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Close World-System Encounters on the Western/Central Arctic Periphery: Long-Term Historic Copper Inuit-European

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Close World-System Encounters on the Western/Central Arctic Periphery: Long-Term Historic Copper Inuit-European Close World-System Encounters on the Western/Central Canadian Arctic Periphery: Long-term Historic Copper Inuit-European and Eurocanadian Intersocietal Interaction by Donald S. Johnson A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Individual Interdisciplinary Program University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © Don Johnson, 2010 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-70313-7 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-70313-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n’y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. ABSTRACT This study examines long-term direct and indirect Historic Copper Inuit–European and – Eurocanadian intersocietal interaction in the west/central Canadian Arctic periphery. Utilizing theoretical perspectives deriving from World-System Theory and moderate relativist orientations, and, embracing ethnographic, ethnohistorical and archaeological methodologies, the historic process by which the Historic Copper Inuit, living externally to the modern capitalist World-System, came into contact with, and, were gradually incorporated within this expanding global system of interconnected states is examined. The process leading to the ultimate Incorporation of the Historic Copper Inuit within the World-System is scrutinized through chronological stages and, utilizing two-views; the perspective of the Historic Copper Inuit mediating the penetration of the World-System, and, through a perspective based on World-System orientations. ii DEDICATIONS This Thesis is dedicated to the people of Ulukhaktok (formerly Holman), Victoria Island, Northwest Territories, Canada And To the memory of my beloved father, Carl Gunnar Johnson (1921-1997) iii EPIGRAPH “And I suddenly saw that their reactions to my society were neither more nor less valid than mine to theirs. And do you know that was a moment of the most amazing freedom”. - In: Regeneration, Pat Barker iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract………………………………………………………………………… ii Dedications…………………………………………………………………….. iii Epigraph………………………………………………………………………… iv Table of Contents………………………………………………………………. v List of Figures…………………………………………………………………… viii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………. xi Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………… xii Section 1 Chapter 1: Theoretical Orientations, Methodology, Research Techniques: Overview and Purpose…………………………………………………… 1 Chapter 2: Theoretical Orientations……………………………………………… 4 Introduction………………………………………………………………. 4 World-System Theory and Close Encounters: Theoretical Synthesis……. 6 World-System Theory: Approaches………………………………………. 9 World-System Theory and its “Positions”………………………………… 12 World-System Theory: Paradigm Origins and its Relationship with Anthropology……………………………………………………… 13 Close Encounters: Moderate Relativist Theoretical Orientations………… 17 Chapter 3: Methodology and Research Techniques………………………………. 20 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 20 World-System Methodologies: Analysis and Predictions ………………... 20 Classification System/Chronology for the Process of Incorporation in this Study................................................................................................. 24 World-System: Culture History, Process of Incorporation and Predictions. 27 External Zone - Incidental Zone…………………………………………… 27 Early Contact Periphery…………………………………………………… 28 Late Contact Periphery……………………………………………………. 29 Marginal Periphery………………………………………………………… 31 Dependent Periphery……………………………………………………… 32 Close Encounters: Methods………………………………………………. 33 Ethnographic and Ethnohistorical Methods……………………………….. 38 Introduction………………………………………………………………... 38 Ethnographic Methods…………………………………………………….. 39 Ethnohistorical Methods…………………………………………………… 55 v Archaeological Methods………………………………………………………….. 58 Introduction………………………………………………………………. 58 Archaeology and this Study……………………………………………… 59 The Place of the Encounter: Winter Cove, Boot Inlet, Minto Inlet and the Itivyaaq as a Cultural “Laboratory”…………………………….. 60 Systematic Site Survey and its Methodological Application within this Study…………………………………………… 64 Chapter 4: The Human Community: The Historic Copper Inuit………………… 99 Introduction……………………………………………………………… 99 The Historic Copper Inuit……………………………………………….. 99 Environment……………………………………………………………… 105 Historic Copper Inuit: “Traditional” cultural/economic overview………. 107 Section II Chapter 5: Discussion The External Zone and The Incidental Zone……………… 113 Chapter 6: Discussion Early Contact Periphery………………………………….. 121 Chapter 7: Discussion Late Contact Periphery…………………………………… 130 Introduction………………………………………………………………. 131 Historic Copper Inuit and the Nature of Nineteenth Century Contact and Intersocietal Interaction…………………………………………………… 133 Southern Historic Copper Inuit Areas……………………………………. 136 Northern Historic Copper Inuit Areas……………………………………. 144 Copper Inuit Areas-Victoria Island and Banks Island: The Reluctant Consorts- H.M.S. Investigator and H.M.S. Enterprise……………………………… 145 H.M.S. Investigator: Effects of Contact…………………………………. 156 H.M.S. Enterprise: A Long-Term Direct Contact Episode……………… 168 Conclusions………………………………………………………………. 174 Chapter 8: Discussion Late Contact Periphery: Archaeological Investigations, Northern Victoria Island…………………………………………………. 180 Introduction……………………………………………………………… 180 2003 Archaeology Survey Area: Winter Cove and Northern Area of Itivyaaq, Site Descriptions and Investigations……………………………………. 182 2004 Archaeology Survey Area: Minto Inlet, Boot Inlet and Southern Area Of Itivyaaq, Site Descriptions and Investigations………………………… 184 Findings…………………………………………………………………… 196 Chapter 9: Discussion Marginal Periphery……………………………………….. 206 Chapter 10: Discussion Dependent Periphery……………………………………. 237 Incorporation Within the World-System…………………………………………. 247 vi Chapter 11: Discussion and Conclusions………………………………………… 259 External Zone and Incidental Zone………………………………………. 259 Early Contact Periphery…………………………………………………. 263 Late Contact Periphery…………………………………………………… 265 Marginal Periphery………………………………………………………. 269 Dependent Periphery…………………………………………………….. 272 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….. 274 References Cited…………………………………………………………………. 278 List of Maps……………………………………………………………………… 302 List of Interviews………………………………………………………………… 302 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. “Esquimaux of Pr[ince] Albert‟s Land – Winter Dress,” ca. 1851-1852. By: Edward Adams……………………………………………………… 2 2. World-System Schematic/four classification systems……………………….. 26 3. Hermeneutical Spiral/this study………………………………………………. 35 4. Top: Hamlet of Ulukhaktok (formerly Holman). Bottom: The People of Ulukhaktok…………………………………………………………… 40 5. Approval Certificate, 2003, Joint-Faculty Research Ethics Board, Research Services, & Programs, University of Manitoba……………… 42 6. Hamlet of Holman, Letter of Permission for Research, June 10, 2003………. 43 7. Holman Community Corporation Letter of Permission for Research, June 13, 2003…………………………………………………………… 44 8. Olokhaktomiut Hunters & Trappers Committee, letter of Permission for Research, June 16, 2003…………………………………………….. 45 9a-c. Scientific Research Licence notification letter, June 27, 2006, Aurora College/Aurora Research Institute………………………………. 46-48 9d. Aurora Research Institute Scientific Research Licence, June 27, 2006. Licence # 14007R, Donald S. Johnson………………………………….. 49 10a-b. Sample of Informant Interview Agreement, University of Manitoba………………………………………………………………….. 50-51 11. Ethnographic interviews, series of three photos……………………………… 53 12. Ethnographic interviews, two photos………………………………………… 54 13. Holman Community Corporation Agenda, August 8, 2005 Community Presentation/Research Report for 2003/04………………….. 56 14a. Notification letter, Northwest Territories Class 2 Archaeologists Permit, July
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