CIS News Migration and Multiculturalism 2015 I Annual Edition, No. 25 Center for Comparative and Internationa l Studies (CIS) Editorial CIS Director Marco Steenbergen If I had to name a political issue that put its stamp on 2014, “principles of justice that intuitively resonate with a majority migration would be high on my list. Conflicts in Syria and of the population.” elsewhere have set in motion a continuing stream of asylum seekers, which in turn have contributed to an increasingly The essay by Nenad Stojanovic focuses on the descriptive heated debate about the question of who should take care representation of migrants and minorities. It is well known of them. In the United States, immigration has been an that minorities are often underrepresented in legislative important topic, one that is likely to carry over into the institutions. Stojanovic explores whether this is also true next presidential elections. In Europe we have seen the in Switzerland and to what extent this can be considered a rise of populist parties who question not only the influx of function of ‘’racism.’’ migrants from outside the EU but also internal migration. The success of parties like UKIP and the FN in the elections The remaining essays take up the question of citizenship. for the European parliament has shown the potency of anti- Rebecca Welge and Antoinette Scherz explore the topic of immigrant sentiments alongside Euroskeptic tendencies. European citizenship, which is held by all EU citizens in Still closer to home, the Masseneinwanderungsinitiative was addition to their respective nationalities. They ask to what passed in Switzerland on February 9, 2014. extent European citizenship, which is guaranteed by the EU treaties, actually works? Finally, Johan Rochel approaches At CIS Zurich, the importance of the theme has not gone the question of citizenship from a philosophical perspective. unnoticed. Hence, I am proud to present this Newsletter, He explores the position, taken by some prominent which is dedicated to the topics of migration and philosophers, that anyone who is being subjected to the multiculturalism. In five essays, colleagues speak to some coercion of the state should also have the right to influence of the most central questions of the migration debate. Daniel this coercion. When we accept this position, any migrant who Bochsler, assistant professor of comparative politics with pays taxes could claim the political rights associated with an emphasis on democratization, probes the question of citizenship. But it may be important to distinguish coercion whether the Swiss model, often hailed for its power to include from being affected by laws. After all, most of us are affected minorities, is really capable of serving multiculturalism. by U.S. policies but it is not clear that this should give us Summarizing research from his current research project, American citizenship rights. he dispenses with four myths about the power of Swiss political institutions to provide a multi-cultural solution. Also The essays in this Newsletter show that CIS Zurich is taking a Swiss perspective, Simon Bornschier, head of the a vibrant intellectual and scholarly community. Equally research area of political sociology, analyzes how the conflict open to normative arguments and empirical evidence, we between multiculturalism and the traditional community tackle important questions in novel ways. As the current evolved between 1975 and 2007. He argues that we need to CIS director, it is my great pleasure to be a part of this view this conflict as one between universalistic values and community and to lead its way in 2015. CIS News 2015 3 In this edition Migration and Multiculturalism COVER STORY: 16 Democracy and Immigration: 6 Multiculturalism: the Swiss Trap Shifting Towards Inclusion Why Swiss democracy is not for export Johan Rohel (Ethics Center/UZH) Daniel Bochsler (CIS) 19 Union Citizenship Revisited 8 Multiculturalism and its Multilateral democracy as normative Discontents standard for European citizenship Cultural conflicts in the Swiss party system, Rebecca Welge (CIS) & 1975-2007 Antoinette Scherz (Goethe University Frankfurt am Main) Simon Bornschier (CIS) 20 Right-Wing Populist Parties and 12 Explaining the Need for Welfare-State Chauvinism Sub-National Refugee Data Dominik Geering (CIS) Seraina Rüegger (CIS) & Heidrun Bohnet (IHEID) 21 CIS Colloquium 2014 15 When Racist Voters Discriminate A year in review Against Minority Candidates Nenad Stojanovic (UZH/ZDA) 4 CIS News 2015 22 My First Year at MACIS 29 Ready, Steady, Snow! Interview with Katherine Woolbright CIS gets its skates on 23 Multiculturalism at CIS 30 PhDs Completed in 2014 Our nationalities (in bubbles) 33 CIS News 24 Of Deadlines and... Lifelines Interview with PhD candidate Mirjam Hirzel 34 CIS Publications 25 Africa’s Last Colony 37 The Institute of Science, Technology and Policy (ISTP) Mirjam Hirzel on the Western Sahara conflict CIS Professor Thomas Bernauer spearheads 26 CIS Exchange Program a new institute in 2015 Three students share their views 38 Goodbye and Good Luck! MACIS graduation 2014 28 CIS Welcomes New Staff CIS News 2015 5 Multiculturalism: the Swiss Trap Why Swiss democracy is not for export Daniel Bochsler (CIS) The Swiss identity is based on a two- layered system of myths: As ZDA researcher Anja Giudici analyses, in the Swiss identity construction, Wilhelm Tell was thought to serve the masses. Meanwhile, the educated classes have built the Swiss identity on the premise of a peaceful co-existence between linguistic and confessional groups. The picture of Switzerland as the ideal model of multiculturalism has persisted in the heads of notable politicians, academics, and media elites. When analysed in a cross-country Wilhelm Tell memorial, Altdorf © Fotolia/Waldteufel comparative perspective, many of the institutions praised by the Swiss as the magical solution to the challenges of multicultural democracy seem not to In her study on political representation, democracies, which in turn increase hold. By discussing four frequently- Miriam Hänni, doctoral student at the satisfaction of ethnic minorities heard myths, this essay gives a the NCCR Democracy, finds that with their political system. succinct and very selective glimpse of the election of minority MPs from several comparative research projects separate ethnic parties is related to a SECOND MYTH: on the effect of political institutions in stronger impact on policies. Certainly, Veto rights provide for compromise. multicultural democracies, currently the presence of MPs representing With the double majority rule being conducted at CIS. ethnic minorities generally has a (‘Ständemehr’) and the second chamber, positive impact on their substantial Switzerland provides for rules which FIRST MYTH: representation. MPs elected through benefit the Catholic-conservative The Swiss model, where political parties separate ethnic parties, however, cantons, and such veto rights are inclusive across language borders, push particularly towards the rights contribute to a culture of compromise. rather than segmented by cultural of ethnic minorities, such as language groups, provides for better policy rights or economic inclusion. Separate Elsewhere, veto rights also provide outcomes. ethnic parties seem to be better suited for reform blockages. In Bosnia and to providing for the consideration Herzegovina, the domestic institutions of minority rights in multicultural constantly fail to pass important laws. 6 CIS News 2015 The veto rights given to the three “When analysed in a cross-country comparative constitutional groups leave the political system virtually paralysed. As Adis perspective, many of the institutions praised Merdžanović shows in his dissertation (recently defended at CIS), the by the Swiss as the magical solution political elites, rather than engaging in negotiations, shift the burden of to the challenges of multi-cultural democracy passing laws to the international body with prerogative powers, the Office of seem not to hold.” the High Representative (OHR). we characterise as an arbiter mandate. the ethnic communities and higher THIRD MYTH: Unlike other High Representatives, standards of minority protection in a Swiss peasants have fought a heroic Petritsch did not only pursue the policy first instance. The comparative case and crucial fight against foreign rule; agenda of the international community, study which I conducted together with democracies work better if they are not but his main goal was to facilitate the Edina Szöcsik, shows that in a second ruled from Habsburg. negotiations between domestic veto instance, minority parties included players. By offering his prerogative in governmental coalitions face the Analysing the reform blockage in powers as a means to push through risk of being challenged from within Bosnia and Herzegovina, Daniel compromises of the domestic elites their own community. Rivals accuse Bochsler, Adis Merdžanović and Davor in cases when they would otherwise them of establishing and maintaining Petrić argue that foreign intervention have been blocked in the parliamentary clientelistic relations in government can resolve domestic blockages. We procedure, he effectively chose to while selling out the demands of have analysed the use of the OHR’s intervene in the political process. This their group. As a result, we observe prerogatives from 1997 to 2013, and model, we show, was the only one a spiral of radicalisation, driven by show how different models of foreign which has