Indian Art and Architecture •Early art and architecture based on religion/religious needs
•Architecture reflects the circumambulation necessary during worship
•Use of symbols to identify deities
•Figures: smooth, simplified, idealized based on nature, voluptuous
•Artwork to teach stories of the religion AND to reinforce stories one already knows
•Dislike of plain/blank spaces= overly decorative, sculptural spaces
•Buddhism: –Siddhartha (Buddha) born 563 BCE –Stories from Buddha‟s life often the subject •Hinduism: –Not one single deity, numerous gods/goddesses with various attributes –Emphasis on the senses=„sensual‟
Maya’s Dream, Birth of the Buddha Maya’s Dream, Birth of the Buddha Birth of the Buddha Birth of the Buddha Siddhartha (Buddha) leaving the palace, relief Siddhartha fasting= Asceticism Buddha at Moment of Enlightenment (touching the earth), Meditating Under Bodhi Tree, Gandharan, 100s Buddha's 1st Sermon, Turning of the Wheel Buddha: abhaya mudra (fear not/protection/welcome) Death of the Buddha= achievement of nirvana Buddha: •Earth-touching mudra=moment enlightenment •Yoga asana (lotus position) •Ushnisha- cranial bumb •Urna- dot •Elongated earlobes Buddha= dharma chakra mudra (symbolic of teaching/first sermon)
Lion capital of column, erecte by Ashoka at Sarnath, India, 250 BCE Chaitya Hall at Karle Chaitya Hall at Karle Chaitya Hall at Karle Great Stupa at Sanchi, Early Christian Era chatras
Harmika
stupa dome Upper-level walkway
torana Sanchi north gate illustrating Jataka tales, 1c BCE Yakshi, detail of eastern gateway; Great Stupa Gandharan Budda Sculptures: Hellenistic influences (Greek & Roman styles) Gandharan Greek: Polykleitos Roman (2nd Cent. BCE) (450 BCE) (late 1st Cent) Buddha, Indra, Dipankara Gandhara
Roman, Ara Pacis, Imperial Procession frieze Standing Buddha from Sarnath, Gupta pd, 474CE
Mathura, India (2nd Cent) Ghandhara Style ( late 3rd Cent) Ghandhara Style Gupta Period: Southern India Sarnath, India (2nd -3rd Cent) (4th – 6th Cent) (late 5th Cent)
Four Goals of Humans on Earth: 1. dharma: righteous living 2. artha: wealth acquired through the pursuit of a profession 3. kama: human and sexual love 4. moksha: spiritual salvation
Sensual artwork= appealing to the senses (not simply erotic)
Yakshi: idealized, voluptuous female forms Yashoda Nursing Krishna Amorous (loving) couple Yakshi at Great Stupa at Sanchi
Birth of the Buddha Hindu god
Vishnu w/ attributes & consorts Vishnu w/ companions
Vishnu Temple at Deogarh: Dedicated to Vishnu Vehicle (mount) of Vishnu -has his own powers Consort (wife) of Vishnu Consort (wife) of Vishnu and Krishna Standing Krishna Vishnu Avatar of Vishnu
Friend and lover of Krishna Vishnu on Sesha (5-headed serpent) dreaming the creation
Hindu, Vishnu dreaming creation Buddhist, Teaching Buddha, Gupta
COMPARE AND AND CONTRAST COMPARE Hindu god: • Considered: the destroyer, “Lord of the Dance”
• Shown with: piled-up hair with a crescent moon, flame of destruction, drum of creation, vehicle is the bull
Sadashiva
Shiva Nataraja Shiva as Nataraja: “Lord of the Dance” Shiva Nataraja, Chola Bronze, 11th century Shiva as Nataraja: “Lord of the Dance” Shiva as Nataraja: “Lord of the Dance”
Seated Nandi
Nandi facing Shiva temple, 7-8c, Shivalinga (face). Found in the garba griha (“womb chamber”) of temple Shiva temple Linga found in the garba griha (“womb chamber”) of temple Vishvanatha: “Lord of the Universe”, Name for Shiva Northern Temple
Nandi looking up at Shiva & Parvati (Nandi- devoted bull vehicle) Shiva w/ Parvati & Skanda -seated in lalitasana position Ganesha w his wives Dancing Ganesha Hindu goddess Goes by many names: • Shakti, Devi, Parvati (consort of Shiva), Uma (another consort of Shiva), Lakshmi (consort of Vishnu)
• Killed the buffalo demon, Mahisha
Durga Worshipped by Triad Devi constituted from anger of gods
Durga defeating Mahisha: Buffalo demon Durga & Mahisha, 11c
Durga Killing Buff Demon, 15c Durga Standing on Mahisha Standing Parvati (consort of Shiva)
Chola dynasty, 10c •Consort (wife) of Vishnu and Krishna •the Hindu goddess of wealth, prosperity (both material and spiritual), light, wisdom, fortune, fertility, generosity and courage; and the embodiment of beauty, grace and charm. Who is this? Who is this? Who is this? Who is this? Who is this?