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Simultaneous Determination of Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid in Pharmaceutical Preparations by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis
Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences vol. 52, n. 2, apr./jun., 2016 Article http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502016000200006 Simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in pharmaceutical preparations by capillary zone electrophoresis Gabriel Hancu1,*, Anamaria Neacşu1, Lajos Attila Papp1, Adriana Ciurba2 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, TîrguMureş, Romania, 2Department of PharmaceuticalTechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania Clavulanic acid enhances the antibacterial spectrum of amoxicillin by rendering most β-lactamase producing isolates susceptible to the drug. A fast, simple and efficient capillary electrophoresis method was developed for the simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid from complex mixtures. Using a 25 mM sodium tetraborate as background electrolyte at a pH of 9.30, + 25 kV applied voltage, 25 °C system temperature, UV determination at 230 nm; we succeeded in simultaneous separation of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in approximately 2 minutes. The analytical performance of the method was evaluated in terms of reproducibility, precision, accuracy, and linearity. The optimized analytical method was applied for the determination of the two analytes from combined commercial pharmaceutical preparations. This CE method is fast, inexpensive, efficient, and environmentally friendly when compared with the more frequently used high performance liquid chromatography methods described in the literature. Uniterms: Amoxicillin/determination. Clavulanic acid/determination. Capillary electrophoresis/ quantitative analysis. Antibacterials/quantitative analysis. O ácido clavulânico acentua o espectro antibacteriano de amoxicilina, tornando a maioria dos isolados produtores de β-lactamase sensíveis ao fármaco. Desenvolveu-se um método rápido, simples e eficiente de electroforese capilar (EC) para a determinação simultânea de amoxicilina e de ácido clavulânico a partir de misturas complexas. -
Antibiotic Use for Sepsis in Neonates and Children: 2016 Evidence Update
Antibiotic Use for Sepsis in Neonates and Children: 2016 Evidence Update Aline Fuchsa, Julia Bielickia,b, Shrey Mathurb, Mike Sharlandb, Johannes N. Van Den Ankera,c a Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland b Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom c Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA WHO-Reviews 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Aims ......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Background ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.2.1. Definition and diagnosis ................................................................................................. 3 Neonatal Sepsis ............................................................................................................................... 3 Paediatric Sepsis ............................................................................................................................. 4 Community versus hospital acquired sepsis .................................................................................. 5 1.2.2. Microbiology .................................................................................................................. -
Clinical Pharmacology of Ampicillin in Infants and Children
Central Journal of Drug Design and Research Bringing Excellence in Open Access Review Article *Corresponding author Gian Maria Pacifici,Associate professorof Pharmacology,via Sant’Andrea 32,56127 Pisa,Italy. Clinical Pharmacology of Email: [email protected] Submitted: 19 April 2021 Accepted: 25 April 2021 Ampicillin in Infants and Published: 27 April 2021 ISSN: 2379-089X Children Copyright © 2021 Pacifici GM Gian Maria Pacifici* OPEN ACCESS Associate professorof Pharmacology, Italy Keywords Abstract • Ampicillin • Dosing Ampicillin is an aminopenicillin and is more active than penicillin G. Ampicillin is destroyed by β-lactamase • Treatment and is co-formulated with sulbactam an inhibitor of β-lactamase. Ampicillin is bactericidal and it is active • Trials against meningococci, Listeria monocytogenes, enterococci, and the co-administration with sulbactam markedly • Placental-transfer expands the spectrum of activity against Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Proteus, and Bacillus fragilis. • Breast-milk Ampicillin may be administered intravenously and orally and the intravenous dose is 50 mg twice-daily and • Meningitis thrice-daily in preterm and term infants, respectively. The oral dose in children ranges from 125 to 500 mg 4 times-daily and increases with the chid age. Ampicillin has been found efficacy and safe in infants and children but may cause adverse-effects. In infants, the ampicillin elimination half-life ranges between 2.4 to 5.0 hours and decreases with infant maturation and in children it is about 0.8 hours. Ampicillin interacts with drugs, the treatment and the trials with ampicillin have been extensively studied in infants and children. This antibiotic freely crosses the human placenta but poorly migrates into the breast-milk. -
Evaluation of the Coverage of 3 Antibiotic Regimens for Neonatal Sepsis in the Hospital Setting Across Asian Countries
Original Investigation | Global Health Evaluation of the Coverage of 3 Antibiotic Regimens for Neonatal Sepsis in the Hospital Setting Across Asian Countries Julia A. Bielicki, MD; Mike Sharland, MD; Paul T. Heath, FRCPCH; A. Sarah Walker, PhD; Ramesh Agarwal, MD; Paul Turner, PhD; David A. Cromwell, PhD Abstract Key Points Question What is the antibiotic IMPORTANCE High levels of antimicrobial resistance in neonatal bloodstream isolates are being coverage offered by empirical neonatal reported globally, including in Asia. Local hospital antibiogram data may include too few isolates to sepsis treatment with aminopenicillin- meaningfully examine the expected coverage of antibiotic regimens. gentamicin, third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime or OBJECTIVE To assess the coverage offered by 3 antibiotic regimens for empirical treatment of ceftriaxone), and meropenem in Asian neonatal sepsis in Asian countries. countries? DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A decision analytical model was used to estimate coverage Findings In this decision analytical of 3 prespecified antibiotic regimens according to a weighted-incidence syndromic combination model based on a decision tree, 8376 antibiogram. Relevant data to parameterize the models were identified from a systematic search of isolates from 10 countries were used to Ovid MEDLINE and Embase. Data from Asian countries published from 2014 onward were of interest. estimate coverage. Meropenem Only data on blood culture isolates from neonates with sepsis, bloodstream infection, or bacteremia generally had the highest coverage reported from the relevant setting were included. Data analysis was performed from April 2019 to (from 64.0% in India to 90.6% in July 2019. Cambodia) followed by aminopenicillin- gentamicin (from 35.9% in Indonesia to EXPOSURES The prespecified regimens of interest were aminopenicillin-gentamicin, third- 81.0% in Laos) and cefotaxime or generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone), and meropenem. -
Reflection Paper on the Use of Aminopenicillins and Their Beta
1 13 September 2018 2 EMA/CVMP/AWP/842786/2015 3 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) 4 Reflection paper on the use of aminopenicillins and their 5 beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations in animals in the 6 European Union: development of resistance and impact 7 on human and animal health 8 Draft Draft agreed by Antimicrobials Working Party (AWP) 9 July 2018 Adopted by CVMP for release for consultation 13 September 2018 Start of public consultation 21 September 2018 End of consultation (deadline for comments) 21 December 2018 9 Comments should be provided using this template. The completed comments form should be sent to [email protected] 10 Keywords aminopenicillins, antimicrobial resistance 11 30 Churchill Place ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 5EU ● United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0)20 3660 6000 Facsimile +44 (0)20 3660 5555 Send a question via our website www.ema.europa.eu/contact An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2018. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. 12 13 Table of contents 14 Executive summary ..................................................................................... 4 15 CVMP Recommendations for action ............................................................. 6 16 1. Background ............................................................................................. 7 17 2. General drug characteristics .................................................................... 8 18 2.1. Structure and mechanism of action ...................................................................... -
FINRES-Vet 2016–2017 Finnish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Consumption of Antimicrobial Agents
Evira publications 5/2018 FINRES-Vet 2016–2017 Finnish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Consumption of Antimicrobial Agents Evira publications 5/2018 FINRES-Vet 2016–2017 Finnish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Consumption of Antimicrobial Agents FINRES-Vet 2016–2017 - Finnish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Consumption of Antimicrobial Agents Authors and institutions participating in making the FINRES-Vet report Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira Suvi Nykäsenoja, Tarja Pohjanvirta, Mia Biström, Mirja Raunio-Saarnisto, Liisa Kaartinen, Henriette Helin-Soilevaara, Katariina Pekkanen Finnish Medicines Agency FIMEA Katariina Kivilahti-Mäntylä, Martti Nevalainen Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki Merja Rantala, Thomas Grönthal Acknowledgements The coordinators of the FINRES-Vet programme wish to thank the meat inspection personnel of Evira and slaughterhouses for collecting the samples from animals at slaughter. Also, the personnel of Evira who has participated in the meat sampling at retail are acknowledged. Any use of data from FINRES-Vet 2016–2017 should include a specific reference to this report. Suggested citation: FINRES-Vet 2016-2017, Finnish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Consumption of Antimicrobial Agents, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland, ISSN 1797-299X, ISBN 978-952-225-173-2 (pdf). This report is available at www.evira.fi FINRES-Vet 2016–2017 - Finnish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Consumption -
ARCH-Vet Anresis.Ch
Usage of Antibiotics and Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria from Humans and Animals in Switzerland Joint report 2013 ARCH-Vet anresis.ch Publishing details © Federal Office of Public Health FOPH Published by: Federal Office of Public Health FOPH Publication date: November 2015 Editors: Federal Office of Public Health FOPH, Division Communicable Diseases. Elisabetta Peduzzi, Judith Klomp, Virginie Masserey Design and layout: diff. Marke & Kommunikation GmbH, Bern FOPH publication number: 2015-OEG-17 Source: SFBL, Distribution of Publications, CH-3003 Bern www.bundespublikationen.admin.ch Order number: 316.402.eng Internet: www.bag.admin.ch/star www.blv.admin.ch/gesundheit_tiere/04661/04666 Table of contents 1 Foreword 4 Vorwort 5 Avant-propos 6 Prefazione 7 2 Summary 10 Zusammenfassung 12 Synthèse 14 Sintesi 17 3 Introduction 20 3.1 Antibiotic resistance 20 3.2 About anresis.ch 20 3.3 About ARCH-Vet 21 3.4 Guidance for readers 21 4 Abbreviations 24 5 Antibacterial consumption in human medicine 26 5.1 Hospital care 26 5.2 Outpatient care 31 5.3 Discussion 32 6 Antibacterial sales in veterinary medicines 36 6.1 Total antibacterial sales for use in animals 36 6.2 Antibacterial sales – pets 37 6.3 Antibacterial sales – food producing animals 38 6.4 Discussion 40 7 Resistance in bacteria from human clinical isolates 42 7.1 Escherichia coli 42 7.2 Klebsiella pneumoniae 44 7.3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 48 7.4 Acinetobacter spp. 49 7.5 Streptococcus pneumoniae 52 7.6 Enterococci 54 7.7 Staphylococcus aureus 55 Table of contents 1 8 Resistance in zoonotic bacteria 58 8.1 Salmonella spp. -
Swedres-Svarm 2005
SVARM Swedish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Preface .............................................................................................4 Summary ..........................................................................................6 Sammanfattning................................................................................7 Use of antimicrobials (SVARM 2005) .................................................8 Resistance in zoonotic bacteria ......................................................13 Salmonella ..........................................................................................................13 Campylobacter ...................................................................................................16 Resistance in indicator bacteria ......................................................18 Escherichia coli ...................................................................................................18 Enterococcus .....................................................................................................22 Resistance in animal pathogens ......................................................32 Pig ......................................................................................................................32 Cattle ..................................................................................................................33 Horse ..................................................................................................................36 Dog -
Incidence of Pneumonia in Nursing Home Residents in Germany: Results of a Claims Data Analysis
Epidemiology and Infection Incidence of pneumonia in nursing home residents in Germany: results of a claims cambridge.org/hyg data analysis Original Paper A. M. Fassmer, O. Spreckelsen and F. Hoffmann – Cite this article: Fassmer AM, Spreckelsen O, Department of Health Services Research, School VI Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Hoffmann F (2018). Incidence of pneumonia in Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 140, Oldenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany nursing home residents in Germany: results of a claims data analysis. Epidemiology and Abstract Infection 146, 1123–1129. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S0950268818000997 Pneumonia is one of the most common infectious diseases with a high mortality, especially in the elderly population. To date, there have been only a few population-based studies dealing Received: 10 November 2017 with the incidence of pneumonia in nursing homes (NHs). We conducted a cohort study Revised: 24 February 2018 Accepted: 2 April 2018 using data from a large German statutory health insurance fund. Between 2010 and 2014, First published online: 26 April 2018 127 227 NH residents 65 years and older were analysed. For the calculation of incidences per 100 person-years (PY) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), we assessed the first diagnosis Key words: of pneumonia during the time in NH. We compared the rates between sexes, age groups, care Claims data; elderly; Germany; incidence; nursing home; pneumonia levels, and comorbidities and we performed a multivariate Cox regression analysis. The mean age in the cohort was 84.0 years (74.6% female). A total of 19 183 incident cases led to an Author for correspondence: overall 5-year-incidence of 11.8 per 100 PY (95% CI 11.7–12.0). -
Antibiotic Prescribing – Quality Indicators
Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Volume 12, Supplement 4, 2006 Antibiotic prescribing – quality indicators P1460 Methods: Medical records from all patients with positive blood Is self-medication with antibiotics in Europe cultures in 2001 were analysed retrospectively. Factors driven by prescribed use? predisposing to infections, results of blood cultures, antibiotic use, and outcome were recorded. L. Grigoryan, F.M. Haaijer-Ruskamp, J.G.M. Burgerhof, Results: The antibiotic use in 226 episodes of true bacteraemia J.E. Degener, R. Deschepper, D. Monnet, A. Di Matteo, were analysed. According to guidelines empirical antibiotic ˚ and the SAR E.A. Scicluna, A. Bara, C. Stalsby Lundborg, J. Birkin treatment should be adjusted in 166 episodes. Antibiotic use was group adjusted in 146 (88%) of these 166 episodes, which led to a Objectives: The occurrence of self-medication with antibiotics narrowing of therapy in 118 (80%) episodes. Compared to has been described in the US and Europe, a possible empirical therapy there was a 22% reduction in the number of contributing factor to increased antibiotic resistance. An antibiotics. Adjustment of therapy was more often performed in important reason for using self-medication can be past Gram-negative bacteraemia and polymicrobial cultures than in experience with antibiotics prescribed by health professionals. Gram-positive bacteraemia. In bacteraemia caused by We investigated whether self-medication in Europe follows the ampicillin-resistant E. coli, ampicillin was mostly replaced by same pattern as prescribed use. ciprofloxacin. The cost for 7 days adjusted therapy was 19800 Methods: A population survey was conducted in: North and EUR (23%) less than for 7 days of empirical therapy. -
جامعة كرري الصيدلة كلية Pharmaceutical Microbiology III 2021
بسمميحرلا نمحرلا هللا جامعة كرري كلية الصيدلة Pharmaceutical Microbiology III 2021 Lecture (2)Part 1 Semi-synthetic Penicillin Dr.Eithar Karrar M.Pharm OIU2011 Karary university Dr. Eithar Karrar 2021 1 Objectives 1 • By the end of this part students should know regarding the following other types of penicillin’s:- • Their members. • Properties. • Spectrum of activity & therapeutic uses. • Side effects. • Drug drug interaction. Karary university Dr. Eithar Karrar 2021 1.Cell wall inhibitors-beta-lactam antibiotic 1.penicillin 2.Penicllinase-resistant Penicillin characteristics members • They are active against • Methicillin. Staphylococci that produce • Nafcillin. penicillinase. • Isoxazolyl penicillin. • These pencillin are not • Cloxacillin. hydrolyzed by beta- • lactamase. Dicloxacillin. • Oxacillin • Flucloxacillin. Karary university Dr. Eithar Karrar 2021 1.Cell wall inhibitors 2.Penicllinase-resistant Penicillin Therapeutic Uses &spectrum of activity Pharmacokinetics • Penicillinase resistant • Nafcillin is excreted by liver. penicillins are used solely in • therefore may be useful in Staphylococcal infection treating Staphylococcal resulting from organisms infection in patient with that resist natural renal failure. penicillins. • These agents are less potent than natural penicillin. Karary university Dr. Eithar Karrar 2021 1.Cell wall inhibitors 2.Penicllinase-resistant Penicillin Adverse effects Significant interactions • Hypersensitivity reactions. • Probencid increase blood • Methicillin may cause levels of these penicillin and nepherotoxicity and may be given concurrently intestinal nepharitis. for this purpose . • Oxacillin may be hepatotoxic. • Cross-reaction exist among Penicillinase resistant penicillin. Karary university Dr. Eithar Karrar 2021 1.Cell wall inhibitors 3.Aminopenicillin (Broad-spectrum penicillins) Important properties Members • They are semi-synethetic 1. Ampicillin. agents. 2. Amoxycillin. • They have a wider 3. bacampicillins antibacterial spectrum. • therefore they are known as (broad-spectrum penicillins). -
Antimicrobial Use and Resistance (AUR) Module
February 2021 Antimicrobial Use and Resistance (AUR) Module Contents Antimicrobial Use and Resistance (AUR) Module ................................................................................. 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Antimicrobial Use (AU) Option ................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Requirements ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Data Analyses ....................................................................................................................................... 8 References .......................................................................................................................................... 14 Appendix A. Table of Instructions: Antimicrobial Use Option ........................................................... 15 Appendix B. List of Antimicrobials...................................................................................................... 17 Appendix C. Example Calculations of Antimicrobial Days .................................................................. 21 Appendix D: List of SAARsa ................................................................................................................