THE LAST WORD Directions: Use Each Letter from the Word Written Vertically Down the Left As the First Letter in a Sentence About That Word

Clues

Across 2. temple built in Athens to honor Athena 3. Pertaining to agricultural 9. a realistic sculpture with figures raised against a flat background 13. a range of different things; a variety 14. a 200 year period of peace and prosperity beginning with the Rule of Augustus Caesar and ending with the death of Marcus Aurelius 16. the first written law of Rome 21. the social class in Rome made up of the landholding upper class 22. Roman statesmen; they tried to help ex-soldiers in Rome by redistributing public lands to small farmers. The Roman elite reacted violently to the actions and led mobs that killed the brothers. 25. early settlers in Rome who were known for their metalworking and engineering skill 26. a language commonly used by many different groups of people 28. a native or resident of a town or city 29. the myth of why Rome began where Rome began 30. the state of succeeding or flourishing 32. of or pertaining to a city or town 33. of, relating to, or originating within a country 34. government in which the citizens hold the ruling power 39. an extended period of peace and prosperity 40. outsiders of a civilization; in Rome the Germanic Tribes would be an example Down 1. the system of public works of a country, state, or region 4. poem written by Virgil to show that Rome’s past was as heroic as that of Greece 5. Roman general and one of the greatest military leaders in history; he conquered most of Gaul and was named dictator for life of Rome. A group of senators who opposed his enlarged powers later murdered him. 6. “I Forbid” 7. the things, both cultural and technological, left to us from past cultures 8. of the countryside or country life 10. government headed by a privileged minority or upper class 11. the gods of a group of people, a religion, or a civilization 12. an old story told to explain an event or justify a belief or action 15. government in which a king or queen exercises central authority 17. a curved structure over an opening 18. present day nations of Europe and the Western Hemisphere 19. a picture painted directly onto a wall 20. series of wars fought between Rome and Carthage for control of the Mediterranean 23. one of two chief leaders elected yearly in the Roman Republic 24. a group of government officials headed by an administrator 27. the government of Rome created after the overthrow of King Tarquin the Proud that had the best characteristics of an Aristocracy, Democracy, and Monarchy 31. Payment that conquered peoples were forced to make to their conquerors 35. the supreme ruler of an empire 36. First emperor of Rome; he established the Second Triumvirate with Mark Antony and Lepidus. He created the imperial system of administration, established new coinages, and encouraged trade. 37. the social class in Rome made up of farmers, merchants, artisans and traders 38. Greek philosopher; a student of Socrates, he started a school in Athens called the Academy. In The Republic, he describes an ideal society run by philosopher-kings Created by Puzzlemaker at DiscoveryEducation.com

Holiday Packet 2019 R I B R P E Z A D L Y A K U I Y G U A E S Z V T K W O A S O X F C J F A C P P D A L L O U K M A Q C C V U E C L P I L E G A V E H T F R M E R P U V R D O U R N L P E U B T A P A D I E N E A F H V R S J X U P A I I C Q Z L L O T E V O N O T P V L A N U W R E T J O Y Z P D M W R C C R U L M D G H E A I B R M S G D I S Q Q R H E E N C B R R G D H R W I Y J B G V X P Z U L P N P U W W A N C R I C P R T G D C B U G I V K O H U C B D B C U E T W G U Y F T U S S Y W X T O C X W E Y P V F Z A E B L O Q L R R O M U L U S A N D R E M U S C C O Z L N C E T Y A R C C Y I E H U I C F Z H Q G H L J U M F V D N J Z E A A D B E Y O B N H V E R I A T P R V T N C A R I X Q H D V D B D C Q B Y R L L E V Z N G I Q K G K E L S T R U U G E F N O M N U D Z T Y K J D F L B E H A D S S M Y U T N S N U V I H E Y C B Y F R B L T O F S Q K D E V R Y F V N D L W A M A C N A R F A U G N I L Y W O H Y B X A C X A D K D D L S P K Z D E A G A R J Q K C Z B K A T O H G S B C A T S S H Q S C T A K U G T T U Q Q E Y U C G G M A E B I N T J I B J L R R U A K S M N K C H D R Y R F D V L H U W L N A R B L Z L Q L L F U X S C B O R U R G V I W A L C R X A F M T O S X C Y Y O H A A D E B I I I S Z V V X K B D J G E E C R B C Y C Q A M P X N R Z Q C B Y K R P B L A P V N C I T I Z E N G G U G N L W A A S T W Y Y N S X T B D P A I Z I U S A S X I T G F G Y C A R C O M E D C X E A B U A E T A E O P W X D H R K A W U W R T C K U E L R R J V V S P G B I G D T Y C R R H D W E B M O E Z R G N R G P E P N R Y M F D L A A P D H A E L H Z C Q H T T T M B G I T K W O Z E S I E N L R R R S I F R S R J S M O N M B A K L I I H U E S G M N P O A T O A Y U M J I V E W S U J C B W N D L T E E U L V Z S H A M J G R F E A F I W C R B U I I E C T N K X Q K C I E Z F R D R P C S Y V M A P E S V E B W O R P J S J I X A F D S G O P K V S Q J A D M L N E U M V V S K P A R Y Z D S F I T C L Y M N N G S E E T E K W R K C A X N O F R M H C V K D Z E G F H Y A Y I L C F H M K H E D W U B Z H I S E Z Q I C G S H Q K S I T G Y E R G B T Q O Q X C I T S E M O D N V I S U T V N Z X J R G U R A S K B L X U K P K H O T M K W R A C F U M N Q L A U T Q M N Q N B A R B A R I A N S R Z W E R Y L W C F U F R N B F U H T O R Y S B A H M A P E W Z S D A H J N E F X L Z M L E Z E T P E W U K C F I D D X L R U A S R E P C D R Q T G H B O T M T H M T R N Z P H A K L P R H R B R J W Y J S I T Z H W W W T Q N P R M B T B X J N Z Y D R M S J V Z Y K G P Y K G H Y H G O R O K I I N C U U X R V H O H P Q C P E L D G C H Y I D X P Z F C T A F L E Z B E W D O L E G B N A S C R A O L L S Q U S J U B T S A M F W W U T K I R T M I A B N T Y E U J R H A K F S P E N F D Y H Y Y O M K V N N G I O D R G D S W B Z R I L D O X G S J N J A C I D H R O W I D Q L M G W F C U S R J T U B Y O R M X T T U A W K P W N R U R A L Z M J U P L B B Y H C O B A M J N B D U H A S N E X L D T R A Z S S H O J I R H U X W G N X D R Z Z A X Q E Z P A X R O M A N A E V E W O Z L L W I X S C K Z L V H V M F U N D K X J M B S H N C B R I A I B B R H I O O I C I T M V U R Y Y B I U D Q O Q H I C H V P A A O C W K I G F E X F L F O D Y G X K Z Q O L E O M V T A B P L E A J E W I M U R F X I A Q S W S B J N K J N E D A Y R L F Q E L V D D Q A D J N A O G P V N N P AENEID FRESCOE PLEBEIANS AGRARIAN GOLDENAGE PROSPERITY ARCH INFRASTRUCTURE PUNICWARS ARISTOCRACY JULIUSCAESAR REPUBLIC BARBARIANS LEGACY ROMULUSANDREMUS BASRELIEF LINGUAFRANCA RURAL BUREAUCRACY MONARCHY TIBERIUSANDGAIUSGRA CITIZEN MYTH CCHUS CONSUL OCTAVIANCAESAR TRIBUTE DEMOCRACY PANTHEON TWELVETABLES DIVERSITY PARTHENON URBAN DOMESTIC PATRICIANS VETO EMPEROR PAXROMANA WESTERNCIVILIZATION ETRUSCANS PLATO Created by Puzzlemaker at DiscoveryEducation.com 28 Name in smallgroups,andattacked ourcavalrywithless a distanceinthehills;they showed themselvesonly a massbutwidelyscattered.. Another disadvantagewasthattheyneverfoughtin equal dangerwhetherwepursuedorretreated. on foot.Inacavalryengagementthistacticinvolved their chariotsandexploittheadvantageoffighting tle distancefromthelegionaries,leapdown retreat, andwhentheyhaddrawnourcavalryalit- except atgreatperil,fortheBritonswouldpurposely their heavyarmor;.norcouldourcavalryengage They couldnotpursueanadvantagebecauseof our menwerenotafitmatchforsuchadversaries. camp infullviewofeveryone,madeitplainthat midst andthenretiredwithoutloss.. mode offighting,theyboldlybrokethroughtheir while ourmenwereconfoundedbytheirnovel position withonlyasmallspacebetweenthem,but cohorts, eachthechiefofitslegion.Thesetook of thecamp.Caesarsupportedthemwithtwo ered asharpattackuponthepicketspostedinfront who werebusyentrenchingtheircamp,anddeliv- from theforesttofalluponourunsuspectingmen, own. Butafteranintervaltheysuddenlydashed ber theypursuedtooeagerlyandlostsomeoftheir forests andhills.Butwhentheyhadkilledanum- where hadtheupperhandanddrovetheminto cavalry brisklyonthemarch,butourmenevery- except theheadandupperlip.. long, buttheyshavealltherestoftheirbodies fying toconfrontinbattle.Theirhairtheywear with woad,whichmakesthemblueandmoreterri- meat andwearskins.AllBritonsstainthemselves inland peopledonotsowgrainbutliveonmilkand habits donotdiffermuchfromtheGauls’.The those inKent,allofwhichisalongthecoast.Their Section 2 17. Onthenextdayenemytookpositionat 16. Thisengagement,foughtinfrontofthe 15. Theenemyhorseandchariotsengagedour 14. OfalltheBritonsmostcivilizedare Unit CHAPTER 6 2, Chapter notice thathereferstohimselfinthethirdperson. Roman invasionofBritainduringhiscampaigntoconquerwhatisnowFrance, left byagreatRomangeneral.AsyoureadCaesar’s accountofthesecond Julius Caesar’s accountofhismilitarycampaignsisavaluablehistoricalrecord PRIMARY SOURCE 6 from by JuliusCaesar The GallicWar to flight. legions andcavalry, abandonedthebank,andtook dash thattheenemycouldnotsustainassaultof were abovewater, theymovedwithsuchspeedand to followattheirheels.Thoughonlyheads He senthiscavalryforwardandorderedthelegions Caesar hadlearnedfromprisonersanddeserters. stakes intheriverbed,coveredbywater. This stakes fixedintheground,andthereweresimilar up onthefarbank.Thebankwasprotected bysharp arrival thereheobservedalargeenemyforcedrawn only onepoint,andthatwithdifficulty. Uponhis the Thames,ariverwhichcanbefordedonfootat his armytotheterritoryofCassivellaunustowards chance torallyandmakeastand. headlong andkilledalargenumber, givingthemno behind tosupportthem.Theydrovetheenemy and pressedtheirpursuit,seeingthelegionsclose men counterattackedvigorously, beatthemback, tions, evenuptothelegionsandstandards.Our denly swoopeddownontheforagersfromalldirec- command ofGaiusTrebonius toforage,theysud- had sentthreelegionsandallthecavalryunder energy thanthedaybefore.Atnoon,whenCaesar 3. 2. Whatmilitaryadvantagesanddisadvantagesdid 1. AccordingtoCaesar, whatmilitaryadvantages Recognizing FactsandDetails Discussion Questions 102–104. Moses Hadastrans.(NewYork: TheModernLibrary, 1957), from military strategy?Explainyour answer. supports thenotionthatCaesarwasageniusat Making Judgments the Romanshave? and disadvantagesdidtheBritonshave? 18. Apprisednowoftheirplan,Caesarmarched Julius Caesar, Date The GallicWar andOtherWritings, Do youthinkthisexcerpt

© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. 36 Name D offices. In63 Minor andexperienceingovernmentSpain. tion, hegainedexperienceinthemilitaryAsia charming, cultured,andwell-readperson.Inaddi- one inhissocialpositionandbecameknownasa Republic. Hehadthestandardeducationofsome- of thegroupfamiliesthatfoundedRoman ties—skills inwar, politics,writing,andleadership. in itsrise.Hewasalsoamanofextraordinaryabili- dous impactonagrowingpoweratcrucialpoint leader oftheRomanRepublic.Hehadatremen- Julia haddied,whichremoved onelinkbetween sure that“Caesar”gotcredit forallvictories. This madethehistoryseem objective.Healsomade he referredtohimselfas“Caesar”andnot“I.” tory ofhiscampaignsinGaul.Throughout thebook, He wrote create someeffectivepropagandainhisownfavor. ning popularityinthecity. Healsomadesureto used tofundbuildingprojectsinRome—thuswin- Britain. but heeventuallyconqueredallofGaulandpart Roman controlofthearea.Ittookseveralyears, of theRomanarmiesthere,determinedtoextend Gaul, locatedinmodernFrance.Hetookcommand cities. Hewasrewardedbybeingmadegovernorof that easedtheovercrowdinginRomeandother married Julia,Caesar’s onlydaughter. brilliant general.To cementthealliance,Pompey plans ofthethree.TheotherwasPompey, another leader whosemoneycouldbeusedtoadvancethe an alliance.OnewasCrassus,awealthypolitical important politicalofficeintheRepublic. returned toRomeandwaselectedconsul,themost Spain, wherehewonfamebywinningbattles.He the chiefpriestofRepublic.Healsoservedin Section 2 Gradually, hewonelectiontoimportantpublic Caesar wasborntoanoldRomanfamily, part The situationinRome,however, hadchanged. The victoriesbroughtCaesarriches,whichhe As consul,Caesarworkedforsomenewlaws Caesar joinedwithtwootherleadingRomansin Unit CHAPTER Caesar becameagreatandcontroversial riven byambitionandathirstforpower, Julius 6 2, Commentaries ontheGallicWars, Chapter B . C ., hewasvotedpontifexmaximus, Roman poet,onthecauseofcivilwar Lucan,a “Caesar couldnolongerendureasuperior, norPompeyanequal.”— HISTORYMAKERS 6 Julius Caesar General, Writer, Politician,Dictator-King? a his- and brothertoCleopatra).In46 time supporter, PtolemyXIII(thepharaohofEgypt Egypt. Therehewastreacherouslykilledbyaone- a majorvictory. Pompeythenretreatedfurtherto Pompey ﬂedItalyfortheeast,whereCaesarwon had anotherresource:anexperienced,tougharmy. by manymajorpoliticalleaders.Caesar, however, ignore thesenateandleadhisarmyintoItaly. to standforelectionconsulagain.Hedecided another general,andreturntoRomeifhewanted difficult choice.Itorderedhimtogivehisarmies The senate,controlledbyPompey, gaveCaesara two generalsnowbecamebitterrivalsforpower. Pompey andCaesar. Crassushad diedaswell.The 3. 2. 1. Questions planned tomakehimselfking.InFebruary, 44 him andresentedhispower. Othersfearedthathe many senatorsopposedhim.Somesimplydisliked ruler ofRome,hepassedmanyreforms.However, won victoryoverthesonsofPompeyinSpain. another armyinAfrica,andthefollowingyearhe ironically, atthefootofastatuePompey. fell onhim.Theystabbedhim23times.Hedied, end. Asheenteredthesenate,agroupofsenators month afterthefestival,hisplanningcametoan for moreconquests.OnhislastdayinRome,one made king.Healsopreparedtoleadanarmyeast moved behindthescenestotryhavehimself refused it,andthecrowdcheered.Still,Caesar they cheered.Antonyagainofferedit,Caesar crowd stirredrestlessly. WhenCaesarrefusedit, close ally, offeredhimaking’s crown. Thewatching he presidedoverafestival.Byplan,MarkAntony, a oppose Caesar? Recognizing MainIdea in Rome? success inGaultoimprove hispoliticalposition Drawing Conclusions Caesar showhewasabrilliantgeneral? Recognizing FactsandDetails Years ofcivilwarfollowed.Pompeywasbacked Caesar wasnameddictatorforlife.Assupreme Date How didCaesarusehis Why didthesenators B . C ., Caesardefeated How did B . C .,

CHAPTER HISTORYMAKERS Cleopatra 6 Wily Queen of Egypt Section 2 “To know her was to be touched with an irresistible charm. Her form, . . . the persuasiveness of her conversation, and her delightful . . . behavior—all these produced a blend of magic.”—Plutarch, a Roman historian

leopatra, queen of Egypt, has gone down in “it must always be borne in mind that both of them Chistory as a conniving leader who used tricks to were ruthless and devious politicians.” Later, she had gain influence within the Roman Empire. She was a son that was Caesar’s. He was named Caesarion. actually an intelligent ruler who used an iron will in Cleopatra’s brother died fighting Caesar’s army, an effort to keep Egypt free of Roman control. and in 47 B.C. she was back on the throne. She and Ironically, the queen who tried to preserve Caesar may have planned to marry and become king Egypt was not even Egyptian. Cleopatra belonged and queen of Rome with Caesarion to follow them. to the family of the Ptolemies. This family from In 44 B.C., however, those hopes were destroyed. Macedon had ruled Egypt for several hundred years Caesar was assassinated by senators who wished to after the death of Alexander the Great. Though restore the Roman Republic. Cleopatra, in Rome at they had ruled Egypt for a long time, none of the the time, decided it was wise to return to Egypt. family had ever bothered to learn Egyptian—until Caesar’s heir, Octavian, and his friend Mark Cleopatra. Plutarch wrote that she learned so Antony began to rule Rome together. The two lead- many languages she could speak to “Ethiopians, ers had an uneasy alliance, however, and each tried Troglodytes, Jews, Arabs, Syrians, Medes, and to outfox the other in order to gain control of the Parthians” in their own tongues. Roman government. Cleopatra enchanted Antony In the first century B.C., the family’s fortunes as she had Caesar. By 37 B.C., Antony had dismissed and its hold on Egypt declined. Cleopatra’s father his wife, married Cleopatra, and recognized her two was a weak king. He showed more interest in music children as his own. He also gave large amounts of than in running his kingdom, leading the people to land to her, restoring Cyprus and Lebanon to Egypt. nickname him “the Flute Player.” He feared that The wife that Antony rejected, however, was the Rome would seize Egypt, an attractive place because sister of Octavian. This drove a wedge between the of its abundance of farmland. To buy safety, he sent former allies. With Cleopatra’s wealth Antony rebuilt huge amounts of money as bribes to various Roman his army and navy. In 31 B.C., his forces met leaders, including Julius Caesar. He eventually died Octavian’s in battle to decide who would control in 51 B.C. At the time, Cleopatra was 18. Rome—and thus the Mediterranean. Octavian won, She became queen, ruling along with her broth- and Cleopatra and Antony escaped back to Egypt. er Ptolemy XIII, who was only ten. Powerful insid- Octavian, though, brought his armies there the fol- ers in the Egyptian court hoped to run the country lowing year. Trapped and unable to win, Antony by controlling the young king. They forced committed suicide. Cleopatra pleaded with Octavian Cleopatra to flee Egypt three years later. to allow her to retire and make Caesarion king of However, she raised an army and prepared to Egypt. Octavian refused, and she too committed retake her crown, ready to fight her brother for suicide. Soon after, Octavian had Caesarion killed. control. Meanwhile, Julius Caesar had defeated his rivals and become the powerful leader of Rome. Questions When Caesar came to Egypt to settle the issue of the throne, Cleopatra seized her chance to argue 1. Recognizing Facts and Details How was

©All rights reserved. McDougal Littell Inc. her case. She had herself wrapped in a rug and car- Cleopatra different from the other members of ried to Caesar so she could speak to him directly. the Ptolemaic Dynasty? Impressed by her clever and bold act, Caesar 2. Making Inferences Why was Rome so impor- agreed to back her rather than her brother. Caesar tant to the fate of Cleopatra’s Egypt? and Cleopatra also began a relationship. They may 3. Drawing Conclusions Why did Octavian have have loved one another, but one historian cautioned, Caesarion killed?

Ancient Rome and Early Christianity 35 THE LAST WORD Directions: Use each letter from the word written vertically down the left as the first letter in a sentence about that word.