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Ethnoknowledge of Plants Used in Veterinary Practices in Dabo Hana District, West Ethiopia

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Ethnoknowledge of Plants Used in Veterinary Practices in Dabo Hana District, West Ethiopia Vol. 7(40), pp. 2960-2971, 25 October, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/JMPR2013.5225 ISSN 1996-0875 © 2013 Academic Journals Journal of Medicinal Plant Research http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR Full Length Research Paper Ethnoknowledge of plants used in veterinary practices in Dabo Hana District, West Ethiopia Firaol Tamiru 1* , 1Waktole Terfa, 2Ejigu Kebede, 3Gizaw Dabessa, 1Rajeeb Kumar Roy and 1Mekonnen Sorsa 1Ambo University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Ambo, Ethiopa. 2Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 3Ambo University, College of Medicine and Health Science, Department of Pharmacy, Ambo, Ethiopia. Accepted 9 October, 2013 A study was conducted from April to September 2012 in Dabo Hana district of Ilubabor Zone, West Ethiopia to document ethnoknowledge of plants used in veterinary practices and to assess factors affecting its utilization. Traditional healers were selected purposively and interviewed. Medicinal plants were shown by healers for identification. Forty-eight medicinal plant species classified into 35 families were documented and claimed to treat 22 animal health constraints. Leaves were the most frequently utilized plant part (31.58%). Oral route (57.89%) was found as the most common route of administration. Determination of the dose was done by using cup, glass, plant parts and their own hand as handful. Difficulty of preparation, seasonal availability of medicinal plants, coverage and availability of modern drugs, coverage of modern education, climatic change and deforestation (p<0.05) were statistically significant factors affecting utilization of ethnoveterinary medicine. There was positive correlation (r=0.466) between number of the medicinal plants the informants know and their age. In conclusion, there are large numbers of medicinal with undocumented cumulative knowledge of the indigenous people. Therefore, documentation of the indigenous knowledge before it is lost forever and proving these valuable practices by further researches and scientific dissemination of the knowledge were recommended. Key words: Dabo Hana, ethnoveterinary medicine, medicinal plants INTRODUCTION In all countries of the world, there exists traditional The knowledge is transferred from generation to knowledge related to the health of humans and animals. generation through the word of mouth (oral tales) with In Africa, traditional healers and remedies made from great secrecy (Yirga et al., 2012a) than in written form plants play an important role in the health of millions of (Mesfin et al., 2009). However, it can be transferred to people (Rukangira, 2001) and animals, which is studied generation vertically through family members, horizontally by ethnoveterinary medicine. Ethnoveterinary medicine by exchange through peers, or diagonally through studies traditional knowledge, folk beliefs, skills, methods traditional healers to student learners (Philander et al., and practices used for the treatment of livestock ailments 2008). Traditional medical knowledge of medicinal plants (Tabuti et al., 2003). It offers medicines which are cheap and their use by indigenous cultures are not only useful and locally available than pharmacotherapy. Farmers can for conservation of cultural traditions and biodiversity, but prepare and use homemade remedies without any also for community healthcare and drug development in expenditure (Yirga et al., 2012a). the present and future (Pei, 2001). Pharmacotherapy is *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]. Tamiru et al. 2961 one of the most important means of controlling livestock which is the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia. They “Afaan Oromoo ,” diseases, but it is possible only if livestock owners can which is one of the Cushitic language families of the Afro-Asiatic afford to cover the cost of treatments. In Ethiopia, language group and first in number of speakers in Ethiopia and third in Africa (Firaol, 2012). The animal population of the area conventional veterinary services have been playing a includes cattle (61,633), sheep (7,394), goat (13,497), horse (279), paramount role in the control and prophylaxis of livestock donkey (1,941), mule (599) and poultry (40,292). The husbandry diseases in the last three decades. However, they cannot system of all animal species is extensive system. Trypanosomosis, yet deliver complete coverage in preventive and curative pasteurollosis, black leg, internal parasites, external parasites, health care practices because of inadequate labor, mastitis, other bacterial and viral diseases and mechanical injury were the prevalent animal health constraints of the district, logistical problems, an erratic supply of drugs and the respectively. Mixed farming system is practiced in the whole area high cost of drugs and equipment (Sori et al., 2004). Due (Socio-economic Data, 2012). to this, livestock keepers particularly in rural areas frequently visit traditional healers to get solutions for their ill-health animals (Kalayou et al., 2012). Therefore, Data Collection ethnoveterinary medicine is important when livestock A survey was conducted to gather information on ethnoknowledge raisers have no other animal health care options of medicinal plants used in veterinary practices and to assess (Endalew, 2007). factors affecting its utilization. The information was obtained by face In Ethiopia, people have been using both plant and to face interview with traditional local healers using semi-structured animal species for medication of different animal and questionnaire. Twenty three traditional herbalist informants, of human diseases over centuries when there was no whom 19 men and the rest 4 women, were purposively selected modern health service delivery. The practice was not depending up on their accumulated knowledge, belief of the community in the efficacy of their herbal drugs and experience stopped with introduction of the modern pharmaco- being oriented by local residents. They were requested to show the therapy and plant remedies are still the most important plants they knew on the field. and sometimes the only sources of therapeutics for Data of the medicinal plants, which include local name, indication nearly more than 90% livestock population (Tadeg et al., and contra-indication, parts used, dose, route of application, 2005; Giday et al., 2009). However, information on frequency, methods of preparation, other plants or substances added to it and season of availability, personnel data and views of veterinary herbal medicine has not been systematically the informants on ethnoveterinary medicine, the way the herbalists documented (Sori et al., 2004) and there is a danger that acquired, their willing and way to transfer and status of the plants in this knowledge will soon be lost as traditional social the forest were recorded. patterns are increasingly disturbed by globalization Plant species belonging to different families mentioned and (Gradé et al., 2009), environmental degradation, agricul- shown by each traditional herbalist were identified using their local tural expansion, cultivation of marginal lands and name and with aid of the informants at place of their growth. These plants were botanically identified using Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea urbanization (Teklehaymanot and Giday, 2007; Lulekal et and Illustrated Checklist Medicinal Plants and other Useful Plants of al., 2008; Giday et al., 2009) warranting urgent need to Ethiopia (Abebe et al., 2003). document and preserve the indigenous knowledge (Kalayou et al., 2012). So transmission of the knowledge by documentation for next generation is the most Data Analysis and Management valuable work and can also be used as a vital tool to Data was collected using Afaan Oromoo language and translated to conduct pharmacological tests on the plants since drug English by the research team members. The English version of the resistance is one of the current issues. Therefore, the collected data was entered into Microsoft Excel spread sheet. present study was conducted to document ethnoknow- Percentage was used to calculate proportion. Presence of statistical ledge of plants used in veterinary practices and to assess significant difference between utilization of traditional herbal drugs factors affecting utilization of ethnoveterinary medicine in and factors affecting it was calculated using Fishers’ exact test (Thrusfield, 2005). Pearson’s correlation was employed to evaluate Dabo Hana district of Ilubabor Zone, West Ethiopia. correlation between number of the plants the informants know and age of the informants. Tables were used to summarize the result. For the analysis, p-value less than 0.05 was considered as MATERIALS AND METHODS statistically significant. Study Area RESULTS The study was conducted from April to September 2012 in Dabo Hana district of Ilubabor Zone, West Ethiopia. Kone is the administrative town of the district and located at 534 Km away from Profiles of key respondents Addis Ababa, capital city of Oromia Regional State and Ethiopia. The surface area of the district is approximately 538.41Km2 (53841 Traditional healers involved in the study were from both hectare). Geographically, the area comprises of 10%, 66% and sexes: 19 (82.6%) male and 4 (17.4%) female and 24% high, mid and low land, respectively. The annual temperature different religion followers. Twenty (86.96%) were ranges from 18-24°C and the mean annual rainfall is 1131 mm. The area receives maximum
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