the political scenario of refugee flows is affected by their of whom more than 80 percent resided in a refugee-sending country, ethnic ethnic group membership, due to the in countries neighboring their country identity refers to a common religion, fact that refugees, like other migrants, of origin (UNHCR, 2014). Figure 1 language or somatic features tend to follow existing networks, such depicts the countries that produced (Cederman, Wimmer, Min 2010). as cross-border linkages to groups most refugees between 2000 and 2010. The refugees’ ethnicity matters for with cultural or ethnic similarities. Thirdly, ethnicity determines how a refugee is received in the asylum state, as cultural similarities with the host population facilitate integration. Fourthly, the ethnic group membership of forced migrants impacts the asylum application, as refugee status is often provided to people on a group basis rather than as individuals (UNHCR 1992). Finally, ethnic identities affect the planning of refugee settlements because cultural similarities among refugees themselves, or with the local population, can prevent ethnic rivalries and decrease security issues.

We thus argue that refugee movements should not only be analyzed on the country-level, but also on a more disaggregated, sub-national ethnic group-level. For instance, the In the quantitative literature, refugees various reasons: Firstly, ethnic group composition of ethnic Bosniaks, Serbs have often been regarded as a membership might determine whether and Croats among the refugees fleeing homogenous mass (Lischer, 2005). It a person becomes a forced migrant. from Bosnia and Herzegovina in the is frequently forgotten that they are This particularly applies to conflicts 1990s was crucial for conflict dynamics. composed of different identity groups. and wars where a certain ethnic However, no attempt has yet been made In 2009, for instance, Kenya hosted group is targeted, and when the risk to systematically collect data on the refugees from Ethiopia belonging to of victimization is not uniform across ethnicity of refugees. To fill this gap, the Oromo, Amhara and Tigre ethnic the population of a country (Moore and we introduce a new global quantitative groups, as well as refugees with Shellman, 2006, 619). Consequently, dataset on the Ethnic Composition Of different ethnic backgrounds from refugees are strongly aware of Refugee Flows (ECORF). Quantitative

12 CIS News 2015 data on the ethnic identity of refugees been displaced?” The United Nations UNHCR, it was nevertheless possible to improves the understanding of refugee High Commissioner for Refugees collect information on the ethnic group movements and is useful for assessing (UNHCR) in this regard is the main membership of refugee groups, relying trends and risks in refugee crises. organization offering a broad range of on reports and qualitative country Forced displacement occurs in almost refugee data, such as annual data on assessments from the UNHCR, USCRI, all regions of the world and is a global refugee numbers in hosting or sending several NGOs, conflict narratives and phenomenon. Quantitative data with countries, as well as dyadic data on news articles. Building on the data global coverage therefore helps to both refugee movements between two obtained from the UNHCR (2014) and address and analyze the causes and countries with almost global coverage the UNRWA (2010), we systematically consequences of refugee movements (UNHCR, 2014). Information on tried to identify up to three of the in a comparative manner, and to draw Palestinian refugees can be obtained largest ethnic groups within each general conclusions. Furthermore, from the United Nations Relief and country-dyadic refugee movement Crisp (1999) states that “it is almost Works Agency for Palestine Refugees and indicated their share of the total impossible to [...] write about refugee- (UNRWA, 2010). refugee flow. We used the group list of related issues without some reference the Ethnic Power Relations (EPR-ETH) to statistics” because the first question Although information on the ethnicity of dataset (Cederman, Wimmer and Min, asked is often: “How many people have refugees is not provided directly by the 2010) as a source to identify ethnic

CIS News 2015 13 groups living in a refugee-sending country. We collected With this newly collected global dataset on the ethnic the ethnicity data for refugee flows that consist of at least background of refugees, we contribute to the knowledge of 2,000 refugees per year between neighboring countries sub-state refugee characteristics. and countries with a maximal distance of 950 km between their borders. Our dataset thus particularly covers first References refugee movements but not secondary flows to third states. Cederman, Lars-Erik, Andreas Wimmer and Brian Min. 2010. “Why Do Within this framework, we are able to provide worldwide Ethnic Groups Rebel? New Data and Analysis.” World Politics information on the ethnic background of refugees covering 62(1):87-119. the years 1975 through 2009. The number of refugees, as well as the ethnic composition of refugee flows between Crisp, Jeff. 1999. “Who has counted the refugees? UNHCR and the politics of numbers.” Online: http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4ff58e4b2. country-dyads, can change over years. Our dataset therefore pdf. Accessed: 23.8.2013. records annual shifts. This temporal variance is important, as in the case, for example, of Rwandan refugee outflows; Lischer, Sarah Kenyon. 2005. Dangerous Sanctuaries: Refugee Camps, Civil War, and the Dilemmas of Humanitarian Aid. Ithaca, London: one which alternated between Hutus and Tutsis. Cornell University Press.

Since precise numbers of refugees from each ethnic group Moore, Will H. and Stephen M. Shellman. 2006. “Refugee or Internally are seldom available, we indicated whether a certain ethnic Displaced Person? To Where Should One Flee?” Comparative Political Studies 39(5):599-622. group within a refugee flow was dominant, a majority, or a minority. Reports on refugees often give approximate UNHCR. 2014. UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database. Online: evidence such as: “more than 31,000 [people] from www.unhcr.org/statistics/populationdatabase. Accessed: 22.10.2014. Afghanistan, mostly Hindus, fled to India during the rise of UNHCR. 1992. “Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining the Taliban in the 1990s” (U.S. Committee for Refugees Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol and Immigrants, 2009). The categorical coding is based on Relating to the Status of Refugees.” Online: http://www.refworld.org/ descriptions such as ”many refugees” or ”few refugees”. docid/3ae6b3314.html. Accessed: 30.7.2013. These terms and descriptions may have different meanings UNRWA. 2010. “Number of registered refugees.” Online: http://www. in different contexts. It is unlikely, however, that very large unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=253. Accessed: 1.10.2010. ethnic refugee groups are not mentioned in any report or described as small ones. Thus, although the three-point U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 2007. “World Refugee scale is rough and the numbers are approximate estimates, Survey 2006.” Online: http://reliefweb.int/report/world/world-refugee- survey-2006. Accessed: 1.10.2010. the dataset still permits cross-national comparison of ethnic refugee group shares and estimates the absolute size of Seraina Rüegger is a postdoctoral researcher in the International each ethnic refugee group. Conflict Research group at ETH Zürich. Heidrun Bohnet is a PhD student at the University of Geneva.

Using the ECORF dataset, Figure 2 shows the largest Seraina & Heidrun gratefully acknowledge funding from the Swiss Network ethnically identified refugee groups of the last decade. for International Studies (SNIS).

14 CIS News 2015 When Racist Voters Discriminate Against Minority Candidates

Nenad Stojanovic (UZH/ZDA) to run for office becomes an empty “[...] politicians and shell if it is constantly undermined by Imagine that you are a small fish and voters’ choices. Just like the freedom scholars consider the the pool owner tells you that you have to swim in a pool full of white sharks. underrepresentation the freedom to swim in his pool. And Indeed, in many countries of the then he adds: “But notice that the pool world there has been evidence that of minority groups as a is full of white sharks.” Does the notion majority voters tend to discriminate major problem for the of freedom have any meaningful value against minority candidates. African- legitimacy and stability in such a situation? Americans have been traditionally Now imagine that, in a democracy, underrepresented in the U.S. of democratic voters belonging to a given identity Congress; about 5 million people of institutions”. group (e.g., white people), that Maghrebian origin live in France but happens to be in a numerical majority, very few got elected to the National systematically vote only for candidates Assembly; Catholics used to be poorly in the electoral sphere. Secondly, I from that group and not for candidates represented in Northern Ireland, etc. will try to measure the existence of of a minority group (e.g., black people). Increasingly, politicians and scholars electoral discrimination in Switzerland Imagine, moreover, that this decision is consider the underrepresentation empirically, taking into consideration based on morally objectionable forms of of minority groups a major problem the fact that we can hardly find any prejudice (such as racism, xenophobia, for the legitimacy and stability of empirical studies that have explored or sexism). We could call such a voting democratic institutions. Indeed, what representation of minority groups behavior “electoral discrimination”. if not the (real or perceived) existence in this country, whereas many such It may result in a massive statistical of electoral discrimination can explain studies have been conducted in other underrepresentation of citizens from the growing use of specific tools such Western democracies (e.g., Canada, the minority group in democratic as quotas on party lists, reserved seats France, Germany, Great Britain, the institutions (parliament, government). in parliament, or the redrawing of United States). Apparently, no democratic rule has electoral districts? been broken: voters were free to In the project “Racist voters and Nenad Stojanovic is choose whomever they wanted and minority candidates”, supported by a Senior Research Fellow at the their votes were counted equally, the SNFS (the Ambizione grant), I will University of Zurich candidates were free to run for office first explore the theoretical aspects (IPZ and Center and no legal provisions restricted their of electoral discrimination in order for Democracy Studies Aarau) and equal chance to run for office. And yet to come up with a normative and a lecturer at the we intuitively realize that something is conceptual roadmap for tackling this universities of wrong here, that the voters’ freedom phenomenon. As a matter of fact, Geneva and Lausanne. He is also a member of of choice has caused harm to minority it is far from obvious that we can the Swiss Federal Commission against Racism. As of Spring 2015 he will move to the University candidates. In other words, the freedom use the concept of discrimination of Lucerne as a SNFS-Ambizione grantee.

CIS News 2015 15 Democracy and Immigration: Shifting Towards Inclusion

Excerpt from a book by Johan Rohel (forthcoming, 2015)

Johan Rohel (Ethics Center, UZH)

Switzerland – even the canton of Appenzell – has come to grant voting rights to women. Specific cantons and communes have even enfranchised foreign residents. These choices reflect democratic common sense: people who are subjected to common rules, pay tax and take part in the local and regional life of their community should have a say in the way this community is organised. Going one step further, Switzerland, a self-proclaimed world champion of democracy, might have found a challenge worthy of it: the integration of would-be migrants, i.e. migrants who are not (yet) on the national territory, into its decision- making procedures. Let us imagine asylum seekers taking part in polls on Sitting Helvetia statue on the river Rhine © Fotalia / lucazzitto reforms of the Swiss asylum law, EU citizens participating in the 9th February polling on the free movement of is as simple as it is disturbing: every The argument proposed by Abizadeh persons agreement with the EU and individual who is subjected to State’s presupposes a discussion on the would-be migrants from all over the coercion should be able to take part criteria of democratic inclusion. Who world having a say in how Switzerland in the procedure of legitimation of should be enfranchised in a democratic should frame its immigration policy. this coercion. As citizens have a right decision-making procedure? Political The Canadian political philosopher to democratically co-decide upon philosophers usually distinguish Arash Abizadeh has formulated this the rules which regulate their life in between subjection to “coercion” insight in the form of a democratic society, would-be migrants should have and the fact of being “affected” by a challenge to the way we deal with our a right to co-decide upon rules which decision. In light of the former, the immigration policy.1 His argument will have a crucial influence on their democratic enfranchisement of citizens future destiny. They should become does not only draw upon their being active participants of our immigration affected by common rules of society; 1 Arash Abizadeh, “Democratic Theory and Border policy choices. It is time to widely open it stems more from their subjection to Coercion: No Right to Unilaterally Control Your Own Borders”, Political Theory, 2008 our Sunday polling offices. these rules, if necessary, by force. The

16 CIS News 2015 fundamental interests. When the Swiss “The argument proposed by Abizadeh Parliament decides to revise asylum law, when citizens demand a return presupposes a discussion on the to quota for EU-migrants or when criteria of democratic inclusion. family reunification is complicated by additional selection criteria, it is above Who should be enfranchised in a all the interests of would-be migrants that are affected. The relevance of democratic decision-making these choices to this group is in stark contrast with their missing opportunity procedure?” to have a say in these discussions.

If not enough to justify a right of democratic participation, the fact of being affected in a relevant way level of control under which citizens the Case for Open Borders (1987), should guarantee a right to be heard. organise their life is thus clearly high. “borders have guards and the guards For Switzerland, this right should be According to the latter, the simple have guns.” Moreover, States have understood as a responsibility to fact of being affected by a decision developed means to control borders include the voices of would-be might already justify democratic that go far beyond the passive migrants into its migration-related enfranchisement. In the scientific protection of their territory. The decision-making procedures. The literature, this criterion is usually borders are moving and controls have responsibility at stake reflects a deep criticised for having too low of a become proactive. Nevertheless, mechanism of inclusiveness of the threshold. An almost infinite number leaving aside the crucial issue of individuals whose interests are being of individuals across the world will whether coercion always justifies affected. This responsibility to include potentially be affected by the decision enfranchisement, it seems difficult is all but new for Switzerland. The Swiss of a State, especially in immigration to argue that the threshold of control political system works on a daily basis matters. But are all these individuals exercised over would-be migrants and with the ambition to consider, take into affected in a way that justifies a citizens is of the same intensity. The account and include the interests and democratic participation right? modus of interactions between a State opinions of groups affected by a certain Taking into account these two criteria, and its citizens seems to be of a distinct legislative choice, as exemplified by the how should we assess our migration- kind. procedure of consultation. related choices? Are would-be migrants only affected or are they If Abizadeh’s argument fails to justify As to its practical realisation, coerced? Abizadeh tries to make the the enfranchisement of all would-be this responsibility to include case for coercion. Would-be migrants migrants, it nevertheless underscores could take distinct institutional are coerced by a State’s decision to an essential challenge in the ethical forms. Firstly, the capacity of control immigration and, in most debate around our immigration cases, to close its borders. The choices. In addition to arguments argument is nevertheless difficult to formulated against, or for a liberal make. It is challenging to argue that immigration policy (the so-called would-be migrants are coerced by an “open-closed borders” debate which immigration policy in a way similar to has been attracting the attention of the coercion of citizens by their State political philosophers for almost 30 enforcing democratically chosen years), this new challenge might be rules. Clearly, the control of borders is qualified as “procedural”. It does not a symbolically highly-loaded element focus upon a specific immigration in the perception of the State as policy, but rather upon how citizens political community. As political debate and decide on such a policy. philosopher Joe Carens put it in his In this regard, it is undisputable that widely-quoted article on the ethics our immigration choices clearly affect of immigration: Aliens and Citizens: would-be migrants and some of their © Fotalia / bizoo_n

CIS News 2015 17 would-be migrants to make their interests known strictly national dealing with migration – or a regional one should be substantially improved. In this respect, the at the EU level – a stronger international regime would shift challenge consists in putting into place mechanisms of the focus from a unilateral policy to global mechanisms representation which could be part of the legislative able to take into account the different interests at stake. procedure. The various possible implementations of this Like the Berne Initiative for a global dealing with migration idea are functions of the power we want to give to these launched by Switzerland in 2001, substantial efforts were mechanisms. To one extreme, we could think of a group already invested in this direction. We need to support our of immigrants residing in Switzerland who would take authorities in strengthening international coordination. This part in the legislative work with the explicit objective of should be sectorially promoted, for instance by reinforcing representing the interests of would-be migrants. Some the European and global asylum regime or by fully exploiting NGOs working on migration do already (partially) play this the potentialities of the GATS in matters of temporary labour role in acting “in the name” of would-be migrants when migration. they take a position on a legislative proposition. At the other extreme, why not consider a profound reform of the The challenge to take into account and integrate the interests Federal Commission on Migration? It would be possible to of would-be migrants is an essential test put to Switzerland transform an experts’ commission advising the authorities and its European neighbours. In light of the democratic into a representative commission advocating the interests of tradition which Switzerland likes to claim, could we imagine would-be migrants. By fixing the importance of taking into a country with better resources, experiences and political account migrants’ interests at the heart of the legislative composure to seize this opportunity? The path towards procedure, Switzerland would be in a position to strengthen inclusiveness is no easy one to take. But far from being no the legitimacy of its interactions with future immigrants. more than a moral obligation of a wealthy country, Swiss Secondly, Switzerland should commit itself to improving experience teaches us that including others’ interests international coordination on global migration. A global is a guarantee for efficiency and stability: two essential migration regime would allow a vast number of interests features which are cruelly missing in our migration policies. directly at stake to be integrated into political decision- making procedures. In an ideal setting, countries of Johan Rochel is Vice-President of the origin, of transit and of destination, as well as migrants’ think-tank foraus on Swiss foreign policy, member of the Ethics Center of the University representative groups should all have the opportunity to of Zurich and researcher specialized in make their interests heard. By taking a distance with a migration and European law in the ProDoc “Foundations of European and International Law”. In addition to several academic articles on immigration, he completed a book on how “[...] why not consider a to improve the Swiss immigration policy (forthcoming 2015). Johan founded the project “Ethics in Action” with the objective to foster ethical competences for members of political parties, profound reform of the Federal NGOs and companies (www.ethiqueenaction.com). Johan is a regular commentator in various national media, and columnist for the periodical Commission on Migration?” “L’Hebdo” with his blog: “La Suisse en mouvement”.

18 CIS News 2015 Union Citizenship Revisited Multilateral democracy as normative standard for European citizenship

Rebecca Welge (CIS) & Antoinette Scherz (Goethe University Frankfurt am Main) “We propose three criteria by which to assess multilevel citizenship: equal individual European Citizenship is of unique importance for migration in Europe, rights, equal sovereignty of peoples, and the because it transcends national boundaries and guaranties the right to balancing of individuals’ and peoples’ free movement to all EU citizens. Due to its multilevel structure, European interests.” Citizenship has a distinct form composed of national and EU Citizenship. It mirrors the multi- The objective of our paper is to assess Antoinette Scherz layered legal system and the complex EU Citizenship against the theoretical is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the relationship between national and background of multilateral democracy. Centre for EU law. According to the Treaties, This approach is specifically suited to Advanced Studies 25 every citizen of EU Member this task, as it does not rely on a nation- “Justitia Amplificata” at the States holds EU Citizenship, which is state paradigm or the presumption Goethe University ‘additional’ to national citizenship and of a further transformation into a Frankfurt am Main does not replace it (Art. 20.1 TFEU). federation or union. We propose three as well as an Assistant Lecturer in the The supranationally enshrined status criteria by which to assess multilevel Advanced Studies in Applied Ethics program at the University of Zurich. Antoinette’s research of EU Citizenship creates distinct citizenship: equal individual rights, interests include international political theory, features of citizenship: such a multilevel equal sovereignty of peoples, and the legitimacy, democratic theory, institutional citizenship stretches into balancing of individuals’ and peoples’ design, and the concept of peoples. supranational and transnational interests. We argue that the current [email protected] realms, which are additional to practice of Union Citizenship does not the national level as it embeds fully meet the proposed standards Rebecca Welge is multiple national communities. The regarding equal rights within, and a senior research and teaching framework of EU Citizenship has equal access to, the political system. associate at the fundamentally changed the conditions Based on our assessment, we propose Department of of migration in Europe and could reform options of access to national Political Sciences, University of serve as a model of how to deal with and supranational citizenship and Zurich. Rebecca challenges of citizenship and migration argue for supranational participation received her in the 21st century. rights and equal transnational rights to PhD from ETH Zurich in 2013. Her primary gradually re-establish full membership research interests include citizenship, democracy beyond the state, citizens’ political for individuals. perceptions, multi-level governance. [email protected]

CIS News 2015 19 Right-Wing Populist Parties and Welfare-State Chauvinism

Dominik Geering (CIS) for welfare state chauvinism sounds policies in Austria, Denmark, and plausible. However, I argue in my PhD Switzerland shows this to be the case: When linking migration to the politics thesis that the party elite’s perspective When in opposition, RWPPs openly of Western European countries, it is limits the welfare state chauvinist support welfare-state chauvinism; hard not to address the role of right- profile of RWPPs: RWPPs are only able when cooperating with moderate wing populist parties (RWPPs). These to support welfare-state chauvinism right parties, RWPPs support market parties have arrived at center stage – preferred by their working-class liberalism – although in a somewhat both in public discourse and scientific constituency – when they decide to stay more clandestine fashion so as research. Two decades ago, Kitschelt in opposition. not to alienate their working class and McGann1 argued that their success constituency. is based on a “winning formula”: RWPPs which chose to cooperate with authoritarian positions on socio- mainstream parties face a different I do not mean to negate RWPPs’ anti- cultural issues (e.g., anti-immigration) situation for two reasons. Firstly, immigration or chauvinist profile. in order to attract the working class, RWPPs’ focus on immigration -and Rather, I would like to emphasize that combined with market-liberalism socio-cultural issues more generally– RWPP’s support for a generous (yet regarding socio-economic issues in gives them the opportunity to adopt exclusive) welfare state is conditioned order to attract small business owners’ flexible positions on socio-economic by their relationship with the moderate votes. However, the rise of the working policies, as long as they do not actively right. As long as RWPPs are in class as RWPPs’ main constituency in emphasize these issues during election opposition they support welfare-state the late 1990s led some scholars to campaigns. Secondly, since RWPPs chauvinism. Yet, once they join forces argue that RWPPs would – in their form the opposite pole to left-wing with the moderate right they support new role as working class parties – no parties, moderate right parties are the market-liberalism. By doing so, these longer demand market liberalism, but only partners available for cooperation. working-class parties change the welfare chauvinism, i.e., a generous This provides RWPPs with an incentive game in political economy which can welfare state for native workers while to adopt market liberalism to facilitate no longer be theorized as left-wing excluding immigrants. For a working - cooperation with the moderate working-class parties against middle- class party with a strong emphasis on right. Combined RWPPs have the and upper-class parties of the right. anti-immigration issues, this would opportunity and incentive to adopt seem like a straightforward policy market liberalism, instead of welfare- position. Based on the idea that a state chauvinism, if they choose to About the author: party develops policy positions on its cooperate with the moderate right. http://www.ipz.uzh.ch/institut voters‘ preferences, RWPPs’ support My research on RWPPs’ labor- market mitarbeitende/staff/geering_en.html

1 Kitschelt, Herbert and Anthony J. McGann. 1997. The Radical Right in Western Europe. A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

20 CIS News 2015 CIS Colloquium 2014 Looking back at a year of great talks

SPRING SEMESTER 2014

27.02.14 Teppei Yamamoto, MIT Identification and Estimation of Causal Mediation Effects with Treatment Noncompliance 06.03.14 Mitchell A. Seligson, Vanderbilt University The Americas Upside-Down: The Breakdown of Legitimacy in the US 13.03.14 Luke Keele, Penn State University Stronger Instruments by Design 20.03.14 Susan Hyde, Yale University The Individual-Level Consequences of Democracy Promotion: A Field Experiment in Rural Cambodia 27.03.14 Raphael Parchet, Universita della Svizzera Italiana Are Local Tax Rates Strategic Complements or Strategic Substitutes? 03.04.14 Patrick Emmenegger, University of St. Gallen Political Alientation and Varieties of Outsiderness: A Panel Data Approach 10.04.14 Sara Hobolt, London School of Economics Blaming Europe? Responsibility without Accountability in the European Union 29.04.14 Mark Copelovitch, University of Wisconsin Financial Levees: Capital Inflows, Financial Market Structure, and Banking Crises 08.05.14 Jenna Bednar, University of Michigan Resilience in Federal Systems 15.05.14 Maik Schneider, ETH Zurich Who Writes the Bill? The Role of the Agenda-Setter in Legislative Lobbying 22.05.14 Elisabeth Wood, Yale University Explaining Variation in Sexual Violence during War 05.06.14 Christopher Kilby, Villanova University Assessing the Contribution of Donor Agencies to Aid Effectiveness: The Impact of World Bank Preparation on Project Outcomes

FALL SEMESTER 2014

12.09.14 Peter Rosendorff, New York University Transparency, Protests and Political (In)Stability in Autocracies and Democracies 18.09.15 Michael Aklin, University of Pittsburgh Re-Exploring the Trade and Environment Nexus Through the Diffusion of Pollution 09.10.14 Jonas Tallberg, Stockholm University The Opening Up of International Organizations: Transnational Access in Global Governance 23.10.14 Brian F. Crisp, Washington University in St. Louis The Impact of Formal Paths to Office on Descriptive, Symbolic, and Substantive Representation: Maori in the New Zealand Parliament 30.10.14 Silvia Marchesi, University of Milano - Bicocca Information Transmission within Federal Fiscal Architectures: Theory and Evidence 06.11.14 Christoph Knill, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich On the Road to Permissiveness? Changing Styles of Moral Regulation in Europe 13.11.14 Christian Breunig, University of Konstanz Policy Trade-Offs in Advanced Democracies 27.11.14 Vivien A. Schmidt, Boston University Forgotten Legitimacy: Governing by the Rules and Ruling by the Numbers in the Eurozone Crisis 04.12.14 Brian Greenhill, Dartmouth College Diffusion of Human Rights in Intergovernmental Organizations 11.12.14 Tom Pepinsky, Cornell University Commodity Shocks and Local Public Goods: A Tale of Two Districts 18.12.14 Richard Bellamy, European University Institute, Florence Beyond Constraining Dissensus?: The Role of National Parliaments in Politicizing European Integration

CIS News 2015 21 My First Year at MACIS

Katherine Woolbright is a MACIS student in her first year. In 2014 she was granted an ETH Excellence Scholarship and Opportunity Program (ESOP) award. CIS News asked her to share her experiences.

Was there a particular moment, a “I can definitely say that the [MACIS] classes are rigorous, life-changing event, that piqued your thought-provoking and incredibly challenging” interest in political science, or could you elaborate on how your interest in the field grew? Nevertheless, in the past few months, most interested in. I felt very honored I can definitely say that the classes and grateful upon receiving the award, I wouldn’t say there was a pivotal are rigorous, thought-provoking and as studying at ETH would not have been moment that made me decide to incredibly challenging. Fortunately, an option for me had I not been chosen study political science, but I can say both my professors and colleagues for it. An unexpected perk of for this that growing up in the Philippines — a alike have been undeniably supportive award is definitely the community and country rife with graft, corruption and throughout every step of the way, support structure that the recipients political conflict — has definitely kept thus creating a wonderful learning have access to, thanks to the events politics at the forefront of my mind at environment for me. sponsored and organised by the ETH all times. Foundation, and more specifically, What are some of your plans for Franziska Juch (Coordinator of the How did you hear about MACIS, and the future, with regards to political ESOP Foundation). what forces lay behind your decision science? to apply to this program in particular? Any words of wisdom you wish to If everything falls into place, I hope to impart upon new students at MACIS? I initially heard about MACIS from a pursue a PhD in Security Studies. colleague at Jacobs University who Try not to be too hard on yourself, and applied a year prior to my entry. As I In 2014 you were awarded the ETH try to develop and nurture healthy looked more closely into the program, Excellence Scholarship. Can you tell working relationships with your Prof. Lars-Erik Cederman and Prof. us a little bit more about the award, colleagues! Andreas Wenger’s research areas, and its direct implications for you if respectively, in addition to the small there were any? Katherine class sizes, really convinced me that Woolbright was born and raised in this was the right choice for me. The ETH Excellence Scholarship and the Philippines. Opportunity Program (ESOP) is a She completed her How do you feel about your studies at special scholarship that consists of BA in International Politics and MACIS? a grant covering living and education History at Jacobs expenses in Zurich, as well as a University Bremen. Admittedly, I have only been here tuition fee waiver, for the duration of Katherine is the recipient of the Mercator for a semester so far, so I don‘t the Master’s program. It also includes Foundation Award for Outstanding Academic Ability and Community Engagement. She is necessarily have a “complete” picture specific academic supervision in the interested in peace, security and development as to what the entire program is like. field that the recipient of the award is studies.

22 CIS News 2015 Where in the World... ? A visualization of nationalities at CIS

Graphics courtesy of Luc Girardin (CIS)

Norwegian Finnish

Hungarian Spanish German Polish Algerian Romanian Russian Israeli Austrian Mexican Turkish Bulgarian British Italian Iranian Georgian Peruvian Portuguese Swiss Indian Costa Rican Brazilian Yemeni American Filipino Canadian Greek Irish Japanese

Input based on a voluntary poll / graphics by Macrofocus (www.macrofocus.com)

CIS News 2015 23 Of Deadlines and... Lifelines Working towards a PhD

Mirjam Hirzel graduated from MACIS in 2013, and this year embarks on her first year of the CIS Doctorate program. Her choice in academic studies was driven by a deeply personal dedication to the Sahrawi people.

Was there an event in your life, or a “I also came to participate in the Family Garden Project, an moment, which led you to pursue a exciting initiative that seeks to support the self-reliance of Master’s in Political Science? the refugee commmunity...” During my BA I spent roughly six months in the Sahrawi refugee camps Can you describe the work you‘re Project, an exciting initiative that in southwest Algeria, an experience doing for your PhD? seeks to support the self-reliance that very much inspired me to take of the refugee community, which is up Political Science for my MA. Being My PhD explores the mechanisms that otherwise almost entirely dependent there really opened my eyes to how far underlie the empirically acknowledged on the international community for into every aspect of life politics goes – association between ethnic inequality even its most basic needs. I also down to the governance and running and violent collective action, giving attend the UN Human Rights Council of the camps on a daily basis. I was particular emphasis also to the in cooperation with Fondation studying International Development at circumstances in which grievance- Danielle Mitterrand - France Libertés, the time, but then opted for Political based mobilization produces a non- supporting the full recognition of the Science for my MA because that violent outcome. rights of the Saharawi peoples. particular perspective really began to interest me. Can you say a few words about the Where will you go from here? Sahrawi refugees and your work in support of their cause? I’m a good way into the first year of my PhD. For the moment I have Living conditions in the refugee camps not yet made up my mind whether I are extremely hard, and there isn’t a would like to stay in academia; that’s family there that is not in some way certainly something I will consider. divided, with some of its members I can also see myself going back to having remained behind in occupied the development sector, perhaps in Western Sahara. I spent almost a way that will allow me to combine a year – in total – in the camps, development work with my background where I worked on several projects, in conflict research – there is no doubt initially with the National Union of an important connection between the Saharawi Women. Later I also came two. In the meantime, however, I am Sahrawi refugee camp © Mirjam Hirzel to participate in the Family Garden happy to concentrate on my PhD.

24 CIS News 2015 Africa’s Last Colony Inside the Western Sahara conflict

Mirjam Hirzel (CIS)

‘A’dakhli, a’dakhli’. ‘Come in, come shaped by the refugees’ dependence in’ – an invitation offered by the on foreign aid, and although the camps Sahrawis without hesitation, in are well organised and maintained by expression of a hospitality that is the Sahrawi authorities, every aspect deeply embedded within their cultural of life is complicated by the ‘temporary’ traditions. Unconditionally willing to nature of their situation. share what they have despite their The Western Sahara conflict between humble circumstances, I was thus the POLISARIO Front and the Kingdom welcomed into their tents on countless of Morocco began back in 1975, afternoons, customarily for a glass of following the withdrawal of Spain bittersweet tea prepared in a ceremony from, and the subsequent Moroccan Sahrawi tea set © Mirjam Hirzel that has a fundamental presence in (and initially Mauritanian) annexation the myriad of customs that shape of, the resource-rich territory. Since the everyday life of the Sahrawis. It the UN-brokered ceasefire was included in its mandate, this despite is a precise and somehow artistic established in 1991, a political solution the many and serious allegations of ceremony, during which a regular to the conflict has been sought, but human rights violations. movement of the tea, as it is poured given strong political impasse, the As such, it is not only the silence of the from one glass to the next, results in conflict parties remain in a deadlock Saharan summer, which the Sahrawis the formation of a thick layer of foam to this date. Pending the outstanding have been facing year to year, but even that crowns the golden red infusion. implementation of the decolonisation more so the silence of the international Always three courses are served – the process through a referendum of community vis-à-vis this longstanding first bitter, as life; the second sweet, self-determination, as affirmed by humanitarian crisis that is making as love; and the third soft, as death. It the International Court of Justice and every further countless afternoon is a ceremony that accompanies quiet several UN bodies, Western Sahara’s increasingly difficult to bear. Calling conversation into the long hours of the status as the last non-self-governing themselves the ‘Forgotten People’, desert afternoons. And when you leave territory of Africa prevails. the apparent idyll of their cultural and pass by other tents on your way, Consequently, the repatriation of the traditions, though practiced in great the clinking of tea glasses as they are Sahrawi refugees continues to be earnest, at the same time very much placed back on the tray echoes from delayed, while the Sahrawis who had veils the Sahrawis’ growing impatience, within them, breaking the suffocating stayed in the territory remain under and frustration, with their status quo. silence of the summer heat. Moroccan occupation, exposed to what The refugee camps, a vast expanse has been described by several human Mirjam Hirzel of makeshift sand brick dwellings rights organisations as grave and holds a BSc in International interspersed with UN-distributed systematic human rights violations, Development and tents, are home to an estimated including enforced disappearances Food Policy from 165,000 Sahrawis who fled the and severe restrictions on freedom of University College Cork. She is a conflict over the territory of Western expression, assembly and association. MACIS graduate, Sahara almost four decades ago. The UN peacekeeping mission, now working They are situated near the Algerian MINURSO, deployed in the territory towards her PhD at the Chair of International border town of Tindouf, in one of the since the ceasefire, remains as the only Conflict Research under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Lars-Erik Cederman. She is currently involved harshest regions of the Sahara desert. UN mission in the world that does not in the “r4d” project on “Ethnic Power Relations Livelihoods in the camps are strongly have the monitoring of human rights and Conflict”. http://www.r4d.epr.ethz.ch

CIS News 2015 25 1 Exchange Program 3 Perspectives

Three MACIS students: Frederik Hans, Clint Claessen and Michelle Cohen set off for the MACIS exchange program with the Graduate Institute Geneva. CIS News welcomed their opinions on the transfer.

Based on an email exchange, Dec. 2014

How has the exchange contributed to your overall MACIS experience? Have you found it enriching, or are there any negative aspects?

Frederic: The courses at the Graduate Institute Geneva nicely broaden the range of electives not available in the MACIS curriculum. I personally enrolled for three electives in the Master’s program in International Economics (Natural Resources Economics, Impact Evaluation and Photo courtesy of the Graduate Institute Geneva © 2015 Strategic Project Management), which have a slightly more practical and policy-orientated focus than those Michelle: The exchange has definitely of interaction among students is electives offered at ETH/UZH. These enriched the MACIS experience. I had very intense, as everyone keeps courses allow me to further pursue the chance to profit from two excellent running into each other! In addition, an economic and econometric focus institutions and the IHEID broadened the Graduate Institute organizes during my graduate studies, and my perspective, especially due to the speeches, workshops and high-profile I’ve found them to be a good fit with many conferences that take place public lectures from the international the more theoretical and research- at the Graduate Institute and the policy community on a weekly basis. orientated MACIS core seminars. various international organizations in I’ve so far had the chance to attend proximity. talks by Joschka Fischer and José Clint: The exchange is a very positive Manuel Barroso in person, sharing addition to the MACIS program. Can you describe the highlights of the their opinions about the future of the While classes at MACIS are relatively exchange on a personal level? European Union. small and contact with professors is therefore much easier, IHEID has Frederic: The student body at the IHEID Clint: The highlights of the exchange larger class sizes and more students has an extremely diverse cultural were the activities that I took part in to interact with. Especially in terms of and educational background. As the outside of class. While the classes diversity, the IHEID and Geneva provide institute’s new campus is completely overall were very interesting and more a wonderful opportunity to interact integrated and located directly across practical, I really took the opportunity with students from around the world. the UNHCR headquarters, the level to become engaged with student

26 CIS News 2015 initiatives. I joined the C4SI, a student- Clint: I would certainly recommend How to register for the exchange: run social innovation program of 10 this exchange to other MACIS students. weeks, in which I worked with a group Students are given the change to take MACIS students are entitled to of students on the development of a classes outside of their specialization, register for the CIS/Graduate social solution to a real-world problem. interact with a more diverse crowd and Institute Geneva exchange program I joined the Junior Diplomat Initiative enjoy a more international experience. in their third semester, but no and had the honor to host an event Additionally, there are many internship earlier. If you are eligible for the with the Dutch and the New Zealand opportunities with international exchange, please be reminded that Ambassadors. I also joined GIMUN and organizations. your participation in this program participated in the 2014 Oxford Model will inevitably prolong your studies United Nations. These three activities Michelle: I would definitely recommend by a fourth semester. and the diverse student body represent this exchange, if a student is willing to the highlights for me. extend the Master’s degree from 3 to The following conditions apply: 4 semesters. It is a good opportunity Michelle: The highlight of the exchange to experience a different MA program 1. You have spent two semesters was the diverse student body that and profit from another environment. studying full-time in the MACIS allows for stimulating interactions program; as well as the diverse course options About the Students provided at the Graduate Institute. 2. You have gained all required Frederic Hans credit points/grades to start your is a MACIS student, currently writing his Would you recommend this exchange dissertation on: “The Effects of Childhood MA thesis; to other MACIS students? Why or why Famine Exposure on Long-Term not? Socioeconomic Outcomes”. He holds two BA 3. You have discussed your plans degrees in International Affairs and with the MACIS Coordinator of Economics, respectively, from the University of Frederic: I definitely recommend the St. Gallen (HSG). Studies and the prospective main MACIS-Geneva exchange to other advisor of your MA thesis. MACIS students, in particular if she/he Clint Claessen is a MACIS student, currently writing his If you meet the above-mentioned has an interest in pursuing more policy- dissertation with Prof. S. Bailer on: “Careers orientated electives than those offered after Parliament. The Dutch Tweede Kamer requirements, you can download the by MACIS alone. In addition, the Geneva and its Members’ Success after Representative application form online, at: Life”. He holds a BA degree in Political www.cis.ethz.ch/education.html Institute is extremely well connected Science from the University of Amsterdam. with international organizations based For more information, contact in Geneva, which enables you to get an Michelle Cohen the MACIS Coordinator of Studies enhanced understanding for potential is in her final semester at MACIS. Her main field of interest is Security Studies. She holds Benita Cserépy: career tracks following graduation. a BA in Political Science and Modern History [email protected] from the University of Zurich.

27 CIS News 2015 27 Welcoming New Faces CIS extends a warm welcome to our ever-growing number of academic advisors and professors.

Professor of Coordinator of Studies Associate Professor of Comparative Politics Benita Cserépy Political Theory Daniele Caramani Scott Desposato

Daniele Caramani has been working Benita Cserépy began working as Scott W. Desposato is Associate as Professor of Comparative Politics Coordinator of Studies in April this year Professor of Political Science, and at the University of Zurich since August and is responsible for MACIS student has held positions at the University 2014. He graduated from the University life, from application to graduation. of Arizona and the University of of Geneva and holds a Ph.D. from the Her work covers the coordination of California, San Diego, as well as European University Institute, Florence, the study programme, organization fellowships at Princeton’s Center for where he was a Jean Monnet fellow. of events and meetings, website the Study of Democratic Politics and He has held academic positions in administration and, most importantly, the Harvard Academy. His general Florence, Mannheim, Birmingham and she provides an extensive advisory research interests include democratic St. Gallen, and is author of “Elections service for students. In order to provide institutions, campaigning, mass in Western Europe since 1815: the best possible support for current behavior, and political methodology. Electoral Results by Constituencies” and future students, Benita works Specific projects have examined (Palgrave 2000, with CD-ROM) and closely with the Director of Studies and redistricting in the United States, “The Nationalization of Politics” (CUP the ETH Rectorate. electoral rules and federalism in 2004). He has authored “Introduction Brazil, party-switching by politicians, to the Comparative Method with “I appreciate the contact with the and statistical methods for studying Boolean Algebra” (Sage, “Quantitative students, and it is important to me legislatures. Published research has Applications in the Social Sciences” that the office is run efficiently and appeared in The American Journal 2009) and edits: “Comparative Politics” professionally. Students may find of Political Science, The Journal of (Oxford University Press 2014, third it hard at times to go through the Politics, Comparative Political Studies, edition, which has been translated into administrative part and I’m really happy and Political Analysis. His latest project, Italian and Croatian). Prof. Caramani is if I can support them. It’s my personal for which he has received a National Co-Director of the Constituency-Level aim to contribute towards a good study Science Foundation award, examines Data Archive which received the APSA environment and to make things easier, the determinants and impacts of “Dataset Award” in 2012. and possibly better. Life is hard enough!” negative campaigning across different institutional settings.

Contact: Contact: Contact:

University of Zurich ETH Zurich University of Zurich Institute of Political Science Center for Comp. & Int’l Studies (CIS) Institute of Political Science Prof. Dr. Daniele Caramani Benita Cserépy, Coordinator of Studies Prof. Dr. Scott Desposato AFL H-344, Affolternstrasse 56 IFW D 33.3, Haldeneggsteig 4 AFL H-312, Affolternstrasse 56 8050 Zurich, Switzerland 8092 Zürich, Switzerland 8050 Zurich, Switzerland +41 44 634 40 10 +41 44 632 64 66 + 41 44 634 62 70 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

28 CIS News 2015 Ready, Steady, Snow! Prof. Dr. Frank Schimmelfennig’s European Politics PhD group spent a cozy academic retreat in the Swiss resort of Belalp, in the sun-kissed Valais. In the meantime, students at the ETH got their skates on...

Asya Zhelyazkova (CIS) in a program that combined eleven ed. / ETH press release presentations within two days. The This year’s annual European Politics presentations addressed various topics Following last year’s success, the retreat took place in January, in the related to current issues in European ETH was happy to once again invite sun-bathed Belalp, in Valais. In politics, including the Eurozone crisis, students, staff, and the general Zurich addition to the spectacular view of the differentiated integration in the EU, the public to a few weeks of ice skating Matterhorn peak in the distance, we legislative efficiency of the EU and the and general gastronomical enjoyment could marvel at several other Valaisian impact of EU’s accession to Central in the makeshift dinner tent. Thanks to four-thousanders as well as the and Eastern Europe on compliance an amazing ETH team boasting Swiss largest Alpine glacier: the impressive and party competition in Europe. In organizational finesse at its best, you Aletsch (a Unesco Heritage site). It was addition, the new PhD students were could rent your skates on location, zip a great location to present and provide encouraged to use the opportunity a few rounds and retire to sip a warm feedback on each other’s research, to present the first versions of their drink in the heated pavilion. interrupted only by invigourating short respective PhD proposals. Our retreat The ice rink and tent remained open walks in the snow. In total, twelve of ended with a seven-kilometer sledge between November 15-December 14 our internal and external members ride down to Blatten, where we all took and aims to return again next year, gathered to discuss their research off back to Zurich. laces crossed.

European Politics PhD Group, January 2014. (l-r): Thomas Schäuble, Jofre Rocabert, Reini Schrama, (top): Ice skating on the Polyterrasse, ETH; Joergen Boelstad, Thomas Winzen, Prof. Dr. Frank Schimmelfennig, Asya Zhekyazkova, Christoph (bottom): Light entertainment & culinary delights Elhardt (back), Cansarp Kaya, Sabine Jenni. in the adjacent tent.

CIS News 2015 29 Reconstructing a cycle of protest: Protest and politics in Turkey, PhDs in 2014 1971–1985 Selin Bengi Gümrükçü The last Gallic village? Right-wing populist Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Hanspeter Kriesi An empirical analysis parties and labor of Switzerland’s market policies My thesis analyses the differentiated protest events European integration Dominik Geering that took place 1990–2010 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. S. Häusermann in Turkey in the 1970s, between How do right- 1971-1985. Sabine Jenni wing populist The main argument of the study is Supervisor: Prof. Dr. F. Schimmelfennig parties change the need to consider the 1970s as welfare state a cycle of protest and a period of Switzerland has politics? In politicization rather than a chaotic not become a my cumulative period that should be avoided. member of the dissertation, Based theoretically on the political European Union I analyze specific aspects of this process approach and the concept of (EU), but the question in three papers. Starting on political opportunity structures, the instruments of the voter-level, paper 1 shows that dissertation tested seven hypotheses, Swiss European today economic insecurity leads to of which five were supported. The policies show similarities to the increased anti-immigrant attitudes first main part of the dissertation, European integration of the EU and electoral support for right-wing based on the data collected for this member states. Is it thus justified populist parties. Paper 2 focuses on study, dealt with the components to call Switzerland the last Gallic the party-level, analyzing the labor of protest events, respectively the village in Western Europe? The market policies of right-wing populist actors, repertoires of actions and the thesis examined this question parties. The paper shows that as issues raised during the protests, based on an empirical dataset, right-wing populist parties cooperate while the second part analyzed the which measures the integration with the moderate right, they support dynamics of institutionalization quality of Switzerland’s European market-liberal policies despite their and radicalization in Turkey, two policies between 1990 and 2010. working class electorate. Finally, processes that are argued to emerge The dataset focuses on legal rules paper 3 focuses on policy impact, hand-in-hand at the end of cycles of originating in the EU, which are and shows that right-wing populist protest. The result was that, unlike extended to Switzerland by the parties polarize labor market policy most of the cases discussed in the means of sectoral agreements and making and facilitate retrenchment literature on social movements, the the unilateral adaptation of domestic by strengthening the political cycle of protest of the 1970s in Turkey law. The analyses showed that right bloc. By tracing the link from revealed dynamics of radicalization extensions of EU rules to Switzerland voters to parties to policies, the three from the very start, but revealed few appeared throughout the whole papers provide insights into how attempts towards institutionalization. research period, but the legal links right-wing populist parties influence The impacts of the military to the EU became stronger and welfare state politics. interventions on street politics more frequent in relation to the are also clearly demonstrated. Bilaterals I and Bilaterals II. The Methodologically, my dissertation thesis drew on supranationalist and employed protest event analysis intergovernmentalist theories of based on the archives of Turkish daily European integration and showed Milliyet, by reviewing every issue from that domestic and international March 1971 until 1985, and coding negotiations, as well as the every other article. institutional quality of the different integration instruments, explain these developments.

30 CIS News 2015 The causes and Coercion, risk, and Strategic culture, consequences of ethnic danger: The securitization and the power-sharing construction of use of force by liberal sanctions and democracies – securitization of Nils-Christian Bormann comparing the security Supervisor: Prof. Dr. L. E. Cederman international conflict policies and practices of Australia, Canada, What are the France, Germany and causes and Mark Daniel Jaeger what are the Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Andreas Wenger the UK after 9/11 consequences of ethnic power-­ The most sharing? notorious Wilhelm Mirow Existing research question raised Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Andreas Wenger generally agrees that ethnic coalitions on coercive decrease the likelihood of civil international This dissertation war. However, most scholars of sanctions is: analysed whether power-sharing claim that political “Do sanctions differences in the elites from different ethnic groups work?” Unsurprisingly, answers to extent to which rarely form coalitions and that these such a sweeping question remain Western liberal coalitions are inherently unstable inconclusive. However, in crucial democracies unless so-called power-sharing cases even coercive sanctions’ widely resorted to the institutions provide incentives for presumed logic of economic impact use of force within the two-year cooperation. Since most studies translating into political pressure period after the terrorist events of 11 of power-sharing do not measure is not the primary driver of conflict September 2001 can be explained on coalitions directly, it remains unclear development. Furthermore, one the basis of differences in societies’ how accurate these claims are. of the most striking differences identity-derived norms on the My thesis complements existing across sanctions conflicts is broadly legitimate use of force by the state research by adopting a theoretical neglected: The increasing occurrence against perceived existential threats. and empirical approach that and combination of positive It thereby sought to improve our explicitly centers on elite behavior. sanctions with negative sanctions. understanding of how a strategic My theoretical argument predicts Instead of asking whether sanctions culture has an impact on concrete that ethnic elites frequently form work, this study addresses a more state actions. To this end, the oversized coalitions because they basic question: How do coercive dissertation proposes a theoretical fear future defections by their international sanctions work, and framework which combines the co-ethnics and violent revolutions more substantially, what are the concept of strategic culture with the by members of excluded ethnic social conditions within sanctions concept of securitization within a groups. Accordingly, ethnic coalitions conflicts that are conducive to either morphogenetic macro-theoretical are less stable than mono-ethnic cooperation or non-cooperation? framework based on Critical governments. Since ethnic coalitions The study argues that coercive Realism as well as on a pragmatist are usually unstable and elites sanctions and international conflicts methodology and conception of face higher risks when they lose are socially constructed facts; causation. The dissertation examines power in dictatorships, large elite their meaning is not pre-given. It these theoretical assumptions coalitions are more likely to embrace develops a constructivist theory of through in-depth case studies democratization in order to lower coercive sanctions, positing them in involving state decisions concerning their personal risks. Finally, ethnic a dynamically evolving international domestic anti-terrorism legislation coalitions should mainly reduce conflict environment. To this as well as the wars in Afghanistan the risk of territorial rather than end, it fuses elements of modern and Iraq. governmental civil war because systems theory with the notion of large coalitions are likely to result in securitization as causal mechanism infighting over government power. in conflict transformation. The study I find support for my hypotheses presents an empirical analysis of using data on the ethnic composition the construction of sanctions in the of governments around the world conflict between China and Taiwan. between 1946 and 2009.

CIS News 2015 31 Civil conflict in Determinants of The quality of petroleum-producing individual preferences democracy in Africa: regions for global climate The significance of politics: Burden legacies of cleavages sharing, civil society and opposition Philipp Hunziker involvement, and competitivenesst Supervisor: Prof. Dr. L. E. Cederman governance Does oil and architecture gas production Jonathan van Eerd cause the Supervisors: Prof. Dr. H.P. Kriesi & outbreak of civil Robert Gampfer Prof. Dr. Dieter Ruloff violence? And if Supervisor: Prof. Dr. T. Bernauer so, under what The thesis makes conditions is Robert’s two original oil and gas-extraction particularly dissertation contributions to risky? Existing research suggests investigates the literature on that petroleum-producing states are how different democratization more likely to witness the outbreak aspects of global and political of intrastate conflict than other environmental parties in sub- countries. However, it is unclear governance Saharan Africa: First, it shows that whether this relationship represents influence individual preferences democratization in sub-Saharan a causal effect, or reflects the fact for international climate politics. In Africa can be successful, even if the that the location and intensity of particular it focuses on international government remains dominated petroleum production is endogenous burden sharing of climate mitigation by one major political party: If an to political violence. Current research costs, involvement of civil society institutionalized and relatively strong is unable to identify those areas organizations, and institutional opposition party – even if it is too where petroleum production is architectures such as climate clubs. weak to take power – challenges most likely to trigger civil conflict. A theoretical core concept is political the dominant government party, My thesis addresses these gaps in legitimacy, which in the case of the quality of democracy improves an integrated fashion. The issue of global environmental governance substantially. This finding stands endogeneity is tackled by relying derives from properties of the in contrast to the grain of recent on an instrumental variable design governance process and from its literature on democratization that employs data on the geological effectiveness in solving international in Africa, which generally views determinants of petroleum deposits environmental problems. Burden dominant government parties to predict the occurrence of sharing, civil society involvement, and as incompatible with democratic petroleum production. Further, a governance architecture all impact consolidation, considers opposition collection of newly available spatially on the procedural as well as the parties in dominant party systems disaggregated data is employed to outcome legitimacy of global climate homogeneously weak and champions identify the local demographic and governance. The thesis concentrates electoral turnovers as the single most political conditions under which the on popular legitimacy, i.e. in how effective route towards democratic conflict-inducing effect of petroleum far societal actors, for example consolidation. Second, the thesis production is largest. The conducted citizens, perceive a system of rules shows that contemporary competitive empirical analyses yield strong or the process of its establishment opposition parties in African party evidence for a local, causal effect of as justified and appropriate. Popular systems with a dominant party are petroleum production on the onset legitimacy is commonly considered rooted in the historical legacy of of violent separatist conflict. This an essential criterion for public policy cleavages that precede the third wave thesis shows that petroleum is most support. Empirical results suggest of democratization and have survived likely to trigger separatist violence that more differentiated burden the instability of post-independence if it is extracted in the settlement sharing and effective civil society political developments in Africa to the areas of local ethnic communities involvement improve public support present day. The book identifies the that lack representation in the and hence political feasibility of center-periphery cleavage, i.e., the central government, and are weakly international climate agreements. cleavage between the urban, secular penetrated by state institutions. Moreover, provided that they contain nationalist elites and the traditional, the right design elements, climate rural ruling elites, as the decisive clubs command sufficient political cleavage. legitimacy to form an effective component of global climate governance. 32 CIS News 2015 CIS News A roundup of developments

Stefanie Bailer, in cooperation with Fabrizio Gilardi received the green light Frank Schimmelfennig, Asya Prof. Dr. Sonja Puntscher-Riekmann for a new SNSF Project, namely: “Role Zhelyazkova, Zoran Nechev and Ivan and Dr. Fabio Wasserfallen (University models, spillovers, and the supply side Damjanovski (St. Cyril and Methodius of Salzburg), (Director), has received of women’s political representation” University, Skopje) received a research the European Union, Horizon 2020 (2015-2017). grant from the Swiss Science grant for: “The Choice for Europe Foundation (SNF) on 1 April 2014 for Since Maastricht. Member States Miriam Hänni was awarded the Central their Scientific Cooperation: “Between Preferences for Economic and University Best Paper Award in April Eastern Europe and Switzerland Financial Integration”. 2014 for her work on: “Analysing ethnic (SCOPES)”. . minorities’ substantive representation. Giuliano Bonoli and Flavia Fossati Does the presence of minority MPs Livia Schubiger obtained three are headlining a new project, namely: matter for policy responsiveness highly-coveted awards, including: “Integration through Active Labor towards minority issues?”. the University of Zurich Annual Award Market Policy - nccr on the move”. for Outstanding Scholarship, the Silja Häusermann and Denise Traber Dissertation Prize for Excellence in Zarina Burkadze was awarded the received funding from the SNF for their Applied Development Research from Excellence Scholarship for Foreign new project: “Crisis of Democracy? the Research Group on Development Scholars in April from the Swiss Party Politics and Representation in Economics of the German Economic Government. for her project: Times of Austerity” (September 2014-) Association and the KfW Development “Domestic Actors and External Bank (Young Researcher Category), as Influences. Transition and Democratic The ETH-based International Conflict well as the prize for Best PhD Thesis Consolidation in Georgia”. Research (ICR) group had a new from the Department of Political research project approved by the Swiss Science, University of Zurich. Livia was The Constituency-Level Elections National Science Foundation, namely: shortlisted for the prestigious ECPR Archive (CLEA) of which Daniele “The Causes and Consequences of Jean Blondel PhD Prize. Caramani is one of the co-directors, Irredentism”. has released a new dataset on geo- Stefanie Walter received an SNF grant referenced electoral districts to be Katharina Michaelowa and Chris for “Distributional Conflicts and the used in combination with electoral data Humphrey received a grant from the Politics of Adjustment in the Eurozone in cartographic maps. SNSF to continue their research into Crisis”. Her research will investigate the ways multilateral development why the euro crisis has turned into the The 2013 book Inequality, Grievances bank (MDB) lending is evolving in most serious challenge the European and Civil War by Lars-Erik Cederman, response to global economic change. Union has ever had to face. Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, Halvard The new project, entitled: “How is Buhaug (Cambridge University Press, Changing Demand for Multilateral In an SNSF-project to start in 2013) received two more awards in Lending Impacting Development early 2015, Livia Schubiger, Marco 2014, namely: the American Political Finance Activity in Africa?” is scheduled Steenbergen, and Simon Bornschier Science Association, Washington DC, to launch in early 2015. (IPZ, respectively), together with APSA Conflict Processes Best Book Manuel Vogt (ETH), will study instances Award in 2013 and the Network of CSS/Tim Prior have received just over of political protest that have surged European Peace Scientists, NEPS €1M to finance “PopAlert: Population concomitantly with the dramatic Medal for Best Publication in Peace Alerting: Linking Emergencies, increase of mining activities in Latin Sciences, 2014. Resilience and Training” (an FP7 America. ‘Coordination and Support Action’ project).CIS postdoctoral researcher

CIS News 2015 33 CIS Publications

Bailer, Stefanie and Florian Weiler. Bernauer, Thomas, Robert Gampfer, of Democratic Systems”. European 2014. “A Political Economy of Positions and Florian Landis. 2014. “Burden Political Science Review, DOI: 10.1017/ in Climate Change Negotiations: sharing in global climate governance” S175577391400006X. Economic, Structural, Domestic, In: Hovi J, Cherry, T., McEvoy, D., and Strategic Explanations”, Review eds. Toward a new climate agreement. Buhang, Halvard, Jonas Nordkvelle, of International Organizations. DOI Conflict, resolution and governance, Thomas Bernauer, et al. 2014. “One 10.1007/s11558-014-9198-0, S. 1-24. Chapter 4. London: Routledge. Effect to Rule Them All? A Comment on Climate and Conflict”. Climatic Change. Bailer, Stefanie, Mikko Mattila and Bernauer, Thomas, Robert Gampfer DOI: 10.1007/s10584-014-1266-1. Gerald Schneider. 2014. “Money and Aya Kachi. 2014. “European Makes the EU Go Round. The Objective unilateralism and involuntary Buhaug, Halvard, Lars-Erik Cederman Foundations of Conflict in the Council of burden sharing in global climate and Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. Ministers”, Journal of Common Market politics: A public opinion perspective 2014. “Square Pegs in Round Holes: Studies. DOI:10.1111/jcms.12194, from the other side”, European Grievances, Inequalities and Civil S.1-20. Union Politics 15(1):132-151. DOI: War”, International Studies Quarterly. 10.1177/1465116513496878. 58: 418–431. Bara, Corinne. 2014. “Incentives and opportunities: A complexity-oriented Bochsler, Daniel and Julian Bernauer. Cederman, Lars-Erik, Luc Girardin explanation of violent ethnic conflict”, 2014. “Strategic Incentives in and Julian Wucherpfennig. 2014. Journal of Peace Research 51(6): Unconventional Electoral Systems: “Exploring Inequality and Ethnic 696-710. Introduction to the Special Issue”, Conflict: EPR-ETH and GROWup” in Representation 50 (1):1-12. Peace and Conflict 2014, Paul A. Backer, Beck, Lucas, Thomas Bernauer, Jonathan Wilkenfeld and Paul K. Huth Tobias Siegfrid and Tobias Böhmelt. Bochsler, Daniel. 2014. “Which (eds), University of Maryland: Center 2014. “Implications of hydro-political mixed-member proportional electoral for International Development and dependency for international water formula fits you best? Assessing the Conflict Management and Boulder, CO cooperation and conflict: Insights from proportionality principle of positive and London: Paradigm Publishers. new data”, Political Geography, DOI: vote transfer systems”, Representation 10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.05.004. 50 (1):113-27. Culpepper, Pepper D., and Raphael Reinke. 2014. “Structural Power and Beramendi, Pablo, Silja Häusermann, Böhmelt, Tobias, Thomas Bernauer, Bank Bailouts in the United Kingdom Herbert Kitschelt and Hanspeter Halvard Buhaug, Nils Petter Gleditsch, and the United States”, Politics & Kriesi. forthcoming 2015. “The Politics Theresa Tribaldos and Gerdis Society 42 (4): 427–54. of Advanced Capitalism”, Cambridge Wischnath. 2014. “Demand, Supply, and University Press. Restraint: Determinants of Domestic Dimova, Ralitza, Shubhashis Water Conflict and Cooperation”. Global Gangopadhyay, Katharina Michaelowa Bernauer, Thomas and Böhmelt, Environmental Change, DOI: 10.1016/j. and Anke Weber. 2015. “Off-farm Labor Tobias. Forthcoming, 2014. “Basins gloenvcha.2013.11.018. Supply and Correlated Shocks: New at risk – Predicting international river Theoretical Insights and Evidence from basin conflict and cooperation”, Global Böhmelt, Tobias, Thomas Bernauer Malawi”, in: Economic Development Environmental Politics, 14:4. and Vally Koubi. 2014. “The Marginal and Cultural Change Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. Impact of ENGOs in Different Types 361-391.

34 CIS News 2015 Dunn Cavelty, Myriam. 2014. Germann, Micha, Fernando Mendez, Häusermann, Silja, Georg Picot and “Breaking the Cyber-Security Jonathan Wheatley, and Uwe Serdült. Dominik Geering. 2014. “Rethinking Dilemma: Aligning Security Needs and 2014. “Spatial Maps in Voting Advice Party Politics and the Welfare State: Removing Vulnerabilities”, Science and Applications: The Case for Dynamic Recent Advances in the Literature”, Engineering Ethics, 20/3, pp. 701-715. Scale Validation.” Acta Politica, DOI: Foreign Theoretical Trends, 2013(7), 10.1057/ap.2014.3. 23-35. Dunn Cavelty, Myriam. 2014. “Cybersecurity in Switzerland” Gilardi, Fabrizio. 2014. “Methods for Häusermann, Silja and Christine (Springer). the Analysis of Policy Interdependence”, Zollinger. 2014. “Familienpolitik”, in in Engeli, Isabelle and Christine Peter Knoepfel, Yannis Papadopoulos, Fossati, Flavia and Silja Häusermann. Rothmayr (eds), Comparative Policy Pascal Scarini, Adrian Vatter and Silja 2014. “Social Policy Preferences Studies. Conceptual and Methodological Häusermann (eds). Handbuch der and Party Choice in the 2011 Swiss Challenges, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. Schweizer Politik. NZZ Verlag. Elections”. Swiss Political Science 195–204. Review. DOI: 10.1111/spsr.12115. Hagmann, Jonas. 2014. “(In-)Security Gilardi, Fabrizio. 2014. “The Temporary and the Production of International Gampfer, Robert, Thomas Bernauer Importance of Role Models for Women’s Relations”, London: Routledge. and Aya Kachi. 2014. “Obtaining public Political Representation”. American support for North-South climate Journal of Political Science (Early View). Hagmann, Jonas and Thomas funding: Evidence from conjoint Biersteker. 2014. “Beyond the experiments in donor countries”. Global Gilardi, Fabrizio and Fabio Published Discipline: Towards a Critical Environmental Change, 29:118-126, Wasserfallen. 2014. “How Socialization Pedagogy of International Studies”, DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.08.006. Attenuates Tax Competition”, British European Journal of International Journal of Political Science (http:// Relations 20, 2: 291–315. Gampfer, Robert. 2014. “Do individuals journals.cambridge.org/). care about fairness in burden sharing Hagmann, Jonas. 2014. for climate change mitigation? Gingrich, Jane and Silja Häusermann. “Representations of Terrorism and Evidence from a lab experiment”, forthcoming 2015. “The decline of the the Making of Counterterrorism Climatic Change. DOI: 10.1007/ working class vote, the reconfiguration Policy”, Critical Studies on Terrorism 6, s10584-014-1091-6. of the welfare support coalition and 3: 429–446. consequences for the welfare state”, Germann, Micha, Flurin Conradin, Journal of European Social Policy. Heyne, Lea. 2014. “Globalisierung Christoph Wellig, and Uwe Serdült und Demokratie. Führt 2014. “Five Years of Internet Voting for Häusermann, Silja, Thomas Kurer, Denationalisierung zu einem Verlust Swiss Expatriates” in Peter Parycek, and Hanna Schwander. online first von Demokratiequalität?” in Merkel, and Noella Edelmann (eds), CeDEM view, 2014. “High-skilled outsiders? W. (ed): Demokratie und Krise. Zum 14th Conference for E-Democracy and Labor market vulnerability, education schwierigen Verhältnis von Theorie und Open Government. 21-23 May 2014, and welfare state preferences”, Socio- Empirie. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, pp. Danube University Krems, Austria, Economic Review. First view: DOI: 277-305. 127-140. Krems: Danube University 10.1093/ser/mwu026. Krems.

CIS News 2015 35 Heyne, Lea and Wolfgang Merkel. Munzert, Simon; Christian Rubba, Winzen, Thomas, Christilla Roederer- 2014. “Transformationsphasen” Peter Meissner, and Dominic Nyhuis. Rynning, and Frank Schimmelfennig. in: Kollmorgen, R./ Merkel, W./ 2015. Automated Data Collection with R. forthcoming. “Parliamentary Co- Wagener, H.-J. (eds): Handbuch A Practical Guide to Web Scraping and Evolution: National Parliamentary Transformationsforschung. Wiesbaden: Text Mining”, Chichester: Wiley. Reactions to the Empowerment of Springer VS, pp.733-739. the European Parliament”, Journal of Nünlist, Christian. 2014. “Building European Public Policy. Heyne, Lea. forthcoming 2015. “Direkte Bridges for Everyone: Switzerland’s Demokratie auf Kommunal- und Chairmanship of the OSCE in 2014” in: Winzen, Thomas. forthcoming. Länderebene in Deutschland: Die Security and Human Rights 24, no. 3-4, “Bureaucracy and Democracy: Intra- Beispiele Bayern und Hamburg” in: pp. 355-372. Parliamentary Delegation in European Merkel, W. (ed.): Volksabstimmungen: Union Affairs”, Journal of European Illusionen und Fakten. Wiesbaden: Popp, Roland and Andreas Wenger Integration. Springer VS. (eds). 2014. “Special Issue: The Historical Origins of the Global Wüest, Bruno and Flavia Fossati Humphrey, Chris. 2014. Paper: Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime” in: forthcoming. “Quantitative discursive “Guarantees for development: a International History Review 36, 2. institutionalism: a comparison of review of multilateral development labour market policy discourse across bank operations”. (http://www.odi. Popp, Roland. 2014. “Global Order, Western Europe”, Journal of European org/publications/9130-guarantees- Cooperation between the Superpowers Public Policy. development-review-multilateral- and Alliance Politics in the Making of development-bank-operations) the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime” Zhelyazkova, Asya. 2014. “From in: International History Review 36, 2 selective integration into selective Jenni, Sabine. 2014 “Europeanization (2014), pp. 195-209. implementation: The link between of Swiss Law-Making: Empirics and differentiated integration and Rhetoric are Drifting Apart”. Swiss Puppis, Manuel, Martino Maggetti, conformity with EU laws”. European Political Science Review 20(2): 208- Fabrizio Gilardi, Jan Biela and Yannis Journal of Political Research. 53(4): 215 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ Papadopoulos. 2014. “The Political 727-746. doi/10.1111/spsr.12098/abstract. Communication of Independent Regulatory Agencies”, Swiss Political Knoepfel, Peter, Yannis Papadopoulos, Science Review (http://onlinelibrary. Pascal Sciarini, Adrian Vatter and Silja wiley.com/). Häusermann. 2014. Handbuch der Schweizer Politik. Zürich: NZZ Verlag. Roth, Florian and Timothy Prior. 2014. “The boundaries of building societal Kriesi, Hanspeter, Sandra Lavenex, resilience: responsibilization and Frank Esser, Jörg Matthes, Marc Swiss Civil defense in the Cold War”, Bühlmann, and Daniel Bochsler. 2013. Behemoth 7(2):103-123. Democracy in the Age of Globalization and Mediatization. Houndmills: Palgrave Schaffer, Lena and Thomas Macmillan. Bernauer. 2014. “Explaining the Adoption of Renewable Energy Leemann, Lucas, and Daniel Bochsler. Policies”, Energy Policy. DOI: 10.1016/j. 2014. “A Systematic Approach to Study enpol.2013.12.064. Electoral Fraud.” Electoral Studies 35:33-47. Schimmelfennig, Frank and Thomas Winzen. 2014. “Instrumental and Maggetti, Martino and Fabrizio Gilardi. Constitutional Differentiation in the 2014. “Problems (and solutions) in European Union”, Journal of Common the measurement of policy diffusion Market Studies 52 (2): 354-370. mechanisms”, Journal of Public Policy (Early View).

36 CIS News 2015 Introducing the ISTP A Warm

The Institute of Science, Technology, Farewell and Policy (ISTP) is set to open its doors Prof. Dr. Rolf Kappel, in September 2015. founding member of our institution,

ed. / ISTP retires this year

Background Teaching CIS wishes Prof. Dr. Rolf Kappel all Public policies addressing key A new MSc program in Science, the best in his endeavours following challenges of our time rely heavily Technology and Policy (STP) will start his retirement in 2014. Rolf Kappel on scientific knowledge. Such in September 2015. This program was Professor for the Problems of challenges pertain, for instance, to will equip students originating from Developing Countries and Director urban development, energy production natural sciences and engineering of the Center for Postgraduates, and use, transformation towards a curricula with skills for analyzing Course for Developing Countries digital society, and natural resources complex societal problems at the (NADEL) from September 1, 1992 to and the environment. Contributing interface of science, technology, and January 31, 2014. Prof. Dr. Kappel’s meaningfully and effectively to policy. Recruitment of the first student leaving lecture: “Institutionen – policy-making in such areas cohort will begin in February 2015. der heilige Gral wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung?” took place on April requires integration of knowledge 9, 2014, attended by a number of generated in the natural sciences, Research students and staff. engineering, and social sciences. The ISTP will support and host research activities at the science-policy nexus The ISTP is dedicated to supporting at two levels. Seed-level support for Multiculturalism: The Swiss Trap, public policy-making processes, both projects will allow for a diversity of continued from p. 7. via education of future policy analysts questions to be explored and innovative References: and decision-makers and via exchange and productive research collaborations Bochsler, Daniel, Adis Merdžanović, and Davor of information among scientists, to be developed (a so-called “research Petrić. 2014. “Enforced cooperation. A model of international intervention in divided policy-makers, and other members of incubator”). polities.” In CEEISA conference. Cluj. society. Bochsler, Daniel, and Edina Szöcsik. 2013. Interaction with Society “Building inter-ethnic bridges or promoting ethno-territorial demarcation lines? The Institute will enter a pilot phase of The ISTP will facilitate continuous Hungarian minority parties in competition.” four years, starting in September 2015. dialogue with stakeholders in Nationalities Papers 41 (5):761-79. The initial membership of the Institute government, business, and civil Giudici, Anja & Sandra Grizelj, 2014. Vom will include around 20 professors from society. An international visitors Berufs- und Elitewissen zum Garant des nationalen Zusammenhalts, Babylonia 3/14: a wide range of ETH departments, program (ISTP-CONNECT) will bring 60-65. including those of Architecture, policy-experts, decision-makers, and Hänni, Miriam: Why they lack support: The Mechanical and Process Engineering, academics to ETH. effect of perceived policy responsiveness on Computer Sciences, Environmental the political support of ethnic minorities in 14 heterogeneous European countries. Paper Sciences, and Social Sciences. The For more information, please contact: prepared for presentation at the IPSA ISTP will also host, within its own Prof. Dr. Thomas Bernauer, designated Conference in Montréal, 19-24 July 2014. premises, around 30 PhD students and ISTP Director ([email protected]) or Hänni, Miriam: Presence, Representation and Impact: How Minority MPs Affect Policy postdocs, as well as guest professors Prof. Dr. Reza Abhari, designated ISTP Outcomes. (Under Review) and executives in residence. Deputy Director ([email protected]. Merdžanović, Adis. 2014. Why Democracy per ethz.ch) Decree Does Not Work, University of Zurich, Zurich.

CIS News 2015 37 Impressions MACIS graduation 2014

Congratulations to our graduates! (top row, l-r): Yannick Pengl, Maximilian Würfel, Olivier Baumann (bottom row, l-r): Agata Kazmierczak, Mirjam Rohrbach, Brilé Anderson, Selina Bezzola Photos © Dorothea Müller 2015

38 CIS News 2015 CIS News 2015 39 ETH Zurich Department GESS Center for Comparative and International Studies (CIS) Haldeneggsteig 4 8092 Zurich www.cis.ethz.ch

Publisher CIS Zurich Editor Maya Sela Mozafar Graphic design null-oder-eins GmbH Proof-reading Benita Cserépy, Claudia Marianne Jenny Cover photo Nomads, Smara Camp © Mirjam Hirzel, all rights reserved 2015 Printers REPRO ETHZ Edition 2015

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