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Medicine@Yale

Medicine@Yale

hree years after and he has discovered several new plant Tjoined with the species, including species of milkweed Medical Society to establish the and balsamweed, His garden and Medical Institution of Yale College by conservatory at the Medical Institution an Act of the Legislature, thirty-seven are filled with plants that he uses to Students are soon arriving in New-Haven prepare his efficacious Medicines. from all corners of New England to Dr, Jonathan Knight, who commence studies in Medicine, Anatomy, graduated from Yale College five years Chemistry, and Materia Medica at the ago, studied Medicine in Philadelphia, new school. Seventeen members of the and his practice in Medicine and class come from Connecticut; the rest Surgery is familiar to many in the come from Vermont, New Hampshire, town. Dr. Knight will instruct the new and Massachusetts. Students in Anatomy. The Students, whose names, towns, The cost to the Students for the full and places of residence in New-Haven course of Lectures, described further in are listed here, met the requirement the Advertisement placed on this page for admission, to “produce satisfactory by Dr. Dwight, will be fifty dollars. evidence of a blameless life and The course will last six months, with conversation.” no vacation, and will be given to all The new Medical Institution has thirty-seven Students. During this a most illustrious and accomplished time, the Medical Professors will faculty, assembled by Dr. Timothy perform Surgical Operations, gratis, Dwight, the President of Yale College. upon such patients as will consent to Dr. Nathan Smith, late of Hanover, be operated upon in presence of the New Hampshire, where he founded the Students of Medicine. at Dartmouth College, Students at the Medical Institution is known throughout New England as may also attend Lectures at Yale one of our finest doctors and surgeons. College on Natural Philosophy, Dr. Smith has a medical degree from Mineralogy, and Geology, and they , and has engaged will enjoy access to the Library of the in additional study in Edinburgh, Academical as well as of the Medical Glasgow, and London. Institution. There is a respectable Dr. is professor Anatomical Museum, and every of chemistry and of natural history at demonstration which is needed in that Yale College, where he has outfitted and department will be given. equipped a most remarkable Laboratory. By the Articles of Union Act of Dr. Silliman’s Laboratory includes the the Legislature passed in 1810, to be famous Cabinet of Minerals donated examined for a license to practice to Yale College by Col. George Gibbs Medicine in Connecticut, a candidate of Newport, Rhode Island, which has must be 21 years of age, and must have placed the College in the forefront of completed three years of apprenticeship studies of Geology and Mineralogy. Dr. with a practitioner of “respectable Silliman studied Chemistry for several standing,” as well as attend one course years in Philadelphia and abroad and of lectures at the Medical Institution. also attended medical lectures. Each candidate for Medical Licensing Dr. Eneas Munson is well known must also pass an oral examination to all New-Haveners for his successful administered by a board made up of practice of Medicine and prominence professors from the Medical Institution in the government of the town. In 1784, and members of the Connecticut Dr. Munson cofounded the Medical Medical Society. Students wishing Society of New Haven County and to obtain the m.d. Degree must fulfill served as its second president. Dr. those same requirements but must Munson has played a major role in the attend two courses of lectures, one formation of the Connecticut Medical of which must be completed at the Society and was vice president of that Medical Institution of Yale College. organization when it was founded in Most Students have taken rooms 1792. He later served as president of in the large stone house at the head of the Society from 1794 to 1801. College-street that has been taken by the Dr. Munson will be assisted in his Medical Institution. Others are lodging teaching by Dr. Eli Ives, a master of elsewhere around the town, including in Botany and of the system of Materia Mr. Munson’s, in the Lyceum—which , an archive of americana collection, published by readex (readex.com), a division of newsbank, inc.” Medica propounded by Dr. John Murray also houses Dr. Silliman’s Chemistry of Edinburgh. Dr. Ives has an especially Laboratory—in Mr. Gorham’s, and also keen knowledge of our local plants, in Dr. Skinner’s.

Non-Profit Org. early american newspapers 1 Church St., Suite 300, New Haven, CT 06511 U. S. Postage www.medicineatyale.org paid New Haven, CT Permit No. 526 building: cushing/whitney med. hist. library; advertisements: from special bicentennial issue lifelines School launches new program in biomedical ethics

Historian John Harley War- The School of ner has charted changes in Medicine is American medicine and the launching a new shaping of doctors’ identi- Program for ties by studying diaries, letters, and patient records Biomedical Eth- of 19th-century medical ics, which will be students and physicians. The directed by Mark late 1800s were a time of R. Mercurio, rapid change and growing Mark Mercurio m.d., m.a., as- uncertainty, as “rationalis- tic” systems that advocated sociate professor of . therapies such as bloodlet- Biomedical ethics is a subject ting gave way to the experi- of great interest to students and of mentally grounded medicine increasing importance to medicine, that would dominate the as technological advances and other 20th century. influences on health care add com- plexity to the decision making of physicians and their colleagues. John Harley Warner The new program will coordi- terry dagradi nate and augment the educational and other scholarly work in bio- medical ethics at the medical school, and create international visibility Seeing how doctors saw themselves for work in biomedical ethics at The shifting identities of became interested in the changing iden- new outlook. “It really is the origin of the Yale through publications, working tities of medical practitioners of the 19th American kind of clinical, hospital-based groups, and other initiatives. The physicians through time century—how were physicians’ views of medicine, and the idea that the hospital program will provide support to are a scholar’s life’s work themselves and their profession trans- should be a place for research as well medical students pursuing research formed in that rapidly changing world? as practice that takes shape as a conse- in biomedical ethics for their thesis It’s only partly a figure of speech to say “What historians are good at is quence,” profoundly changing the profes- work, and will also assist students that John Harley Warner, ph.d., lives sur- messiness,” Warner says. “In some ways sion and doctors’ identity in the process. in graduate school and postdoctoral rounded by books. To meet with him, we’re better as cultural critics in getting Warner is now working on a book- training programs. a visitor first ascends to a second-floor people to ask questions, and to reflect, length study of James Jackson Jr., m.d., Mercurio, an associate director balcony that overlooks the book collec- than we are as boosters.” a young American doctor who appren- of Yale’s Interdisciplinary Center tion of the School of Medicine’s Harvey These concepts inform much of ticed in a Paris hospital in the early for Bioethics, received his m.d. Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Warner’s research, including his major 1800s, making use of his “wonderfully from ’s Col- Historical Library. Then, a walkway to a 1998 work Against the Spirit of System: rich” weekly correspondence with his lege of Physicians and Surgeons door built directly into the stacks opens The French Impulse in Nineteenth- father, a Harvard professor and one of in 1982 and trained at Yale as a into Warner’s office, which is filled with Century American Medicine, which is the founders of Massachusetts General resident and fellow. An accom- floor-to-ceiling bookcases of its own. It is rooted in the diaries, letters, and clinical Hospital. Another current research plished neonatologist, he received a fitting perch for Warner, Avalon Profes- notes of young American doctors study- project is a study of the transformations his master’s degree in philosophy sor of the History of Medicine and chair ing medicine in early-1800s Paris—then of the hospital patient chart from the from in 2004 and of the School of Medicine’s Section on the center of cutting-edge —who 19th to 21st centuries. has for many years taught medical the History of Medicine. returned to America armed with new In this year of the School of Medi- ethics to Yale residents, fellows, Warner, whose demeanor is also knowledge and perspectives. cine’s Bicentennial, Warner says, one and medical students. bookish, and is marked by the reserve Generally, Western medicine had could argue it is the notion of identity of many scholars in the humanities, inherited “theoretically complex, very that now sets the medical school apart. originally planned to become a scientist. rationalistic” medical systems from Before the 1910s and the philanthropic correction But in college, a late-night conversation the Enlightenment, Warner says. But in infusion of funds that made reform pos- Due to an editorial oversight, an article in over coffee with a friend about The Two Paris, American doctors saw an oppor- sible, Yale’s medical school “resembled a the July/August issue on Glenn Greenberg’s support for post-traumatic stress disorder Cultures, British physicist/novelist C.P. tunity for systematic change that could trade school,” as was typical of American research at the medical school described Mr. Snow’s classic 1959 lament on the divide “socially and culturally uplift the medical medical schools at the time. And with Greenberg’s son, Greg, as a member of the between the and the humani- profession in the United States.” They the establishment in the 1920s of the Yale College Class of 1984 rather than the ties, opened his eyes to a new path. could now “ignore things they saw as Yale System of medical education, which Class of 2004. We regret the error. “‘People think about this?’” Warner literally irrelevant, because they didn’t respects students’ independence, “Yale recalls asking himself. “I really hadn’t have any purchase on the real world,” took a very brave, controversial, and realized that such a field existed.” instead focusing on the patient at the consequential step,” he says, to “treat He went on to graduate training bedside and at the body at autopsy, and medical students as adults, as grown- with Barbara G. Rosenkrantz, ph.d., making correlations between the two. ups, as graduate students—as people Managing Editor Peter Farley professor of the history of science (now “Observe and describe, don’t go who could have an active role in shaping Assistant Editor Charles Gershman Contributors Kerry Falvey, Bruce Fellman emerita) at , and beyond that,” is how Warner describes this . . . what kind of doctors they became.” Design Jennifer Stockwell Medicine@Yale is published five times each year by the Office of Institutional Planning and Communications, Yale School of Medicine, 1 Church St., Suite 300, New Haven, CT 06511 Telephone: (203) 785-5824 Fax: (203) 785-4327 Obstetrician honored for superb patient care @ E-mail medicine yale.edu In his medical practice, Michael J. clinical care,” said Robert J. Alpern, and geriatric periods Website medicineatyale.org Paidas, m.d., associate professor of m.d., dean and Ensign Professor of of life. Paidas also Copyright ©2010 by . All rights reserved. If you have a change of address or do not wish to receive obstetrics, gynecology, and repro- Medicine, at the October annual meet- co-directs the Na- future issues of Medicine@Yale, please write to us at the ductive sciences, has a custom that ing of the Yale Medical Group (ymg), tional Hemophilia above address or via e-mail at [email protected]. Postal permit held by Yale University, some physicians might find unusual: the clinical practice of School of Medi- Foundation Baxter 155 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520 in his initial consultations with new cine faculty. “His patients have access Clinical Fellow- patients, he provides them with his to him 24/7. It’s faculty like this that ship at the School Robert J. Alpern, m.d. cell phone number. make Yale what it is today.” of Medicine. Dean and Ensign Professor of Medicine Michael Paidas Jancy L. Houck The compassion and thoughtful- Paidas, who came to Yale in 2002, is The Leffell Prize Associate Vice President for Development and Director of ness that lies behind such gestures are a founding co-director of Yale’s Women was established in 2007 with a dona- Medical Development 203 436-8560 Mary Hu among the reasons Paidas earned this and Children’s Center for Blood Dis- tion made by David J. Leffell, m.d., Director of Institutional Planning and Communications year’s David J. Leffell Prize for Clinical orders, which addresses clotting and David Paige Smith Professor of Derma- Excellence. “Dr. Paidas has focused on bleeding disorders during the repro- tology and Surgery and chief executive providing excellent, patient-focused ductive, menopausal, fetal, neonatal officer ofymg , and his wife Cindy. Printed on recycled paper ♻

2 www.medicineatyale.org special bicentennial issue Lung expert is president of venerable medical society

A leader at the School of Medicine is a department that was strong, and made it even elected president of the prestigious stronger.” Association of American Physicians Recent research by Elias and colleagues has Jack A. Elias, m.d., chair of the Department of Medi- shed important insights cine and a leading authority on the molecular basis into asthma. In a 2007 of asthma and other pulmonary disorders, has been article in the New Eng- elected president of the Association of American Phy- land Journal of Medicine sicians (aap) for 2010–2011. (nejm), Elias and One of the most prestigious and selective medical Geoffrey L. Chupp, m.d., societies, the aap was founded in 1885 by Sir William associate professor of Osler, m.d., a major figure in medical history, and medicine and director of six other physicians for “the advancement of scien- the Yale Center for Asth- tific and practical medicine.” Elias, the Waldemar ma and Airway Disease, Von Zedtwitz Professor of Medicine and chair of the reported that asthmatic Department of Medicine, studies the cellular and patients have high levels molecular biology of processes related to both injury of the protein ykl-40, and repair in the lungs in asthma, emphysema, which helps to regulate pulmonary fibrosis, and acute lung injury. His the immune response and terry dagradi research group has developed and studied genetic causes lung inflammation associated with asthma. Jack Elias, chair of the Department of Medicine, is the new- models of these diseases and translated findings from In a 2008 nejm article, Elias, Chupp, and colleagues est president of the Association of American Physicians, an this work to their human counterparts, work that has showed that people who have a particular version organization that has promoted the advancement of scientific validated therapeutic targets for new therapies for of the ykl-40 are at greater risk of getting medicine for more than 200 years. these conditions. asthma. Their work has led to a better understand- “To be president of the aap is, needless to say, a ing of asthma, and provided new targets for the Each year, 60 individuals with outstanding creden- very great honor,” says Dean and Ensign Professor of development of novel treatments for the disease. tials in biomedical science or translational biomedical Medicine Robert J. Alpern, m.d. “This really attests Elias received his undergraduate and medical research are elected to the association. Thomas M. Gill, to Jack’s reputation among the leaders of academic degrees from the University of Pennsylvania and was m.d., the Humana Professor of Geriatric Medicine and medicine, nationally and probably internationally.” an intern and resident at Tufts-New England Medi- professor of medicine and epidemiology at the School of Elias became chair of Yale’s Department of Inter- cal Center in Boston. He returned to the University Medicine, was elected to the aap this year. nal Medicine in 2006. He is board certified in internal of Pennsylvania as a senior resident and completed “Jack is a widely admired leader of medicine in medicine, pulmonary disease, allergy and immunol- fellowships there in both allergy and immunology and America,” says Richard P. Lifton, m.d., ph.d., chair ogy, and critical care medicine. in cardiovascular-pulmonary medicine. He came to and of Genetics, professor of medi- “Jack’s research in pulmonary medicine has really Yale in 1990 as professor and chief of pulmonary and cine, and the aap’s current secretary. “He’s a terrific led the field and has spanned all the way from very critical care medicine. scientist, a passionate clinician, and a visionary chair basic science to clinical research, where his basic science Elias has been a member of the aap since 1998 of medicine. These qualities are all recognized in his is leading to new treatments for pulmonary disease,” and a councilor since 2003. The group has about 1,000 role as president of the aap. There are few like him in says Alpern. “As chair of internal medicine, he’s re- active members as well as 550 emeritus and honorary the country, and we are particularly fortunate to have cruited a number of outstanding faculty. He has taken members, including 33 members of the Yale faculty. him as chair of medicine at Yale.”

Globally minded orthopaedic surgeon is first Elihu Professor Joint-replacement innovator’s tissue trauma and and three brothers. Sponsored by a Keggi applied for admission to Yale less risk of infection church in Brooklyn, N.Y., the family School of Medicine, and was slightly in- medical education foundation than conventional lived in the parish house, and young timidated to be interviewed by Dorothy has had a worldwide impact approaches, and Keggi, at age 15, worked as a bellboy M. Horstmann, m.d., a legendary fac- promotes quicker at Brooklyn’s St. George Hotel. After ulty member whose research during the On September 23, a festive crowd of recovery, getting pa- attending three high schools in New 1940s had provided a basis for the vac- colleagues, family members, and friends tients back on their York, Keggi ended up at the Bruns- cine against polio. “Much to my surprise filled the medical school’s Historical Li- Kristaps Keggi feet more quickly. wick School in Greenwich, Conn. they accepted me,” Keggi has said. “My brary for a reception to celebrate the ap- Over the past From there he came to Yale College, performance in organic chemistry hadn’t pointment of surgeon Kristaps J. Keggi, three decades Keggi and colleagues he graduating in 1955. been that stellar.” // Keggi (page 7) m.d., as the inaugural Elihu Professor of has trained at Yale and at Waterbury Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation. Hospital in Waterbury, Conn., have Many of those present had contribut- performed over 6,000 hip-replacement Named professorships: a lasting legacy ed directly to the creation of the new pro- surgeries using this general approach, fessorship, which was established with and have seen significantly fewer com- Yale School of Medicine is privileged to count among its faculty many of the finest physi- the combined contributions of a number plications, shorter operative times, low cians and scientists in the world, innovators who help to solve today’s most pressing of corporate and individual donors. blood loss, and a more appealing post- medical issues through their research, teaching, and clinical care. The professorship will serve as operative appearance. The most direct way to support outstanding faculty such as Kristaps Keggi, the new the cornerstone of a Joint Reconstruc- In addition to his work in the oper- Elihu Professor of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation profiled on this page, is through the tion Program being established at ating room, Keggi has made a lasting establishment of endowed professorships, which supply a substantial and reliable flow the School of Medicine as a center of contribution to medical education as of funds to support a professor’s teaching and research activities. excellence in clinical care, research, and the founder and president of the Keggi Equally important, when a current or newly recruited faculty member is appointed medical education and training. Orthopaedic Foundation (kof). Since to a named chair, it signals Yale’s high regard for that scholar, our confidence in that Keggi is internationally renowned its launch in 1988, kof has provided individual’s intellect, creativity and drive, as well as our lasting commitment to his or for his work as an orthopaedic surgeon fellowships in advanced orthopaedic her area of expertise. Endowed chairs thus serve as a powerful means for Yale School of specializing in hip and knee replace- surgery at the School of Medicine and Medicine to attract the best people and keep them working here. ments. In particular, he pioneered and at Waterbury Hospital for more than The named professorship stands among the highest honors Yale University can has continually refined a minimally in- 300 surgeons from the Baltic nations, bestow, and once appointed, a professor retains that position for the remainder of his or vasive approach to hip replacement that Russia, and Vietnam. her career at Yale. The endowed professorship also ensures that the donor’s name and relies on a single “mini-incision” only A native of Latvia, Keggi came particular interests are advanced in perpetuity. eight to 10 centimeters long, sometimes to the United States with his family For information about how you can endow a professorship at Yale School of Medi- combined with one or two additional when he was 15. “We had a dollar cine, contact Jancy Houck, assistant vice president for development and director of medi- tiny incisions to accommodate surgical among us,” Keggi said in a 2009 cal development, at (203) 436-8560. instruments. This approach causes less interview, referring to his parents

Medicine@Yale November 2010 3 years of medicine at Yale

1810–1835 1836–1860 1861–1885 1886–1910 connecticut state archives yale school of medicine; photo by carl kaufman and william p. sacco cushing/whitney medical library ©2005 by peabody museum of natural history, yale university

The Medical Institution of A fledgling medical school The Civil War, and a new ideal Major advances with the Yale College is born gains a surer footing in American medical education dawn of a new century Articles of Union that bound Yale The Medical Institution had many During the Civil War, the staff of the In 1886, Herbert E. Smith, m.d., began College and the Connecticut Medical successes in its first decades, but Knight U.S. Army General Hospital his second year as dean of the medical Society together in the creation of the by mid-century the increasing in New Haven, under the direction of school (by then known as the Medical Medical Institution of Yale College professionalization of medicine Pliny Jewett, m.d., an 1840 graduate Department of Yale College). It was were signed in 1810, but preparations forced attendant changes in medical of the Medical Institution, provided not an auspicious time to lead the delayed the school’s opening until education. Yale, like many other care for more than 25,000 wounded school: Yale’s Medical Department had November 1813. The first medical American medical schools, struggled Union soldiers. The period following hit bottom in both student enrollment school in Connecticut and the sixth to make its curriculum requirements the war proved difficult for the and financial resources. Having in the United States, the Medical more stringent while maintaining Medical Institution, due not only studied at the University of Heidelberg, Institution initially drew students student enrollment. The school to the costs wrought by America’s Smith was a proponent of the German primarily from Connecticut and the continued to be run jointly by the bloody internecine struggle, but approach to medical education, with New England region. In the school’s Connecticut Medical Society (which also to the conditions arising from its heavy emphasis on research. During earliest years, a faculty of five taught had the deciding vote in terms of the changing landscape of American Smith’s years as dean (1885–1910), just five courses: Theory and Practice governance) and by Yale faculty medicine. The school’s continued professor Arthur W. Wright, ph.d., of Medicine; Surgery and Midwifery; (which included the professors of improvement of educational standards who in 1861 had been one of three Anatomy; Chemistry, Pharmacy, and Yale College as well as the Medical and intense competition with the Yale students to receive the firstph.d. Mineralogy; and Materia Medica Institution). In 1845, the election growing number of medical schools degrees conferred in the United States, (which mainly covered the use and of Charles Hooker, m.d., as dean of in other states decreased student published the first X-ray image in preparation of medicinal plants). the Medical Institution marked the enrollments to the lowest point in its America. The Medical Department For those who wished to practice first appointment of a dean at any of history. Debt mounted and financial made educational requirements for medicine, the school offered a level of Yale’s graduate schools. Cortlandt problems were nearly constant. A lack admission more stringent, lengthened formal training that went beyond the Van Rensselaer Creed, m.d., became of support from Yale College—both the course of study, and expanded traditional apprenticeship system, the the first African American to earn a financial and institutional—seemed the curriculum to more closely model most common form of medical training degree from the Medical Institution to augur oblivion for the medical the German example by emphasizing in America in the 18th and early 19th when he graduated in 1857. In 1839, school. But this period also marked research and clinical instruction. With centuries. The Medical Institution the school began to require a thesis the first steps toward the new ideal clinical education an increasingly also provided an educational solution for the m.d. degree, a requirement in American medical education—an important feature of medical education, for those unable or unwilling to train that is still in place today. (The oldest ideal that rejected the old system of Smith began the process by which abroad or at one of the handful of other extant bound thesis written by a Yale apprenticeship, embraced science the medical school became intimately medical schools in the United States, medical student, entitled De Calculo rooted in the experimental method, connected with the New Haven the oldest of which were located in Vesicae, is focused on bladder stones, and affirmed the importance of Hospital (now Yale-New Haven Philadelphia and New York. and dates to 1837.) scientific research in medicine. Hospital), as it remains today.

4 www.medicineatyale.org years of medicine at Yale

1911–1935 1936–1960 1961–1985 1986–2010 cushing/whitney medical library national library of medicine t. charles erickson courtesy of thomas e. ferrin

The Flexner Report and the Wartime spurs a national The birth of Medicare, and the Laying the groundwork for debut of the ‘Yale System’ commitment to science rise of molecular biology the medicine of tomorrow The 1910 Flexner report, an unsparing The Yale Poliomyelitis Study Unit Following World War II, federal funding The last 20 years have seen breathtaking assessment of medical education (ypsu), formed in 1931, took a for biomedical research exploded, advances in molecular biology and in America, caused upheaval community-based approach to and in 1965, the U.S. government’s genetics—most notably the publication in medical schools, with many unraveling the causes of polio, then an Medicare program provided millions of the complete sequence of the human struggling to adapt to the report’s epidemic disease. The ypsu’s John R. of Americans lacking health insurance genome in 2001—achievements that recommendations or die: By 1920, Paul, m.d., and James D. Trask, m.d., with access to medical care. At the promise to lead to important insights nearly half of the 155 schools in North were the first to isolate poliovirus School of Medicine, a huge influx of into human disease and new, targeted America were gone. At Yale, the from living patients in several decades, grants from the National Institutes of therapies. Today, the ability to quickly report was instead the prelude to a which opened a new stage in polio Health, combined with a significant and inexpensively sequence complete vast transformation. The University research. Another ypsu member, increase in clinical income, drove a human genomes heralds the dawn of a made a financial commitment to Dorothy M. Horstmann, m.d., made massive expansion in which existing long-awaited “personalized” approach its medical school unprecedented the important discovery that the departments grew and new ones to medicine, in which a patient’s in its 100-year history. Under the virus is present in the blood in the were formed. After Watson and Crick genetic makeup helps to determine visionary leadership of Dean Milton disease’s early stages, thereby enabling discovered the structure of dna in optimal treatment strategies. Among C. Winternitz, m.d., the School of researchers to develop a vaccine for 1953, medical research was rapidly the important recent discoveries of Medicine refashioned itself and rose the disease. With America’s entry and utterly transformed by molecular School of Medicine faculty is the 1997 to national prominence. Winternitz into World War II, President Franklin biology, which offered powerful new publication by Arthur L. Horwich, outlined the school’s modern footprint D. Roosevelt instituted the Office of tools to identify cellular mechanisms m.d., and colleagues of the atomic and instituted the “Yale System” of Scientific Research and Development at work in health and disease. In structure of a molecular protein-folding medical education, which prizes (osrd) to harness research in support 1979, Joan A. Steitz, ph.d., discovered machine that is essential to normal cell students’ independence and their of the Allied effort. With osrd snrnps (“snurps”), rna–protein function. Faulty protein folding is a original research. A symbol of the new support, Louis S. Goodman, m.a., complexes in the cell’s nucleus that feature of neurodegenerative diseases optimism, Sterling Hall of Medicine m.d., and Alfred Gilman, ph.d., were perform a crucial step in the transfer such as Alzheimer’s disease. In 2007, was dedicated on February 23, 1925. studying chemical warfare agents, of dna information into messenger Yale University acquired the 136-acre Key funds from the Rockefeller and serendipitously discovered that rna (mrna). Besides illuminating West Campus. With 20 buildings and Foundation remade the school’s nitrogen mustards used in chemical how mrna is spliced together to over 1.5 million square feet of space, clinical departments, making Yale one warfare were remarkably good at create proteins, Steitz’s research on nearly a third of which is devoted to of only a few medical schools at the killing certain cancerous tumors. snrnps has thrown new light on laboratories, West Campus will be time to adopt the “full-time” system, In 1942, this work led to the first autoimmune diseases, and has helped home to five new scientific institutes, in which faculty received salaries to intravenous chemotherapy treatment to clarify how splicing lends extra and state-of-the-art facilities for support themselves without relying of a cancer patient, marking the birth versatility to , a process that is genomics, gene expression analysis, and on income from private practices. of medical oncology. essential in the immune system. drug discovery.

adapted from medicine at yale: the first 200 years by kerry l. falvey ©2010 by yale university Medicine@Yale November 2010 5 special bicentennial issue

Urogynecologic Society, Using Quantitative Wellcome Fund, Support to Present Seminar Grants and contracts awarded Sensory Testing of the Sensory Distribution of the Speaker, Harmit Malik, 6 months, $1,000 • Mark Pudendal Nerve in Predicting Success of Sacral Mamula, Foundation for Biomedical Neuromodulation, 1 year, $10,000 • Jersey Chen, Sciences, Molecular Probes for the Detection of to Yale School of Medicine American Heart Association, Geographic Varia- Isoaspartyl in Proteins, 1 year, $80,000 • David tion in Imaging with Cardiac Stress Testing, 2 Matuskey, narsad, Genetic Vulnerability to Para- November 2009—February 2010 years, $104,720 • Lara Chepenik, narsad, Inter- noia: An [11C]phno D2High pet Study in Human hemispheric Connectivity and Rapid Cycling in Cocaine Use, 2 years, $60,000 • James McPart- Federal Bipolar Disorder, 2 years, $60,000 • Jaehyuk Choi, land, narsad, Neural Correlates of Social Percep- Karen Anderson, nih, Exploring Novel Targeting Cortical Interneuron Development, 4 years, American Skin Association, A Forward Genetic tion in Autism, 2 years, $60,000 • Pramod Mistry, Strategies for aids Protozoal Pathogens, 4 years, $676,869 • Dieter Söll, nsf, Expanding the Screen for Tumor Suppressor Genes using Transpo- Shire Human Genetics Therapies, Inc., Mecha- $1,655,000 • Susan Baserga, NIH, The Architec- Genetic Code with Phosphoserine and Phospho- son Mutagenesis in Mouse Skin, 1 year, $15,000 nisms of the Effect of Velaglucetase vs. Imiglu- ture and Function of rnps Required for Ribosome tyrosine, 3 years, $555,397 • Jane Taylor, nih, Cog- Young Choi, Dong-A Pharmaceutical Company, cetase Enzyme Replacement Therapy in Authentic Biogenesis, 4 years, $1,779,285 • Christopher nitive Dysfunction after Chronic Cocaine Use, Emerging Role of Estrogen Receptor and Isoforms Mouse Model of Type 1 Gaucher Disease, 2 years, Breuer, nih, Investigating the Mechanisms of 5 years, $1,415,000 • Susumu Tomita, nih, in Breast Cancer, 3 years, $105,000 • Joseph Craft, $393,506 • Deepak Narayan, American Society of Vascular Neotissue Formation in Engineered Mechanism for Regulating Kainate-Type Gluta- American Autoimmune Related Diseases Associ- Maxillofacial Surgeons, Hemangiomas are Stem Tissue, 5 years, $2,068,750 • Arthur Broadus, nih, mate Receptor Activity, 5 years, $2,068,750 ation, Inc., Follicular Helper T Cells in sle, 1 year, Cell Tumors of Pericyte Origin, 1 year, $6,390 Ihh and pthrp Regulate Articular Chondrocyte Anthony Van den Pol, nih, Response Properties $10,000 • Pietro De Camilli, Lowe Syndrome Joseph Piepmeier, Voices Against Brain Cancer, Maintenance, 2 years, $409,613 • Paul Cleary, of Hypothalamic mch Neurons, 5 years, $1,810,155 Trust, Novel Interactors of the Lowe Syndrome Targeted Delivery of Nanoparticle-Based Combi- nih, National aids Prevention Research Centers Protein ocrl, 2 years, $120,000 • Sachin Desai, nation Therapy for Glioblastoma, 1 year, $50,587 Proposed Multi-Level Intervention Planning Non-Federal Gerber Foundation, The Effectiveness of Rotavirus Christopher Pittenger, narsad, Deconstructing Workshop, 1 year, $88,835 • Marie Egan, nih, cftr Vikki Abrahams, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Vaccine in Preventing Hospitalization of Young Habits: The Differential Contributions of Striatal and the Immune Response, 5 years, $2,068,750 The Role of Placental Nod-Like Receptors in Infec- Children, 1 year, $20,000 • Ronald Duman, Hope Subregions to Procedural Learning, 2 years, Barbara Ehrlich, Department of the Army, Strat- tion-Associated Preterm Labor, 1 year, $50,000 for Depression Research Foundation, Influence of $60,000 • Valerie Reinke, , egies to Prevent Chemotherapy-Induced Periph- Kyung-Heup Ahn, narsad, gaba–Dopamine Isolation Stress on Cell Proliferation and Neuro- Global Identification of Transcription Factor eral Neuropathy, 2 years, $620,625 • Jack Elias, Interactions and Psychosis, 2 years, $59,310 trophic Factor Signaling: Reversal by Opiate Drug Binding Sites in C. elegans, 9 months, $1,590,767 nih, brp-39/ykl-40 in TH2 Inflammation and Emily Ansell, American Foundation for Suicide Treatments, 2 years, $110,000 • Andrew Epstein, Lawrence Rizzolo, International Retinal Research Asthma, 4 years, $1,655,000 • Erol Fikrig, nih, Prevention, Personality Disorders and Suicidal University of Pennsylvania, Comparative Effec- Foundation, Co-Maturation rpe and Retinal Interactions between Anaplasma phagocytophi- Behaviors: A Prospective Study of Associations, tiveness of Cardiovascular Devices and Medicare Neurons Derived from Stem Cells, 1 year, $100,000 lum and Ixodes scapularis, 5 years, $2,068,750 Mediators, and Moderators, 2 years, $85,000 Cost Growth, 3 years, $34,268 • David Feliciano, Frederick Romberg, American Heart Association, John Hwa, nih, Pharmacogenetics of the Human Xiaoxiao Bai, Epilepsy Foundation of America, Epilepsy Foundation of America, Electrophysio- High-Resolution Time-Frequency Analysis of Neu- Prostacyclin Receptor, 4 years, $1,656,491 Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Network Dysfunc- logical Analysis of a Malformation of Cortical rovascular Responses to Ischemic Challenges, Dewan Hyder, nih, Energetics of Neuronal Popu- tion in Childhood Absence Epilepsy, 1 year, Development, 1 year, $45,000 • John Geibel, Insti- 6 months, $11,000 • Carla Rothlin, Crohn’s & lations by fmri, 5 years, $2,068,750 • Celina $45,000 • Mounira Banasr, narsad, Implications tute for OneWorld Health, Proposed Research to Colitis Foundation of America, Role of tam Recep- Juliano, nih, Determining piwi Function using in of Glial Changes in the Development of Depressive- be Conducted in Preliminary Phase of the Joint tor Signaling in Intestinal Mucosal Homeostasis, vivo Imaging of Stem Cells in Hydra, 3 years, Like Behaviors, 2 years, $60,000 • Diana Beards- Yale/iowh Program on Employment of Calcimi- 3 years, $386,100 • Gerard Sanacora, Merck Sharp $143,670 • Susan Kaech, nih, iCyt Reflection Cell- ley, itp Foundation, Fcy Balance in Immune metics as a Treatment for adi, 1 year, $120,000 & Dohme, In vivo Evaluation of Drug Effects on Sorter: High-End Instrumentation Grant Program, Thrombocytopenia, 1 year, $19,110 • Vineet Bhan- Joel Gelernter, Butler Hospital, Childhood Mal- Glutamate Neurotransmission using Magnetic 1 year, $898,724 • Cathryn Kubera, nih, Role of dari, Washington University in St. Louis, Screen- treatment: Risk and Resilience, 4 years, $55,871 Resonance Spectroscopy, 2 years, $483,403 • Mark gluK6 in Cerebellar Circuitry Development, ing for Genetic Causes of Neonatal Respiratory John Giuliano Jr., Children’s Hospital Corporation, Shlomchik, University of Florida, B Cell Develop- 3 years, $137,330 • Brett Lindenbach, nih, Molec- Distress, 1 year, $10,450 • Thomas Biederer, Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Surveillance Registry, mental Defects in Murine Memory, 1 year, $280,793; ular Determinants of Hepatitis C Virus Assembly, narsad, Neuronal Functions and Biochemical 9 months, $21,600 • Rosana Gonzalez-Colaso, University of Massachusetts, Activation and Reg- 5 years, $2,068,750 • Laura Niklason, nih, Lung Pathways of Syncam-Mediated Synapse Organiza- Physician Assistant Education Association, ulation of Autoimmunity by Innate Immune Tissue Engineering, 4 years, $2,577,329 • Pasko tion, 2 years, $60,000 • Michael Bloch, narsad, Putting Physician Assistants on the Map: Geo- Sensing Pathways, 5 years, $2,247,390 • Patrick Rakic, nih, Neurogenetic Processes in the Fetal Pilot Study of a Potent nmda Receptor Antagonist graphic Analysis of Workforce Capacity, 1 year, Skosnik, narsad, Cannabis Use and Schizophre- Brain, 5 years, $5,406,186 • Nancy Ruddle, nih, in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disor- $7,000 • Bonnie Gould Rothberg, lam Treat- nia-Related Biomarkers: A Longitudinal Study, Lymphatic Vessel Imaging, 2 years, $455,125 der, 2 years, $59,890 • Angelique Bordey, McK- ment Alliance, Mechanisms of Benign Metastasis 2 years, $60,000 • Karen Smith, narsad, Postna- Kristin Rudenga, nih, Influence of Physiological night Endowment Fund for Neuroscience, Cogni- in Kidney amls, 1 year, $60,000 • David Hafler, tal Inhibitory Neuron Maturation, 2 years, Significance, Preference, and Stress on Taste tive Deficits in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex, 3 years, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Collaborative $60,000 • Michael Stankewich, National Ataxia Coding, 2 years, $51,210 • Gary Rudnick, nih, $300,000 • Elizabeth Bradley, Avram Corpora- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center Award, 5 years, Foundation, Molecular Mechanisms of Beta 3 Neurotransmitter Transporters, 5 years, tion, Master in Healthcare and Hospital Adminis- $742,500; University of California, San Francisco, Spectrin in Spinocerebellar Ataxis 5 (sca5), 1 year, $1,655,000 • Joseph Santos-Sacchi, nih, Struc- tration (mha) Program, Ethiopia, 1 year, $324,195 A Haplotype Map for Multiple Sclerosis, 18 months, $35,000 • Philip Stein, Genzyme Corporation, tural Correlates of Prestin Activity, 5 years, Sonia Caprio, American Diabetes Association, $142,624 • Jonas Hannestad, narsad, The Effect Comprehensive Fellowship Training in Lysosomal $1,758,440 • Mark Shlomchik, nih, Mechanisms Inc., Resistance in Obese Youth with Predia- of Citalopram on Inflammation-Induced Depres- Diseases, 18 months, $106,438 • Hanna Stevens, of Autoimmune Activation and Regulation by betes, 4 years, $144,000 • Richard Carson, Wyeth sive Symptoms, 2 years, $45,850 • Robert Heimer, narsad, Prenatal Stress and the Development of Innate Immune Receptors, 5 years, $768,890; Pharmaceuticals Inc., Receptor Occupancy State of CT Department of , Emerg- Inhibitory Interneurons, 2 years, $60,000 nih, Image Stream Analyzer, 1 year, $455,000 Assessed with pet in Nonhuman Primates II, ing Infections, 2 years, $3,922,258 • Erica Herzog, Stephen Strittmatter, Christopher and Dana Karen Smith, nih, The Role of Astrocytes in 7 months, $348,339 • Heidi Chen, American Scleroderma Foundation, Semaphorin 7A Medi- Reeve Foundation, pet Imaging of Axonal Regen- ated Effects on Fibrocyte Biology, 2 years, eration after Spinal Cord Injury, 1 year, $62,334 $150,000 • Mark Horowitz, Maine Medical Dorothy Stubbe, Campagna Associates, llp, Center Research Institute, Interdisciplinary Study Forensic Evaluations, 7 months, $17,250 • Suman of Marrow Adiposity, Mineral Metabolism, and Tandon, American Heart Association, Effect of Energy Balance, 1 year, $124,125 • Steven Kerfoot, Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy on Myocardial Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada, Identifica- Mechanics and Flow: Evaluation with 3D 82Rb tion of Cellular Interactions through which B Cells pet/CT, 2 years, $110,000 • Cenk Tek, narsad, Drive Central Nervous System Autoimmune A Pilot Trial of Acute N-Acetylcysteine Effects on Disease in vivo, 6 years, $260,000 • Tae Hoon Working Memory in Schizophrenia, 2 years, Kim, Harvard University, Integrative Systems $60,000 • Whitney Tolpinrud, American Skin Biology Approaches to Auditory Hair Cell Regener- Association, Mechanistic Elucidation of Photo- ation, 5 years, $413,750 • Anthony Koleske, Breast pheresis, A Treatment of Cutaneous T Cell Lym- Cancer Alliance, Inc., Inhibition of Breast Cancer phoma, 1 year, $7,000 • Tamara Vanderwal, Invasiveness via Targeting of an Arg Contactin American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psy- Switch, 1 year, $100,000 • Diane Krause, Commu- chiatry, Neurophysiological Correlates of Treat- nity Foundation for Southeast Michigan, srf and ment with Guanfacine in Children with add, Myelodysplasia, 2 years, $50,000 • Gary Kupfer, 6 months, $9,000 • Hongwei Wang, Richard & St. Baldrick’s Foundation, The Yale Pediatric Susan Smith Family Foundation, Structure and Oncology Psychological Service, 1 year, $50,000 Mechanism of the Human risc-Loading Complex, Tukiet Lam, University of Chicago, Proteomic 3 years, $300,000 • Sherman Weissman, Univer- Assays of Neuronal Protein Palmitoylation, 1 year, sity of Massachusetts, Gene Expression in Mature $24,337 • Forrester Lee, Robert Wood Johnson Neutrophils, 1 year, $49,999 • Yong Xiong, March Foundation, Summer Medical and Dental Educa- of Dimes, Molecular Dissection of Fanconi Anemia,

terry dagradi tion Program, 2 years, $567,686 • Soo Hee Lee, 2 years, $150,000 • Qin Yan, Breast Cancer Alli- Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund, Function and ance, Inc., Roles of Histone Demethylase jaridib in There was a special touch in this year’s White Coat Ceremony, a traditional ritual in which mem- Mechanism of Action of a Novel Argonaute-Like Breast Cancer, 2 years, $125,000 • Xiaoyong Yang, bers of the School of Medicine faculty present incoming medical students with physician’s coats Protein in the Mitochondrion of Trypanosoma American Diabetes Association, Inc., Regulation of to mark their entry into the profession of medicine. The Class of 2014, as the first class of the medical school’s third century, received coats embroidered not only with their names, but bear- brucei, 21 months, $82,000 • Chiang-Shan Li, Metabolic Homeostasis by Cyclic O-GlcNAc Modifi- ing a patch with the school’s Bicentennial motif. Each new student also received a stethoscope, narsad, Neural Predictors of Anti-Depressant Effi- cation, 3 years, $400,200 • Yawei Zhang, Ameri- provided through a fund created by School of Medicine alumni. Serene Chen ’14, of Columbia, S.C., cacy in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 2 years, can Cancer Society, Inc., Epidemiology Study of and her mother, Rita Chou, celebrated after the ceremony. $60,000 • John MacMicking, Burroughs Thyroid Cancer, 5 years, $1,020,000

6 www.medicineatyale.org special bicentennial issue ‘Exceptional creativity’ garners NIH award for two researchers Tamas L. Horvath, d.v.m., ph.d., chair laboratory support Epigenetic processes neuroendocrine aspects of neurodegen- and professor of comparative medicine, over five years. have been implicated erative diseases, and his research has and Haifan Lin, ph.d., director of the Lin, also profes- in congenital dis- also provided insight into metabolic Yale Stem Cell Center, have received sor of cell biology, is a eases, cancer, and disorders such as obesity and diabetes— 2010 Pioneer Awards from the National world leader in under- autoimmune dis- his lab was the first to provide evidence Institutes of Health (nih). standing the role that eases, among others. that the brain uses fat as fuel. The Pioneer Awards have been bits of genetic material With the new Horvath has proposed that a small given annually since 2004 to scientists called small rnas play grant, Lin will study set of cells in the brain’s hypothalamus Tamas Horvath Haifan Lin “of exceptional creativity who propose in stem cell biology. how pirnas, a known as AgRP neurons are master pioneering—and possibly transform- Until fairly recently, it was believed class of small rnas discovered in his regulators of energy utilization in all the ing—approaches to major challenges in that an organism could not pass on lab, guide epigenetic factors to specific body’s tissues. With his Pioneer Award, biomedical and behavioral research.” changes in gene expression to future points within the genome. He ultimately he will study how AgRP regulation In contrast to other nih programs, generations unless the dna sequence of hopes to compile information on epi- of the cellular energy metabolism of the Pioneer Award Program aims to that organism’s genome was somehow genetic effects of small rnas in the first various tissues affects the health and support a very small number of ap- altered, usually by mutations. But in “functional epigenome map.” longevity of those tissues, and thus the plicants. Horvath and Lin were among recent years, it has become clear that Horvath, co-director of the School life span of the entire organism. 17 scientists to be honored this year, and additional mechanisms, known as of Medicine’s recently launched Pro- Perturbations in AgRP function they join just 81 other researchers who epigenetic factors, can directly interact gram in Integrative Cell Signaling and could contribute to many of late-onset have received the Pioneer Award since with the genome to prevent or enhance Neurobiology of Metabolism, is an chronic diseases, such as Alzheimer’s its creation. Each researcher will receive gene expression even if the underlying expert on the effects of metabolism on and Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, car- a $2.5 million grant as well as additional dna sequence remains unchanged. higher brain functions. He has studied diovascular disorders and cancer.

// Story (from page 3) After earning in the Department of Surgery. He his medical degree in 1959, he completed also helped establish the Keggi-Ber- residencies at the Roosevelt Hospital in zins Latvian Baltic Studies Fund at New York and at Yale. Keggi then served Yale University, as well as the Baltic in a U.S. Army mash unit in Vietnam, Internship Program for the Yale as chief of orthopaedic surgery at Third University Library’s Slavic and East Surgical Hospital. His treatment of European Collections. wounded soldiers there prompted him In the course of his long career, to develop novel techniques for the treat- Keggi has earned many honors. He is ment of traumatic injuries. a six-time winner of the Yale Ortho- He returned to Yale as an assistant paedic Teaching Award. In 2005, he professor in 1966 to work in ortho- received the George Herbert Walker paedic trauma surgery and emergency Bush Lifetime of Leadership Award terry dagradi care. Keggi was appointed clinical from Yale University Athletics. He is At a September 23 reception in the medical school’s Historical Library, friends and colleagues cel- professor of orthopaedics and rehabili- the recipient of Latvia’s Karlis Ulmanis ebrated the appointment of surgeon Kristaps Keggi (seated in front row with hand on chin) as the tation in 1989 and became professor in Medal, the Latvian Order of the Three first Elihu Professor of Orthopaedics. Dean Robert Alpern (at podium) was on hand to congratu- late Keggi, as was Keggi’s longtime colleague Gary E. Friedlaender, chair and Wayne O. Southwick the Department of Orthopaedics and Stars, and the Knights of Lithuania Professor of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation (seated in armchair at left). Rehabilitation in 2008. Friend of Lithuania Award. He has At Yale, Keggi took part in the been president of the Yale Fencing “Medicine has changed for expectations. “We can deliver most launch of both the Physician Associ- Association and a member of the Yale the better,” Keggi has said, add- of them. Thirty or 40 years ago we ate Program and the trauma program Athletic Federation. ing that today’s patients have high delivered half of them.”

// Story (from page 8) for cancer and John Anlyan, m.d., a retired cancer medical center, Smilow Cancer Hospi- other diseases, was acquired last year surgeon who received his Yale medical tal at Yale-New Haven, a $467 million, Awards and Honors by Swiss pharmaceutical giant Roche degree in 1945, and his wife, Betty. The 168-bed hospital in which interdisci- Clarence T. Sasaki, for about $50 billion.) Anlyans bequeathed their entire estate, plinary teams of specialists are offering m.d., the Charles In gratitude to Yale for helping him estimated to be worth more than $50 state-of-the-art treatment options for W. Ohse Profes- start his research career, Boyer gave the million, to the medical school. patients with cancer. sor of Surgery, School of Medicine $10 million to en- The $176 million structure, The 14-story, 500,000 square-foot- has received the dow the center that was then named in designed by , was the hospital, which opened in October 2010 ala Award from the American his honor. In a 1995 article on the Boyer largest capital project ever undertaken 2009, was named in honor of business Laryngological Center, Vincent T. Marchesi, m.d., in Yale’s history. With 457,000-square- executive Joel E. Smilow—who gradu- Association for unique and signifi- ph.d., the Anthony N. Brady Professor feet of space, the center occupies a full ated from Yale College in 1954 and cant contributions to the advance- of and professor of cell biol- city block. A six-story south wing is went on to lead Playtex Products—and ment of medicine. The award was ogy, wrote, “The power of [molecular devoted to research, including internal his wife, Joan. presented to Sasaki at the ala’s 131st genetics] has already exceeded even the medicine, genetics and immunobiology, The Smilows, longtime Yale Annual Meeting, held this April in Las most optimistic expectations.” Mar- and is home to about 700 investigators. University benefactors, particularly in Vegas, Nev. chesi has served as the Boyer Center The three-story education wing on the athletics, made a major philanthropic The American Bronchoesophago- director since its inception. northern side has innovative facilities gift to help fund the hospital, which is logical Association (abea) also honored for the teaching of anatomy and histol- replete with paintings, photographs, Sasaki with the 2010 Chevalier Jackson john and betty anlyan ogy, plus a 150-seat auditorium. The and sculpture, large salt-water fish Award for lifelong outstanding ad- As the new millennium began, there Anlyan Center also houses the W.M. tanks, and an outdoor “healing gar- vancement of bronchoesophagology. was a pressing need at the medical Keck High Field Magnetic Resonance den,” all creating an atmosphere one Named for an eminent laryngologist who founded the abea, the award is school for both laboratory space and Research Center.The two wings are reporter described as a “carefully cali- the association’s highest recognition. classrooms. Just up the street, at the linked by a spacious three-story atrium brated calm designed to soothe, allay Sasaki received the award at the abea’s corner of Congress Avenue and Cedar funded by the Starr Foundation. As fears, and encourage hope.” 2010 Scientific Program, also held in Street, construction was taking place part of the gift, John Anlyan even in- In a dedication speech, Joel Smilow April in Las Vegas. on the largest, most expensive build- cluded a collection of his own paintings used the language of business to sum Sasaki is the past president of the ing in the School of Medicine’s history. to brighten the building. up the value of his gift, the latest in the abea and president-elect of the ala. With the opening of the Anlyan Center long line of philanthropic donations for Chief of the Section of Otolaryngol- for Medical Research and Education joel and joan smilow brick-and-mortar projects at the School ogy and director of Yale’s Laryngeal in 2003, research space increased by 25 Artwork also figures heavily into the of Medicine. His gift “will pay divi- Physiology Laboratory, Sasaki also percent overnight. The building was ambience—and perhaps the healing dends every year,” he said. “Every year, leads the Head and Neck Program at named in recognition of major donors power—of the newest building at the thousands of patients will benefit.” .

Medicine@Yale November 2010 7 The People Behind the Plaques Throughout the School of Medicine’s The Sterling Hall of Medicine, wrote 200-year history, innumerable indi- Collins, stands as “enduring evidence viduals have helped shape the institu- of the beginning of the modern era of tion. But a handful of people have medicine at Yale.” actually built the school in an almost literal sense by providing major gifts nicholas brady to the medical school to construct the Sterling Hall had distinguished compa- landmark buildings that today bear ny just across Cedar Street. In 1913, the those donors’ names. medical school had secured a $625,000 grant from the Anthony M. Brady Foun- john william sterling dation to build the first stage of the labo- The Sterling Hall of Medicine, ratory complex now known as the Brady dedicated in 1925, is named in honor of Memorial Laboratory. Anthony Brady philanthropist John William Sterling (1841–1913) was a wealthy industrialist (1844–1918), a corpo- who collaborated with Thomas Edison rate attorney who graduated from Yale and others to create key components of College in 1864, amassed a substantial mass transit, automotive technology, fortune advising the likes of Standard and lighting systems for cities such as Oil and the National City Bank of New New York, Albany, Washington, D.C., York, and left the bulk of it, $18 million, and Paris, France. Brady added to his to Yale University. fortune through astute investments in In his will, Sterling requested that tobacco companies. some of the money be used to build Brady’s son Nicholas, a philanthro- “at least one enduring, useful, and pist who graduated from Yale College architecturally beautiful edifice.” His in 1899, was instrumental in convincing wish was fulfilled, and then some: to- his family’s foundation to provide a gift day, seven campus buildings carry the to the School of Medicine in honor of his Sterling name, along with the profes- father. The building, completed in 1918, sorships that are among Yale’s highest provided headquarters and lab space academic honors, and numerous schol- for the departments of pathology and arships, programs, and collections. bacteriology, “pathological chemistry,” A graceful Renaissance Revival obstetrics and gynecology, and internal structure at 333 Cedar Street, Sterling medicine. According to a 1999 history Hall was funded initially with about by cardiologist and School of Medicine $1.3 million from the Sterling bequest. alumnus Jordan M. Prutkin, m.d., “the

In a 1991 history, the late Yale neuro- most important utilization of space in john curtis surgeon William F. Collins Jr., m.d., this new building was for the routine In the fall of 2001, construction workers put steel girders in place for the Anlyan Center for Medi- called it the medical school’s “geo- laboratory work of the hospital.” Thus, cal Research and Education. Occupying an entire city block, the $176 million, 457,000-square-foot graphical and spiritual center.” the Brady building helped to “integrate structure was the largest capital project ever undertaken in Yale’s history. The sprawling building, which the hospital and medical school,” some- included administrative offices, a li- thing then-dean George Blumer, m.d., edward harkness When it was completed in 1955, E.S. brary, and state-of-the-art laboratories, and Abraham Flexner, whose landmark Even though the Brady Laboratory Harkness Hall, which provided hous- helped bring most of Yale’s far-flung 1910 report set the agenda for Ameri- included dormitories after it was ex- ing and dining facilities for single medical operations under one roof in a can academic medicine, considered an panded in the late 1920s, by mid-cen- women and men as well as married location close to New Haven Hospital. “absolute requirement.” tury the demand for student housing students, would “provide those es- greatly exceeded the available space. In sential amenities that take the curse an address to medical school alumni off institutional living and promote in 1953, Yale University president the social relationships in which true A. Whitney Griswold, ph.d., noted, education flourishes,” said Griswold. “students [were] scattered all over the city, in makeshift housing arrange- ments that imposed an unfair handicap Four decades later, the Boyer Center for on our medical school in competition Molecular Medicine, with a distinctive with other leading schools.” César Pelli-designed façade that follows In the same speech, Griswold the curve of Congress Ave., opened its announced a solution to the housing doors to an interdisciplinary cadre of re- dilemma: a $2.5-million grant to build searchers using the new tools of molecu- Edward S. Harkness Memorial Hall, a lar biology to understand a wide array of high-rise structure that would house at human disorders, from cancer to heart least 266 students. disease to developmental defects.

time & life pictures/getty images Harkness (1874–1940), a member of The new center, dedicated in 1991, the Yale College Class of 1897, was an was named for Herbert Boyer, ph.d., a American attorney and philanthropist scientist who was a postdoctoral fellow whose father, Stephen, made his fortune at the School of Medicine from 1963 to by investing in a venture captained by 1966. During his days at Yale, which John D. Rockefeller—a company that Boyer recalls as a happy and exciting would become . Edward time, he started to develop a genetic Harkness used his inherited wealth to engineering technology to splice genes endow numerous non-profit organiza- from one organism into another. tions, from Columbia-Presbyterian Several years later, as a professor at Hospital to the Metropolitan Museum the University of California at San of Art. Many colleges also benefited Francisco (ucsf), Boyer and colleagues from Harkness grants, and the Yale patented this methodology, known as University campus was utterly trans- , and founded, with formed by the millions of dollars he and about a thousand dollars, a company his mother, Anna, provided to build the called Genentech. (ucsf would eventu- University’s system. ally reap more than $50 million in

martin klimek robert lisak The grant for the medical school royalties from this patent; Genentech, dormitory came through the Harkness- which used recombinant dna tech- Major benefactors of School of Medicine building projects in modern times include (clockwise from top) Herbert Boyer, seen here in his University of California laboratory in 1977; Joel Smilow; endowed , and niques to mass-produce human insulin and Betty and John Anlyan. the effect was equally transformative. and create treatments // People (page 7)

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