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The Laws of Life Another Development and the New Biotechnologies by Gary Fowler, Eva Lachkovics, Pat Mooney and Hope Shand

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The Laws of Life Another Development and the New Biotechnologies by Gary Fowler, Eva Lachkovics, Pat Mooney and Hope Shand The Laws of Life Another Development and the New Biotechnologies By Gary Fowler, Eva Lachkovics, Pat Mooney and Hope Shand Introduction The Socioeconomic Impact of New Biotechnologies in the Third World Statement by Amir H. Jamal 5 From Linnaeus’s Garden to Leeuwenhoek’s Looking Glass Editorial 9 Authors’ Note 21 Part One The Life Technologies provides an overview of the basic Socioeconomic and technical aspects of the new biosciences Some Facts of Life 25 Towards Understanding the Biosciences Journey to the Centre of Life 32 Introduction to the New Biotechnologies The Homogenization of Life 49 A Summary of the Problem/Potential Part Two The Economic Laws of Life deals with the impact of the new biotechnologies on food production, food processing, animal husbandry, human health and the global environment seen in a Socioeconomic perspective The Gene Revolution 55 Food and Agriculture: A Short Overview Biofarms: The End of the End 60 Third World Farmers and the New Plant Genetics Pharm-ecology 72 The Corporate Approach to Organic Agriculture The Factory Farm 94 The Transformation of the Food Processing Industry Case Studies: Vanilla; Cacao; Oil Palm; Thaumatin; and Gum Arabic Animal Pharm 129 Animal Husbandry in the 1990s Case Study: Bovine Growth Hormone On the High Reef of the Human Dawn? 145 Biodrugs: The ‘Clean’ Revolution The ‘Clean-up’ Revolution? 171 Bio By-products for the ‘Greenhouse’ Part Three The Political Laws of Life discusses public versus corporate vested interests in the field of biotechnol- ogy and the role that the United Nations system can play in protecting its member-states—especially its weaker member-states—from the negative consequences of the developments in biotechnology The Lords of Life 179 Corporate Control of the New Biosciences On Mars and Microbes 194 Biological Warfare: Plants and People Regulating the Super ‘Natural’ 212 The Legal Challenge of Regulating Biotechnology Biopolicy: Ideas for Public Policy and Legislation on Biotechnology 225 From Cabbages to Kings? 237 Patents, Politics and the Poor Bio-Battles at the United Nations 256 Plants and Politics at FAO Case Study: The Security of the World's Major Gene Banks Part Four Towards a People-oriented Biotechnology The Bogève Declaration 289 Climbing the DNA Ladder 292 The Third System: Perspective from the South Anwar Fazal Tomorrow Has No Fixed Address 296 The Third System: Perspective from the North Tim Brodhead Part Five Appendix Glossary of Terms 301 List of Abbreviations 308 Sources of Information 310 Major Plant Biotechnology Companies 314 Company Profiles UN Agencies and Biotechnology 320 An Overview of the Involvement of the United Nations in the New Biotechnologies Networks Represented at the Bogève Workshop 344 The Rural Advancement Fund International and the Authors of This Report 347 Introduction The Socioeconomic Impact of New Biotechnologies in the Third World Statement by Amir H. Jamal The 1987 Dag Hammarskjöld Seminar on ‘The Socioeconomic Impact of New Biotechnologies on Basic Health and Agriculture in the Third World’ was divided into two parts, a workshop with about 30 participants organized in the French village of Bogève outside Geneva and a symposium at the Palais des Nations in Geneva, where the workshop participants were joined by Third World ambassadors, representatives of different UN agencies and members of third system organizations concerned with the subject. The symposium was opened on March 12, 1987, by Ambassador Amir H. Jamal, Permanent Representative of Tanzania to the UN Agencies and other Inter- national Organizations in Geneva and Vienna. Dr Jamal, who served for many years as Minister for Finance and in other ministerial capacities in the Government of Tanzania, has been a Trustee of the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation since 1977. His statement highlights some of the crucial problems confronting the Third World as a result of the new biotechnologies—prob- lems of such a magnitude that they may well come to dominate the develop- ment discussion for the rest of this century. I am privileged to have been closely associated with the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation for a length of time. The Foundation has over the years initiated, organized, stimulated and encouraged basic work and thinking in fields of human endeavour at the heart of which has been a concern for global development. That it found itself, in the process, paying sustained attention to the needs of the Third World as a matter of high priority is not surprising at all. The very name it bears, that of Dag Hammarskjöld, has made the concern for the Third World its categorical imperative. Hammar- skjöld dedicated his life to strengthening peace and through it develop- ment, because he believed that both peace and development were indivis- ible. In everything—and I say everything with deliberate emphasis—that the Foundation has undertaken either in its home in Uppsala or in Asia, Africa and Latin America, it has worked with countless committed men and women in promoting peaceful development and, in so doing, strengthening the United Nations system. To mention only a few examples of the Foundation’s activities, I would like to draw your attention to the 1975 Dag Hammarskjöld Report, What Now: Another Development, which as an independent contribution to the discus- sion, was presented to the Seventh Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly in September 1975. In this report development alterna- tives—need-oriented, self-reliant, endogenous, environmentally sound and based on structural transformation—are presented in the form of an integrated concept of ‘Another Development’. The Report which has been 6 Development Dialogue: The Laws of Life distributed in 100, 000 copies is used all over the world. Other important endeavours to be mentioned are ‘The South-North Conference on the International Monetary System and the New International Order’ in 1980, presenting important contributions to the work on monetary reform, the whole range of seminars on alternatives in education focusing in the first place on development in Southern Africa, and the seminars on alternatives in health leading up to the 1985 seminar on ‘Another Development in Pharmaceuticals’, which also has relevance to our discussions here. All this is documented in the Foundation's journal Development Dialogue. This symposium on ‘The Socioeconomic Impact of New Biotechnologies on Basic Health and Agriculture in the Third World’ is yet another initiative of the Foundation to ensure international concern for a matter of immense potential significance for the peaceful development of human society. Those of us who may have had an occasion to read the special issue of Development Dialogue published by the Foundation in 1983—entitled ‘The Law of the Seed: Another Development and Plant Genetic Resources’ —would already understand why the Foundation has given such a priority to organizing the present symposium. Science and technology permeates the daily life of the industrialized coun- tries and increasingly determines the options for development in the Third World. It has brought benefits as well as setbacks in the evolution of man. With each passing day, its potential for bringing about swift and widespread amelioration of man is only matched by its potential for even swifter and more widespread damage and destruction of man and his environment. With all the achievements of science and technology, it is as true today as it has always been—it takes a lifetime to build and only an instant to destroy. It still takes nine months for the infant to be nourished in the womb before it enters the world outside, and it still takes 16 to 18 years to reach adulthood, and another decade to reach maturity. Unlike instant death, there is no such thing as instant mature adulthood. It is unbelievable that genetic engineer- ing will make that possible. Capital combined with science and technology when given free play in the market may succeed in developing the most efficient techniques to short-cut evolution and natural selection. It may, however, at the same time create social and economic consequences for the disfranchised vulnerable sections of humanity with little countervailing power to safeguard their short-term as well as long-term interests. Biotechnology offers the potential to displace traditional agricultural com- The Socioeceonomic Impact of New Biotechnologies in the Third World 7 modifies on a massive scale. Several significant agricultural exports of the South are already threatened. Let me give just a few examples from my continent, drawn from the valuable research undertaken by the Rural Advancement Fund International, which has made such a significant con- tribution to this seminar. A number of companies in the United States are now using biotechnology to produce natural vanilla flavour in the laboratory—a process which could eliminate the need for traditional cultivation of the vanilla bean. This technology can result in the loss of over US $50 million in annual export earnings for Madagascar, where three-quarters of the world's vanilla beans are produced. Approximately 70, 000 small farmers on this island nation are engaged in the production of vanilla beans. Vanilla is just one example of the many high-value flavourings and spices which are the target of biotech- nology research. Cacao is the second most important agricultural commodity produced in the Third World, and Africa accounts for 57 per cent of world production. Research now underway in Europe, the United States and Japan is focusing on a means to produce cocoa butter in the laboratory using biotechnology. At least two companies have already received patents on a microbial process to produce cocoa butter. This research is still in the early stages, but if it is commercialized, it will be devastating for major producers of cacao beans throughout the world. Alternative sweeteners to be used as sugar substitutes are another target of biotechnology research. Corporations in the United States and Europe are now using genetic engineering to produce thaumatin protein, a protein which is derived from the fruit of a West African plant.
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