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The Vietnam War an Australian Perspective
THE VIETNAM WAR AN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE [Compiled from records and historical articles by R Freshfield] Introduction What is referred to as the Vietnam War began for the US in the early 1950s when it deployed military advisors to support South Vietnam forces. Australian advisors joined the war in 1962. South Korea, New Zealand, The Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand also sent troops. The war ended for Australian forces on 11 January 1973, in a proclamation by Governor General Sir Paul Hasluck. 12 days before the Paris Peace Accord was signed, although it was another 2 years later in May 1975, that North Vietnam troops overran Saigon, (Now Ho Chi Minh City), and declared victory. But this was only the most recent chapter of an era spanning many decades, indeed centuries, of conflict in the region now known as Vietnam. This story begins during the Second World War when the Japanese invaded Vietnam, then a colony of France. 1. French Indochina – Vietnam Prior to WW2, Vietnam was part of the colony of French Indochina that included Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Vietnam was divided into the 3 governances of Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchina. (See Map1). In 1940, the Japanese military invaded Vietnam and took control from the Vichy-French government stationing some 30,000 troops securing ports and airfields. Vietnam became one of the main staging areas for Japanese military operations in South East Asia for the next five years. During WW2 a movement for a national liberation of Vietnam from both the French and the Japanese developed in amongst Vietnamese exiles in southern China. -
Investigation of the Factors Affecting Artificial Seed Sowing Success And
Article Investigation of the Factors Affecting Artificial Seed Sowing Success and Seedling Survival in Pinus brutia Natural Stands in Middle Elevations of Central Cyprus Petros Petrou 1 and Elias Milios 2,* 1 Department of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, Nicosia 1414, Cyprus; [email protected] 2 Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, Pantazidou 193, 682 00 Orestiada, Greece * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 October 2020; Accepted: 15 December 2020; Published: 17 December 2020 Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the germination of Pinus brutia Ten. seeds, in the field, in relation to factors such as period of sowing, light environment, and watering, in sites of different productivity in the middle elevations in central Cyprus. Two sowing experiments were conducted in three sites of different productivity. In the first experiment P. brutia seed sowing took place in February 2009 in two sowing environments which were gap and under canopy environments. The shade conditions in those environments were determined using hemispherical photographs. Also, the influence of watering on the seed germination was checked. In the second experiment, which was established in the same areas as in the first experiment, the seed sowing took place in December 2009. However, in this case, no watering was applied during the germination period. Moreover, the survival of the seedlings from both sowing periods were monitored up to the end of 2010. During the period of monitoring, the influence of watering was checked. The germination rates of seeds from the February sowing were very low. -
An Analysis of the Loss of HMAS SYDNEY
An analysis of the loss of HMAS SYDNEY By David Kennedy The 6,830-ton modified Leander class cruiser HMAS SYDNEY THE MAIN STORY The sinking of cruiser HMAS SYDNEY by disguised German raider KORMORAN, and the delayed search for all 645 crew who perished 70 years ago, can be attributed directly to the personal control by British wartime leader Winston Churchill of top-secret Enigma intelligence decodes and his individual power. As First Lord of the Admiralty, then Prime Minster, Churchill had been denying top secret intelligence information to commanders at sea, and excluding Australian prime ministers from knowledge of Ultra decodes of German Enigma signals long before SYDNEY II was sunk by KORMORAN, disguised as the Dutch STRAAT MALAKKA, off north-Western Australia on November 19, 1941. Ongoing research also reveals that a wide, hands-on, operation led secretly from London in late 1941, accounted for the ignorance, confusion, slow reactions in Australia and a delayed search for survivors . in stark contrast to Churchill's direct part in the destruction by SYDNEY I of the German cruiser EMDEN 25 years before. Churchill was at the helm of one of his special operations, to sweep from the oceans disguised German raiders, their supply ships, and also blockade runners bound for Germany from Japan, when SYDNEY II was lost only 19 days before the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia. Covering up of a blunder, or a punitive example to the new and distrusted Labor government of John Curtin gone terribly wrong because of a covert German weapon, can explain stern and brief official statements at the time and whitewashes now, with Germany and Japan solidly within Western alliances. -
37845R CS3 Book Hatfield's Diaries.Indd
“H.M.A.S. PERTH” 1939 -1941 From the diaries of P.O. George Hatfield Published in Sydney Australia in 2009 Publishing layout and Cover Design by George Hatfield Jnr. Printed by Springwood Printing Co. Faulconbridge NSW 2776 1 2 Foreword Of all the ships that have flown the ensign of the Royal Australian Navy, there has never been one quite like the first HMAS Perth, a cruiser of the Second World War. In her short life of just less than three years as an Australian warship she sailed all the world’s great oceans, from the icy wastes of the North Atlantic to the steamy heat of the Indian Ocean and the far blue horizons of the Pacific. She survived a hurricane in the Caribbean and months of Italian and German bombing in the Mediterranean. One bomb hit her and nearly sank her. She fought the Italians at the Battle of Matapan in March, 1941, which was the last great fleet action of the British Royal Navy, and she was present in June that year off Syria when the three Australian services - Army, RAN and RAAF - fought together for the first time. Eventually, she was sunk in a heroic battle against an overwhelming Japanese force in the Java Sea off Indonesia in 1942. Fast and powerful and modern for her times, Perth was a light cruiser of some 7,000 tonnes, with a main armament of eight 6- inch guns, and a top speed of about 34 knots. She had a crew of about 650 men, give or take, most of them young men in their twenties. -
Winter 1993 State Execiitive President's Message
POSTAGE • PAID • • • AUSTRAUA • • THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE RETURNED & SERVICES LEAGUE WA BRANCH (INCORPORATED) WINTER, 1.g93 Registered by Australia Post Publication No. WAS 1158 One of the 'Cats': 1942 AWM 82/67 RAAF Catalinas Commonwealth Department of Veterans' Affairs ·Can we help... you? You could be eligible for benefits if • you are a veteran • a widow, wife or dependent child of a veteran, or'-.. , • your spouse, parent or guardian is, or was, a veteran, or rnember of the Australian Defence or Peacekeeping forces. • you have completed qualifying peacetime seFvice in the case of Defence Service Homes benefits. Veterans' benefits include: • Pensions and allowances • Health-care benefits • Counselling services • Pharmaceutical benefits • Defence Service Homes - housing loan subsidy - homeowners' insurance • Funeral benefits • Commemoration FIND OUT WHETHER YOU ARE ELIGIBLE FOR BENEFITS BY CONTACTING THE DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS' AFFAIRS ON 425 8222 .. -. ''- Country Callers Free Line: 008 113304 Remember .... "We're only a 'phone call away" Veterans' ·Affairs Cares LISTENING POST Contents Page Publishers Returned & Services League W.A. Branch (Incorporated) President s Message 3 Anzac House G.P.O. Box Cl28, 28 St. Georges Terrace Perth, W':A. 6001 War Veteran·s Home Fund 5 Perth, W.A. 6000 Tel: 325 9799 Operation ··Rimau 7 Finschhafen - The Australian Tllumph 13 • • I • • Nurses· Pilgrimage to Bangka 21 Ouinn·s and Courtney s 25 Beersheba. El Alamein and Sollum 35 Nizam·s Night of Terror 39 Editorial Editor /Chairman: Defence Issues 44 Mrs Pat Balfe Veterans· Affairs 45 Deputy: Mr John Surridge Letters to the Editor 47 Committee: M rs B: Clinton, Mrs J. -
Objective Forest Management of Eastern Mediterranean Pinus Brutia
Dissertationes Forestales 170 Growth and yield modelling for optimal multi- objective forest management of eastern Mediterranean Pinus brutia Sergio de Miguel Magaña School of Forest Sciences Faculty of Science and Forestry University of Eastern Finland Academic dissertation To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Science and Forestry of the University of Eastern Finland, for public criticism in auditorium M102 of the University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, Joensuu on 21st February 2014 at 12 o’clock noon. 2 Title of dissertation: Growth and yield modelling for optimal multi-objective forest management of eastern Mediterranean Pinus brutia. Author: Sergio de Miguel Magaña Dissertationes Forestales 170 http://dx.doi.org/10.14214/df.170 Thesis supervisor: Prof. Timo Pukkala School of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland Pre-examiners: Prof. Harold Burkhart Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, United States Dr. Jari Miina Finnish Forest Research Institute, Eastern Finland Regional Unit, Joensuu, Finland Opponent: Prof. Jerome K. Vanclay Forest Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia ISSN 1795-7389 (online) ISBN 978-951-651-430-0 (pdf) ISSN 2323-9220 (print) ISBN 978-951-651-429-4 (paperback) 2014 Publishers: Finnish Society of Forest Science Finnish Forest Research Institute Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry of the University of Helsinki School of Forest Sciences of the University of Eastern Finland Editorial Office: The Finnish Society of Forest Science P.O. Box 18, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland http://www.metla.fi/dissertationes 3 de Miguel Magaña, S. -
RAN Ships Lost
CALL THE HANDS OCCASIONAL PAPER 6 Issue No. 6 March 2017 Royal Australian Navy Ships Honour Roll Given the 75th anniversary commemoration events taking place around Australia and overseas in 2017 to honour ships lost in the RAN’s darkest year, 1942 it is timely to reproduce the full list of Royal Australian Navy vessels lost since 1914. The table below was prepared by the Directorate of Strategic and Historical Studies in the RAN’s Sea Power Centre, Canberra lists 31 vessels lost along with a total of 1,736 lives. Vessel (* Denotes Date sunk Casualties Location Comments NAP/CPB ship taken up (Ships lost from trade. Only with ships appearing casualties on the Navy Lists highlighted) as commissioned vessels are included.) HMA Submarine 14-Sep-14 35 Vicinity of Disappeared following a patrol near AE1 Blanche Bay, Cape Gazelle, New Guinea. Thought New Guinea to have struck a coral reef near the mouth of Blanche Bay while submerged. HMA Submarine 30-Apr-15 0 Sea of Scuttled after action against Turkish AE2 Marmara, torpedo boat. All crew became POWs, Turkey four died in captivity. Wreck located in June 1998. HMAS Goorangai* 20-Nov-40 24 Port Phillip Collided with MV Duntroon. No Bay survivors. HMAS Waterhen 30-Jun-41 0 Off Sollum, Damaged by German aircraft 29 June Egypt 1941. Sank early the next morning. HMAS Sydney (II) 19-Nov-41 645 207 km from Sunk with all hands following action Steep Point against HSK Kormoran. Located 16- WA, Indian Mar-08. Ocean HMAS Parramatta 27-Nov-41 138 Approximately Sunk by German submarine. -
Lessons in Leadership the Life of Sir John Monash GCMG, KCB, VD
Lessons in Leadership The Life of Sir John Monash GCMG, KCB, VD By Rolfe Hartley FIEAust CPEng EngExec FIPENZ Engineers Australia Sydney Division CELM Presentation March 2013 Page 1 Introduction The man that I would like to talk about today was often referred to in his lifetime as ‘the greatest living Australian’. But today he is known to many Australians only as the man on the back of the $100 note. I am going to stick my neck out here and say that John Monash was arguably the greatest ever Australian. Engineer, lawyer, soldier and even pianist of concert standard, Monash was a true leader. As an engineer, he revolutionised construction in Australia by the introduction of reinforced concrete technology. He also revolutionised the generation of electricity. As a soldier, he is considered by many to have been the greatest commander of WWI, whose innovative tactics and careful planning shortened the war and saved thousands of lives. Monash was a complex man; a man from humble beginnings who overcame prejudice and opposition to achieve great things. In many ways, he was an outsider. He had failures, both in battle and in engineering, and he had weaknesses as a human being which almost put paid to his career. I believe that we can learn much about leadership by looking at John Monash and considering both the strengths and weaknesses that contributed to his greatness. Early Days John Monash was born in West Melbourne in 1865, the eldest of three children and only son of Louis and Bertha. His parents were Jews from Krotoshin in Prussia, an area that is in modern day Poland. -
Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
PARLIAMENT OF VICTORIA PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES (HANSARD) LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL FIFTY-NINTH PARLIAMENT FIRST SESSION WEDNESDAY, 11 NOVEMBER 2020 hansard.parliament.vic.gov.au By authority of the Victorian Government Printer The Governor The Honourable LINDA DESSAU, AC The Lieutenant-Governor The Honourable KEN LAY, AO, APM The ministry Premier........................................................ The Hon. DM Andrews, MP Deputy Premier, Minister for Education and Minister for Mental Health .. The Hon. JA Merlino, MP Minister for Regional Development, Minister for Agriculture and Minister for Resources ........................................ The Hon. J Symes, MLC Minister for Transport Infrastructure and Minister for the Suburban Rail Loop ....................................................... The Hon. JM Allan, MP Minister for Training and Skills and Minister for Higher Education .... The Hon. GA Tierney, MLC Treasurer, Minister for Economic Development and Minister for Industrial Relations ........................................... The Hon. TH Pallas, MP Minister for Public Transport and Minister for Roads and Road Safety . The Hon. BA Carroll, MP Minister for Energy, Environment and Climate Change and Minister for Solar Homes ................................................ The Hon. L D’Ambrosio, MP Minister for Child Protection and Minister for Disability, Ageing and Carers ...................................................... The Hon. LA Donnellan, MP Minister for Health, Minister for Ambulance Services and Minister for Equality ................................................... -
South-West Pacific: Amphibious Operations, 1942–45
Issue 30, 2021 South-West Pacific: amphibious operations, 1942–45 By Dr. Karl James Dr. James is the Head of Military History, Australian War Memorial. Issue 30, 2021 © Commonwealth of Australia 2021 This work is copyright. You may download, display, print, and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice and imagery metadata) for your personal, non- commercial use, or use within your organisation. This material cannot be used to imply an endorsement from, or an association with, the Department of Defence. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Issue 30, 2021 On morning of 1 July 1945 hundreds of warships and vessels from the United States Navy, the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), and the Royal Netherlands Navy lay off the coast of Balikpapan, an oil refining centre on Borneo’s south-east coast. An Australian soldier described the scene: Landing craft are in formation and swing towards the shore. The naval gunfire is gaining momentum, the noise from the guns and bombs exploding is terrific … waves of Liberators [heavy bombers] are pounding the area.1 This offensive to land the veteran 7th Australian Infantry Division at Balikpapan was the last of a series amphibious operations conducted by the Allies to liberate areas of Dutch and British territory on Borneo. It was the largest amphibious operation conducted by Australian forces during the Second World War. Within an hour some 16,500 troops were ashore and pushing inland, along with nearly 1,000 vehicles.2 Ultimately more than 33,000 personnel from the 7th Division and Allied forces were landed in the amphibious assault.3 Balikpapan is often cited as an example of the expertise achieved by Australian forces in amphibious operations during the war.4 It was a remarkable development. -
Bull Brothers – Robert and Henry
EMU PARK SOLDIERS OF WORLD WAR I – THE GREAT WAR FROM EMU PARK and SHIRE OF LIVINGSTONE The Bull Brothers – Robert and Henry Sergeant Robert Charles Bull (Service No. 268) of the 15th Infantry Battalion and 1st Battalion Imperial Camel Brigade Robert was born on 17th May 1895 in a railway camp at Boolburra, the 9th child and 3rd son to Henry and Maria (née Ferguson) Bull, both immigrants from the United Kingdom. Henry from Whaplode, Lincolnshire, arrived in Rockhampton in 1879 at the age of 19. Maria was from Cookstown, Tyrone, North Ireland, arrived in Maryborough, also in 1879 and also aged 19. Robert spent his early years at Bajool before joining the Railway Service as a locomotive cleaner. He enlisted in the Australian Imperial Forces (AIF) on 16 September 1914 at Emerald where he gave his age as 21 years & 4 months, when in fact he was only 19 years & 4 months. Private Bull joined ‘B’ Company of the 15th Infantry Battalion, 4th Brigade which formed the Australian and New Zealand Division when they arrived in Egypt. The 15th Infantry Battalion consisted on average of 29 Officers and 1007 Other Ranks (OR’s) and was broken up into the following sub units: Section Platoon Company Battalion Rifle section:- Platoon Headquarters Company Battalion 10 OR’s (1 Officer & 4 OR’s) Headquarters (2 Headquarters (5 Officers & 57 Officers & 75 OR’s) Lewis Gun Section:- 10 3 Rifle Sections and OR’s) OR’s and 1 Lewis gun Section 4 Companies 1 Light Machine Gun 4 Platoons He sailed for Egypt aboard the HMAT (A40) Ceramic on 22nd December 1914. -
Newsletter Incorporating NCCV’S Newsletter Rogues’ Yarn
Newsletter Incorporating NCCV’s newsletter Rogues’ Yarn Navy Victoria Network March 2014 Volume 4 Edition 3 Calendar Events (see calendar for details of all events) NVN current membership: 892 Editorial 28-30 Mar – WRANS & ex- (from our new apprentice editor) Servicewomen’s reunion – Hobart Having never written an editorial before – I thought I should do 28 Mar – Scrapiron flotilla luncheon some research and during that research and reading of other 30 Mar – RAN recruits wreath laying editorials (mainly by Andrew Bolte and Jeff Kennett in the at the Shrine Herald Sun) I came across the saying “Use them or Lose them”. 06 Apr – Daylight saving ends. I can’t remember the context of how that phrase was used then – 18-21 Apr – Easter but for me it rang ‘bells’ in regard to our Naval Associations and 25 Apr – Anzac Day. Commemorative events. 26 Apr – HMAS Assault wreath laying I understand that there is a time for all things. Unfortunately 28 Apr – NHS meeting. some associations will pass – just because they are named after 02 May – HMAS Castlemaine with ships of long ago, and with the current policy of how our fleets Tecoma Primary School wreath laying. units are named – some of the older associations will never have another ship named after them. So they will pass into history. Latest News However there are some associations that need out support now. You can support associations and events in a lot of different On the record: Armidale Class Patrol ways. By becoming a member; by attending meetings, social Boat fleet events, being involved.