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The Act of Union As a Dubious Model for British Colonialism Kelton Holsen Augsburg University

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The Act of Union As a Dubious Model for British Colonialism Kelton Holsen Augsburg University Augsburg Honors Review Volume 12 Article 2 2019 Noble Savage, Noble Scotsman: The Act of Union as a Dubious Model for British Colonialism Kelton Holsen Augsburg University Follow this and additional works at: https://idun.augsburg.edu/honors_review Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Holsen, Kelton (2019) "Noble Savage, Noble Scotsman: The Act of nionU as a Dubious Model for British Colonialism," Augsburg Honors Review: Vol. 12 , Article 2. Available at: https://idun.augsburg.edu/honors_review/vol12/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate at Idun. It has been accepted for inclusion in Augsburg Honors Review by an authorized editor of Idun. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Augsburg Honors Review Noble Savage, Noble Scotsman: Te Act of Union as a Dubious Model for British Colonialism Keto Hose, Augbug Univesty Introduction and James MacPherson, as well as the myths that arose around the Jacobite It has become almost a cliché Rebellion, putting Scotland at the that during the period of intense forefront of the horrors that were to colonialism by the great powers of come when those myths were exploited Europe 'the sun never set on the British by later revisionists.1 empire'. Te reason that this cliché persists is that the idea behind it is "Civilisation" and "barbarism" true: according to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, "[b]y the end of the 19th Te idea that Europe, century, the British Empire comprised specifcally Great Britain, represented nearly one-quarter of the world’s land 'civilization' while the rest of the world surface and more than one-quarter of was fraught with backwardness arose in its total population" (Britannica). Tis the works of the conjectural historians2: vast conquest was not done on a whim: those who sought to determine how it had deep roots in ideas of cultural societies develop through comparison and economic superiority and, more to of the vast diferences among humanity. the point, the (demonstrably false) idea Chief among these was Adam Smith. that the British Empire represented In Smith's Four Stages of Society, he progress and 'civilization', while the rest stratifes societies into diferent levels of the world represented backwardness of "progress" based on the means by and so-called 'barbarism'. Tese ideas which they survive and how that afects arose, developed, and even to some their respective notions of property extent occurred in Scotland through (479-487). In order, the four stages are the academic works of writers such "frst, the Age of Hunters; [second], the as Adam Smith, William Robertson, Age of Shepherds; [third], the Age of 1 Broadly speaking, historical revisionism is a general term used to refer to any efort to change the narrative about a given historical event. Tis is not inherently a bad thing: James McPher- son (no relation), former president of the American Historical Association, has described revi- sionism as "the lifeblood of historical scholarship" and gone on to say that "[t]here is no single, eternal, and immutable "truth" about past events and their meaning. Te unending quest of historians for understanding the past—that is, "revisionism"—is what makes history vital and meaningful.". However, revisionism is generally seen as bad academic practice when it is per- formed without solid historical evidence to back it up, as well as when it is used to justify or cover up historical oppression. 8 Kelton Holsen Agriculture; and [fourth], the Age of hierarchy of societal development. In Commerce" (Smith, 479). Smith doesn't William Robertson's essay "Comparative stop at simply characterizing what History", he makes similar claims to puts a society at one stage or another, Smith, drawing comparisons between however; he gives historical and the ancient Germans encountered contemporary examples to justify his by the Roman historian Tacitus and theory, placing the Native Americans the modern-day Native Americans-- in the frst category, the "Tartars although like Smith, he also asserts that and Arabs" in the second, and most "[m]ost of the American tribes subsist of Europe in the fourth (Smith, 479- by hunting, and are in a ruder and more 480). It is important to note that this simple state than the ancient Germans" division is not only ethnocentric, but (Robertson, 677-681). Robertson's also historically inaccurate: while Smith choice to compare Native Americans to dismisses Native American agriculture the ancient Germans raises questions: as "the women plant[ing] a few stalks is there also a modern analogue for of Indian corn at the back of their huts" the Romans that conquered and ruled (479), evidence shows that they in fact over the Germanic tribes? By painting used their felds to grow crops like corn, a picture of 'barbarism'', Robertson beans, and squash (the "Tree Sisters") and Smith also demonstrate what they and even developed irrigation systems consider 'civilization': the peoples that for the purposes of agriculture (Park). they describe as 'barbaric' are described Furthermore, Smith misses the obvious in contrast to the 'civilized' empires that deduction that it would be signifcantly seek to conquer them. As the Germanic more difcult and less practical to tribes were to Rome, went the logic, so develop agriculture in the dry climates were the Native Americans to Britain. where the "Tartars and Arabs" lived. Tis Tus, like Rome, the British Empire saw theory did something very important itself as poised to bring 'civilization' to for justifcations of the British Empire: the uncivilized regions of the world. it created a hierarchy of civilizations in Note that the Scottish which the Empire was conveniently on academics likely did not intend to create top and everyone else was somewhere a justifcation for colonialism: they all below. had their own academic reasons for Te feld of conjectural history the works which they created. Instead, is shot through with the concept of a Smith and Robertson, as well as other 2 Te conjectural historians were a specifc group of historians during the Scottish Enlighten- ment period whose work focused on a theory of societal development based on the compar- ison of contemporary European society to "'rude tribes' (whether of the past or the present)." (Hopf, 1). Key fgures among them were Dugald Stewart, Adam Smith, and William Robertson. Hopf goes on to describe how "conjectural history traces a 'process' or 'progress' between a terminus a quo, namely 'the frst simple eforts of uncultivated nature,' and a terminus ad quem, the 'wonderfully and artifcially complicated condition' in which we fnd ourselves." (Hopf, 2). Conjectural history often involved theories of societal development coming in stages, and also featured a strong tendency to favor European societies when it came time to analyze what societies had reached what stages at any given point. 9 Augsburg Honors Review fgures whose writings inadvertently Te Birth of the Highland Myth justifed colonialism, fell victim to the law of unintended consequences--a In order to learn how Scotland concept ironically conceived in part by was used to demonstrate the British Adam Smith which states that "[the] imperial myth, we must frst examine actions of people...always have efects the circumstances under which that are unanticipated or unintended" Scotland entered the British Empire.3 In (Norton). Whether or not the conjectural 1707, the Act of Union came into efect, historians meant to line up their formally uniting Scotland and England defnitions of 'barbarous' or 'backwards' in what would eventually become the societies with the very peoples that British Empire (Emerson, 11). Tis union the British Empire was looking at was not entirely peaceful: the Jacobite colonizing is irrelevant; what matters rebels, supporters of the line of the is that this stratifcation of societies exiled pretender king James II and more between perceptions of 'barbarism' broadly of an independent Scotland, and 'civilization' provided justifcation rose up several times in rebellion against for the centuries of imperialism and the throne, most notably in 1745 when colonialism that would follow. they were fnally crushed at the Battle With the theories of Smith and of Culloden, after which most of the key Robertson, the foundations had been fgures of the rebellion were killed or laid for the idea of Empire. When the exiled and the claimant, "Bonnie Prince propagandists of the British Empire Charlie" (Charles Edward) was forced went to build upon these foundations, to fee to the mainland (Morrill). Te however, they realized that theory Jacobites claimed to represent Scottish would not be enough: to show that the heritage and independence, and thus British Empire was representative of the even after their defeat, "'the king over 'civilization' which, as demonstrated by the water' gained a certain sentimental Smith's logic, needed to spread to the appeal, especially in the Scottish rest of the world, the revisionists would Highlands, and a whole body of Jacobite need to fnd a model that would show songs came into being." (Morrill). the British Empire's ability to bring At frst glance, the Jacobites civilization to an area once thought of might seem like the forces of Scottish as 'barbaric'. A cursory examination nationalism acting in resistance to of the Empire's history up to that British imperialism. Oddly enough, point revealed one example which this picture of the Jacobite Rebellion the revisionists could easily turn to is exactly what the proponents of the their advantage: the now-completely British Empire were working to create. integrated country of Scotland. In 2016, University of Glasgow historian Professor Murray Pittock argued that "[f]ar from claymore wielding Highland 3 Note that Scotland was not the beginning of the English expansionism that would lead into the British expansionism that was the Empire.
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