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ORIGINAL ARTICLE Woody Species Diversity and Structure of Aba Sena Natural Forest, West Wollega Zone, Ethiopia

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE Woody Species Diversity and Structure of Aba Sena Natural Forest, West Wollega Zone, Ethiopia Woody Species Diversity and Structure Fekadu et al. 29 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Woody Species Diversity and Structure of Aba Sena Natural Forest, West Wollega Zone, Ethiopia Tekle Fekadu, Dasalegn Raga* and Dereje Denu Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Ethiopia *Corresponding Author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Ecological study addressing species richness, diversity and vegetation structure is very important to produce data that could help conservationists to design a conservation strategy in the future. It was with this objective that the study was conducted on Aba Sena Natural Forest before it gets lost. Quadrats of 20m×20m (400 m²) were established at every 25 m elevation interval along five transect lines. Data on woody species richness, diversity, Diameter at breast Height (DBH) and Height were collected from 40 sampling quadrats. Species diversity was analyzed using Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H`). Importance value index (IVI) for woody species was determined by summing relative density, relative dominance and relative frequency. Hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out to determine plant community types. Overall, 69 woody species belonging to 67 genera and 36 families were identified. The overall Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H`) and the evenness values for the entire forest were 3.76 and 0.62, respectively. The most abundant woody species in their descending order were Ficus sur, Pouteria adolfriederici, Terminalia macroptera, Ficus vasta, Syzygium guineense and Albizia grandibracteata. The total basal area of the forest was 51.68 m² ha-1. Five plant community types with different number of vegetation quadrats were determined using cluster analysis. The current study did not include all aspects of the forest such as species regeneration status, anthropogenic impacts and ethnobotanical contribution of the forest for the local community and hence we recommend farther study on these and other aspects of the forest. Keywords: Aba Sena; Ecological study; Plant community; Species richness; Woody Species _________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION annual average loss of 140, 000 ha from Ethiopia is one of the biodiversity rich 1990-2005 (FAO, 2015). However, countries in Africa (EFAP, 1994). The community awareness on the importance of number of species of higher plant taxa in forest resources and its link with Ethiopia is 5757 (excluding Eritrea) of biodiversity, ecosystem services and which about 9.4% are endemic to the human wellbeing in Ethiopia is increasing. country (Kelbessa and Demissew, Tree planting campaign has been in place 2014).The unwise use of forest resources in throughout the country on an annual basis Ethiopia has resulted in forest degradation since 2008 and as a result forest cover has (Friis, 1992). Ethiopia lost more than two increased. Between 2010 and 2015 an million hectares of forest cover, with an increase in forested area has been recorded, Ethiop. J. Educ. & Sc. Vol. 15 No. 1 September, 2019 30 with an estimated gain of 40,000 ha/year the forest is lost. This would help to design (FAO, 2015). This partly resulted in a rise a sustainable conservation strategy for the of Ethiopian forest cover to 11.5% of the forest before it is totally lost. total land area of Ethiopia (FAO, 2015). Plant species richness is controlled by a MATERIAL AND METHOD variety of biotic and biotic factors (Huston, The study was conducted on Aba Sena 1994). Rapid human population growth, Natural Forest of Gimbi District, West poverty, forest clearing for agriculture, Wollega Zone Oromia Regional State, over grazing, exploitation of forests for fuel Western Ethiopia (Figure 1). It is found at wood and construction materials without about 408 km west of Finfinne/Addis replacing and lack of proper policy Ababa and at about 32 km east of Gimbi framework are some of the major factors town. Its geographical location is 9°01- that contributed to the loss of forest 9°17N and 35°44-36°09E. The altitude of resources in Ethiopia (Denu, 2006). Aba the study area ranges from 1300-2222masl. Sena Natural Forest is one of the forest It receives mean annual rainfall of 1000- areas in Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia 1800mm and has an average temperature of with poor management and high intention 24°c-28°c (EMA, 2017). The population of of conversion to agricultural land. This Aba Sena village was 3243; of these 1938 study was initiated to gather data and were males and 1305 were females (CSA, record the woody species richness, 2008). diversity and vegetation structure before Figure 1. Map of the study area including Ethiopia, Oromia Region, the district and the study site Research design get overall information about the study site A reconnaissance survey was carried out to and to make decision where to put transect Woody Species Diversity and Structure Fekadu et al. 31 lines for the study. Based on the Data Analysis information obtained during the The species diversity was determined using reconnaissance survey, five transect lines Shannon Wiener- diversity index (H`). The were laid following the altitudinal gradients index takes the species richness and and quadrats of 20m×20m (400m2) were evenness into consideration. Shannon- put at 25m elevation interval. Wiener Diversity Index (H') was calculated Vegetation Data collection as: Vegetation data on woody species were ′ collected from 20m×20m quadrats. All the woody plant species collected from each H = − ∑ PilnPi sample quadrat were recorded using local Where Pi is the relative=1 abundance, n = names when possible and otherwise coded total number of individuals. Species for later identification. Sample specimens richness was undertaken from all species in were collected, pressed and taken to Jimma all plots. Evenness was calculated by using: University Herbarium for identification. E = H’/lnS, where S stands for the number Species identification was made in the of species. herbarium by using botanical keys. In each Diameter at breast height (DBH): was quadrat, the diameter of all woody species taken at 1.3 m from the ground using a with DBH ≥ 2.5 cm was measured using diameter tape. Basal area (BA) was diameter tape. calculated from the diameter measurement using the following formula: BA = (DBH/2)2π, where π = 3.14 Density: is defined as the number of plants of a certain species per unit area. Stem count of a species Frequency: is definedRelative as the Density probability= or chance of finding a ×plant100 species in a given sample area or quadrat. It is calculated as:Stem count of all species Number of quadrats in which a species occur Percent Frequency = × 100 The frequencies of the Tree and Shrub speciesTotal numberin all 40 ofquadrats quadrats were computed. Frequencyofaspecies Dominance was theRelativeFrequency product of mean basal= areas of trees with the total× 100 numbers of trees per species while relative dominancy was givenFrequencyofallspecies by the formula: Dominanceoftreespecies Relativedominance = × 100 Importance Value Index (IVI) Dowasminanceofthewholespecies Frequency + Relative Dominance computed from relative density, relative This index helps for comparison of stands dominance and relative frequency as: in referring to species composition and IVI = Relative Density + Relative Ethiop. J. Educ. & Sc. Vol. 15 No. 1 September, 2019 32 stand structure. Forest with species richness of 69 was 3.76, while the evenness was 0.62. Plant community analysis Plant community types were determined by Density of Woody Species hierarchical cluster analysis using PC-ORD The overall density of woody species of ecological program. Bray-Curtis was used Aba Sena Forest was 819ha-1. Ten woody as a distance measure and group average as species with the highest density in a group linkage method. Communities were decreasing order were Pouteria adolfi- named by two species having relatively friederici, Combretum molle, Ficus sur, higher cover abundance values. Terminali amacroptera, Stereospermum kunthianum, Dombeya quinqueseta, Ochna RESULT holstii, Terminalias chimperiana, Gardenia Woody species composition ternifolia and Millettia ferruginea were Overall, 69 woody species belonging to 67 poorly represented in this study. genera and 34 families were collected and Basal Area identified from Aba Sena Forest. Of these, The total basal area of Aba Sena Forest was 51 (ca.74%) were trees, while 18 (ca.26%) 51.68 m2 ha−1. Species with higher basal were shrubs. Asteraceae was the species area could be considered as the most rich family (n = 7) followed by Moraceae, important species in the study forest. Ficus Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Combretaceae and sur, Pouteria adolfi-friederici, Terminalia Euphorbiaceae with 5 species each. macroptera, Ficus vasta, Syzygium Rutaceae, Celastraceae, Sapotaceae, guineense subsp. afromontanum, Ochna Myrtaceae, Tiliaceae and Apocyanaceae holstii and Albizia grandibracteata (Table were composed of 2 species each. Each of 1) contributed more to the BA of Aba Sena the remaining families was represented by Natural Forest. one species. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H`) for Aba Sena Natural Woody Species Diversity and Structure Fekadu et al. 33 Table 1. Woody species with BA>1ha-1 in Aba Sena Natural Forest Species BA BA/ha-1 Dom R.Dom Rank Ficus sur 14.68 9.17 5.73 17.75 1 Pouteria adolfi-friederici 6.81 4.25 2.66 8.23 2 Terminalia macaroptera 5.68 3.55 2.22 6.86 3 Ficus vasta 5.6 3.5 2.19 6.77 4 Syzygium guineense subsp. afromontanum 3.38 2.11 1.32 4.09 5 Ochna holstii 3.35
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