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Download-PDF Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 5(1): 1-10, 2016, Article no.JAMPS.21743 ISSN: 2394-1111 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Review of Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Toxicological Profile of Stereospermum kunthianum J. J. Oloche 1* , F. Okwuasaba 2 and G. O. Obochi 3 1Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. 2Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. 3Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author JJO designed the study and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author FO reviewed the study design and presentation of the work. Authors JJO and GOO managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/JAMPS/2016/21743 Editor(s): (1) Palmiro Poltronieri, National Research Council of Italy, CNR-ISPA, Italy and Institute of Sciences of Food Productions, Operative Unit in Lecce, Italy. Reviewers: (1) Anonymous, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. (2) Guo-Qing Zhong, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China. (3) Anonymous, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Complete Peer review History: http://sciencedomain.org/review-history/11698 Received 1st September 2015 Accepted 22 nd September 2015 Review Article Published 6th October 2015 ABSTRACT Aims: The review is directed at the phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological activities of the medicinal plant Stereospermum kunthianum, Cham, (Bignoniaceae) widely distributed in the Guinean-savannah. Results: A survey of previous scientific publications and available literatures revealed that tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, sterols, coumarins, quinones and higher fatty acids have been isolated with various solvents from different parts of the plant. Extracts from the plant have shown antibacterial, antiplasmodial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrhoeal, anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities pharmacologically. Sub-acute and acute toxicity studies _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Oloche et al.; JAMPS, 5(1): 1-10, 2016; Article no.JAMPS.21743 showed that Stereospermum kunthianum has a wide safety margin up to 1000 mg/kg b. wt. and can be used for long term treatment of disease conditions for which it is indicated. Conclusion: Result emerging from the review of scientific studies unveil the therapeutic potential of Stereospermum kunthianum extracts and isolated compounds thereby justifying the use of the plant in traditional medicine as a remedy for treatment of various diseases in humans. Keywords: Medicinal plants; extracts; activity; isolated. 1. INTRODUCTION caniculate. Immature leaves are occasionally toothed and hairy [6]. The use of medicinal plants is as old as human civilization [1]. Medicinal preparations derived The pods are chewed with salt to treat coughs from plants have been in widespread use and and are used in treatment of ulcers, leprosy, skin considered in ancient times as a connection to eruptions and venereal diseases, while the stem the divine [2,3]. Medicinal plants have been used bark decoction or infusion is used to cure as a means of curing or preventing diseases and bronchitis, pneumonia, cough, rheumatic arthritis traditional medicine is still the first point of and dysentery [7]. The roots and leaves have healthcare for many people in sub-Saharan been found useful in treating venereal diseases, Africa where there has been a long and rich respiratory ailments, gastritis [7]. Analgesic and tradition of obtaining treatments from herbs and anti-inflammatory activities of stem bark [8], as trees [3,4]. Although incorporating traditional well as the anthelmintic activity of ethanol leave medicine into the national health system is not a extract has been reported [9]. Other priority in Nigeria, WHO recognizes traditional pharmacologic activities such as, antibacterial, medicine as a vital health-care resource [5]. antidiarrhoeal and antiplasmodial activity of lipophilic root bark extract have also been Scientifically proven therapeutically active reported [10-12]. Parts of the plant often used for substances are present in different medicinal ethnomedicinal purpose are leaves, stem bark plants, one of which is Stereospermum and root bark. kunthianum (S. kunthianum) . S. kunthianum (Cham, Sandrine Petit), family Bignoniaceae, Numerous scientific studies which unveil the synonyms; Stereospermum dentatum A. Rich, therapeutic potentials of the plant extract or Bignonia lanata R.Br, Dolichandrone smithii , isolated active phytochemical compounds such Stereospermum arguezona A. Rich, as tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, Stereospermum cinereoviride K. Schum, sterols, terpenoids, cooumarins, Stereospermum integrifolium A. Rich [6]. naphthaquinones and anthraquinones which account for the medicinal value of the plant have S. kunthianum is a small woody tree of about 5 been elucidated. But the isolation and or 15 m high and diameter 25 cm. It is found in characterization of phytochemical constituents the Sudano-Guinea savannah regions of Africa and the mechanisms by which it exerts some of and Asia, where the plant parts are used to treat its pharmacological and toxicological activity various ailments [7]. It has thin, grey-black bark, have only been partly investigated. Thus, this smooth or flaking in patches, the trunk is rarely study is a thorough review of phytochemical, straight, with twisted branches with abundant, pharmacological and toxicological studies of fragrant, precocious, pink or purplish flowers, S. kunthianum aimed at providing information making the tree a spectacular sight. The available in scientific literatures thereby revealing alternate leaves are imparipinnately compound opportunities for further research work required and some 25 cm long; leaflets are nearly for complete assessment of the therapeutic opposite with one terminal leaflet, and with short, benefits of the plant. soft hairs, oblong to oblong-elliptic in shape, green and hairless above, yellowish-green with 2. PHYTOCHEMICALS OF S. kunthianum prominent venation below, apex somewhat attenuate, and the base tapering. The leaf Phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts of margin may be entire or sometimes toothed in S. kunthianum was done using standard tests; coppice shoots, while petiolules are virtually Wagner test for alkaloids, foam test for saponins, absent. Petioles may be up to 7 cm long, and are ferric chloride, gelatin and lead acetate tests for 2 Oloche et al.; JAMPS, 5(1): 1-10, 2016; Article no.JAMPS.21743 the presence of phenolic compounds and and leave extracts of S. kunthianum by MS, UV flavonoids. Data from phytochemical studies of and NMR spectra are compound 4; quercitin, 5; extracts of S. kunthianum verifies the presence luteolin, 6; rutin, 7; 3,7,4̍-trihydroxy-3-̍ (8-acetoxy-̍̍ of tannins, saponins, flavoniods, terpenoids, 7-methyloctyl)-5,6-dimethoxyflavone,̎̍ 8; polyphenols, higher fatty acids, coumarins, isoquercetin and 9; kaemferol (Fig. 2) sterols, naphthaquinones, anthraquinone and [18,14,12,19]. An example of flavonoid isolated glycosides in the plant [10,11,13-15]. Three from S. kunthianum with antidarrhoeal activity is phytochemicals of utmost interest in this species dimethoxyflavone [12]. are glycosides, flavonoids and quinones. 2.3 Sterols of S. kunthianum 2.1 Glycosides of S. kunthianum In a review [20] reported that compound 10 ( β- There is a wide distribution of iridoid ester sitosterol) shown in Fig. 3 and β-sitosterol glycosides and recognized as one of the glucoside exhibited good pharmacologic activity important markers in plants belonging to in hypercholesteremia, wound healing, Bignoniaceae family [16]. These glycosides have inflammation, helminthiasis, management of been associated with antimicrobial activity pain, diabetes, as an antioxidant and in certain thereby justifying its use as antiseptic in types of cancers. Petroleum ether extract of S. traditional medicine [17]. Iridoid glycosides kunthianum containing sterols subjected to thin isolated from the stem bark extracts of layer chromatography, using normal phase silica the plant were 6-O-trans-p-coumaroyl- gel as stationary phase and petroleum ether: decinnamoylglobularimin (stereospermiside ; 1), chloroform, hexane: ethyl acetate or chloroform: (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-ethyl-O-α- methanol as mobile phase, the chromatograms rhamnopyranosyl-3,4̍ ̍-dihydroxycinnamoyl-β-D show identical zones for steroidal nucleus with glucopyranoside (stereospermin; 2), 1,6-di-O- reagents. Structural elucidation carried out by cinnamoyl-β-glucopyranoside {stereostin; 3} [13] various spectral data from 1H- and 13C-NMR, IR and phenylpropanoid glycosides. The chemical and Mass spectroscopy confirmed the presence structures are shown in Fig. 1. of two phytosterols; β-sitosterol and β-sitosterol glucoside [13]. 2.2 Flavonoids of S. kunthianum Flavonoids are partly responsible for the anti- 2.4 Quinones of S. kunthianum diarrheal activity of S. kunthianum [17,12]. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the Five naphthoquinones; pinnatal, sterekunthals A, petroleum extracts revealed that the sterekunthal B, pyrankunthone A,
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