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P U U T A R A T L RA J A A L
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J Proceedings of The SE M A
Y International Seminar 2016 Y A I N A I N
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AR L A AR AK E K 201 6 E
201 6 On The Ecohydrology Management of
A AND N
D PUTRAJAYA LAKE AND WETLAND
Environment, Lake and Wetland Division W
WE T City Planning Department E T
Perbadanan Putrajay a L 19 – 20 January 2016 L A
No. Tel: 03-88877281 AN D N Putrajaya, Malaysia No. Faks: 03-88875028 D
Supported by In partnership with
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR 2016
ON THE ECOHYDROLOGY MANAGEMENT OF PUTRAJAYA LAKE AND WETLAND 19-20 January 2016
DEWAN SERI MELATI PERBADANAN PUTRAJAYA
PUTRAJAYA MALAYSIA
Proceedings Of The International Seminar 2016
Perbadanan Putrajaya hosted this International Seminar on 19th and 20th January 2016 with collaboration from UNESCO Office in Jakarta, in partnership with Eco Development Facilities Sdn. Bhd. and Universiti Putra Malaysia. The project title is on DEMONSTRATION OF ECOHYDROLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGIES IN PUTRAJAYA LAKE AND WETLAND, MALAYSIA: ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT, which is funded by UNESCO Office in Jakarta and supported by the Malaysia Fund-in-Trust (MFIT).
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Page Background xxv Objectives xxvi Organising Committee xxvii Programme
Opening Notes by Prof Shahbaz Khan xxvii Director and Representative of UNESCO to Malaysia
Opening Speech by Senator Dato’ Loganathan Mohan xxx Deputy Minister of Federal Territories
KEYNOTE SESSION Chairman: Prof Dato` Dr. Mazlin bin Mokhtar Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research and Innovation Affairs) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Keynote 1 Constructed Wetlands and Manmade Lakes Putrajaya Experience 1 By YBhg Datuk Hasim bin Hj.Ismail President Perbadanan Putrajaya
Keynote 2 UNESCO Ecohydrology Programme for Sustainable Management of Water Resources and Ecosystem Services 17 By Prof. Dr. Shahbaz Khan Director and UNESCO Representatives, Regional Science Bureau for Asia and the Pacific, Jakarta
Keynote 3 IRBM and Ecohydrology in Integrated Lake Basin Management in Malaysia 31 By Dr. Salmah Zakaria FASc. Chair Water Committee, Academy of Sciences Malaysia
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TECHNICAL SESSION 1
Economic Assessment of Putrajaya Lake and Wetland Ecosystem Services Chairman: Mr. Alain Michel Tchadie, UNESCO office in Jakarta
Technical Paper 1 Ecosystem Services of Putrajaya Lake and Wetland 56 By Dato’ Omairi bin Hashim Vice President, Perbadanan Putrajaya
Technical Paper 2
Economic Assessment of Ecosystem Services –The Methodology 69 and Findings By Prof. Dr. Awang Noor Abd. Ghani Universiti Putra Malaysia
Technical Paper 3
Ecosystem Services and Economic Assessment- Output, 85 Application and Outcome By Mr. Akashah Hj Majizat Eco Development Facilities Sdn. Bhd.
TECHNICAL SESSION 2 Case Studies from the Region Chairman: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim Universiti Putra Malaysia
Technical Paper 4 Lake Lanao: The Institutional Options for its Management and Development 100 By Mr. Pipalawan O Naga Save Lanao Movement Inc., Marawi City, Philippines
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Technical Paper 5 Integrated Lake Basin Management of Rawapening Lake, Indonesia 113 By Dr. Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati Diponegoro University, Samarang, Indonesia
Technical Paper 6
A Knowledge Management Mechanism for Sustainable Songkhla 139 Lake Basin By Dr. Rotchanatch Darnasawasdi Prince of Songkhla University, Thailand
Technical Paper 7 Lake and Reservoir of Malaysia: Research Agenda and Way Forward 155 By Dr. Zati Sharip National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)
TECHNICAL SESSION 3
Bringing It Together – Subgroup Discussion
Group A Environmental Economics for Assessing Impacts of Artificial and 196 Natural Lakes Moderator: Dr. Zati Sharip, NAHRIM Presentation by: Dr. Yip Hin Wai
Group B Ecohydrology Approach for Ensuring Ecosystem Function of Lakes 199 Moderator: Dr. Rahmah Elfithri, LESTARI Presentation by: Dr. Rahmah Elfithri
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Group C Integrated Lake Management in Asia and the Pacific region 204 Moderator: Mr. Akashah Hj. Majizat, EDFSB Presentation by: Ms. Maria Zura Mohd Zain, CREAM
WRAP- UP OF BREAK OUT SESSION THE WAY FORWARD 209 By Associate Professor Dr. Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim
TECHNICAL SESSION 4: Chairman: Dr. Zeeda Fatimah Mohamad Universiti Malaya
Technical Paper 8 Positive Trend in Terestrial Fauna Biodiversity in Putrajaya Lake and Wetland 210 By Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azhar Kasim Universiti Putra Malaysia
Technical Paper 9
Insects at the Putrajaya Lake and Wetland Ecosystem: A post- 245 Decade Ecological Succession By Dr. Faszly Rahim Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Technical Paper 10
Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment in Putrajaya Lake and 255 Wetland By Dr. Pauziah Hanum Abdul Ghani Alam Sekitar Sdn. Bhd.
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Technical Paper 11
Trends of Phytoplankton Community Development in Putrajaya Lake and Wetland By Prof. Dr. Fatimah Md. Yusoff Universiti Putra Malaysia 272
TECHNICAL SESSION 5 Putrajaya Lake and Wetland: Dam, Hydrological Aspects and Plants
Chairman: Mr Alain Michel Tchadie, UNESCO Office in Jakarta
Technical Paper 12 Putrajaya Dam Monitoring System By Mohd Zaki bin Hanafi 315 Senior Engineer/Project Manager, Efektif Permai Sdn. Bhd.
Technical Paper 13 Hydrological Assessment of Putrajaya Lake and Wetland By Professor Kamarul Azlan Mohd Nasir 330 Efektif Permai Sdn. Bhd.
Technical Paper 14 Performance of Wetland Plants By Zolkaplie Mustafa 359 Abdan Prestige Sdn. Bhd.
WRAP- UP SESSION 387 By Tuan Hj. Ahmad Zubir Sapian Director, Environment, Lake and Wetland Division, Perbadanan Putrajaya
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WAY FORWARD
By Prof. Dr. Shahbaz Khan Director and UNESCO Representatives, Regional Science Bureau for 388 Asia and the Pacific, Jakarta
NOTES TO READER 390
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 391
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The Programme
INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON ECOHYDROLOGY MANAGEMENT OF PUTRAJAYA LAKE AND WETLAND
Date: 19 – 20 January 2016 Dewan Seri Melati, Perbadanan Putrajaya
Day 1: 19 January 2016 (Tuesday)
08:00 am Registration and breakfast
09:00 am Opening notes by Prof. Shahbaz Khan, Director and Representative of UNESCO
09:15 am Opening Speech by YB Minister of Federal Territories, Malaysia
09:30 – Key note session 10:30 am chaired by Prof Dato’ Dr. Mazlin bin Mokhtar, Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research and Innovation Affairs), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
09:30 am Key Note 1 Presentation By YBhg Datuk Hashim bin Hj. Ismail, President Perbadanan Putrajaya
Key Note 2 Presentation By Prof Dr Shahbaz Khan, Director and Representative UNESCO Regional Science Bureau for Asia and the Pacific, Jakarta
10:30 am Key Note 3 Presentation By Dr Salmah Zakaria, FASc. Academy Sciences of Malaysia
Photo Season
Tea Break
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------End of Opening Ceremony ------
11:00 – Technical Session 1- Economic Assessment of Putrajaya 13:00 pm Lake and Wetland Ecosystem Services, chaired by Mr Alain Michel Tchadie (UNESCO Office Jakarta)
11:00 am Paper 1: Ecosystem Services of Putrajaya Lake and Wetland By Dato’ Omairi bin Hashim, Perbadanan Putrajaya
11:30 am Paper 2: Assessment of Ecosystem Services Economics Value – the methodology and findings By Prof. Dr. Awang Noor Abd. Ghani, Universiti Putra Malaysia
12:00 am Paper 3: The output, outcome and way forward By Hj Akashah Hj Majizat, Eco Development Facilities Sdn. Bhd.
Q&A
13:00 pm Lunch
14:00- Technical Session 2 –Case Studies from the Region 16:00 pm chaired by Associate Prof Dr Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim, Universiti Putra Malaysia
14:00 pm Paper 4: Philippines "Lake Lanao: The Institutional Options for its Management and Development". By Mr. Pipalawan O Naga, Save Lanao Movement, Inc.
14:20 pm Paper 5: Indonesia “Integrated Lake Basin Management in Rawapening Lake, Indonesia”. By Dr. Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati, Diponegoro University
14:40 pm Paper 6: Thailand
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"A knowledge management mechanism for sustainable Songkhla Lake". By Dr. Rotchanatch Darnsawasdi, Prince of Songkhla University
15:00 pm Paper 7: Malaysia “Lake and Reservoir of Malaysia: Research Agenda and Way Forward” By Dr Zati Sharip, National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia
Q&A
15:20 pm Tea Break
15:40- Technical Session 3 – Bringing it Together 18:00 pm Subgroup Discussion leaded by Associate Prof Dr Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim, Universiti Putra Malaysia
19:30 pm Welcoming dinner for international delegates and UNESCO officials
Day 2: 20 January 2016 (Wednesday)
08:00 am Registration and breakfast
09:00 – Technical Session 4 – Putrajaya Lake and Wetland: The 11:00 am Water Quality and Biological Aspect Chaired by Dr. Zeeda Fatimah Mohamad, Universiti Malaya)
09:00 am Paper 8: Inventory and assessment of birds By Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azhar bin Kasim, Universiti Putra Malaysia
09:30 am Paper 9: The Insects in Putrajaya Lake and Wetland By Assoc. Prof. Dr. Faszly bin Rahim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
10:00 am Paper 8: Water Quality Assessment By Dr. Pauziah Hanum, Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.
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10:30 am Paper 11: The Micro/macro organism – Phytoplankton, Zooplankton and Benthos By Prof. Dr. Fatimah Md Yusoff, Universiti Putra Malaysia
11:00 am Tea Break
11:30 – Technical Session 5 - Dam and Hydrological Aspects and 13:00pm Wetland Plants Chaired by Mr. Alain Michel Tchdie, UNESCO Office in Jakarta
11:30am Paper 12: Putrajaya Dam Monitoring System By Mr. Mohd Zaki bin Hanafi, Efektif Permai Sdn Bhd
12:00am Paper 13: Hydrological Assessment of Putrajaya Lake and Wetland By Professor Kamarul Azlan Mohd Nasir, Efektif Permai Sdn Bhd
12.30pm Paper 14: Performance of Wetland Plants By Tn Hj. Zolkaplie Mustafa, Abdan Prestiges Sdn Bhd
Q&A
WRAP-UP SESSION By Tn Hj. Ahmad Zubir Sapian
THE WAY FORWARD By Prof. Dr. Shahbaz Khan Director and UNESCO Representatives, Jakarta
13.00pm Lunch
14.30pm Field excursion (Cruise Tasik Putrajaya)
16.00pm End of Programme
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The two-day International Seminar on Ecohydrology Management of Putrajaya Lake and Management was organised by Perbadanan Putrajaya with cooperation from Eco Development Facilities Sdn. Bhd. and Universiti Putra Malaysia in conjunction with information dissemination for the economic valuation project funded by UNESCO Office in Jakarta with support from Malaysia Fund-in-Trust (MFIT). This seminar was opened with a brief note by Prof. Dr. Shahbaz Khan, Director and Representative of UNESCO Jakarta office. He stressed the challenges face by the global communities on sustainable development and highlighted the importance of finding out the value of ecosystem services. The findings from the Malaysian example for ecohydrology operational site could be shared globally. There was also the official opening by Senator Dato’ Loganathan Mohan (on behalf of the Minister of Federal Territories). He congratulated Perbadanan Putrajaya for hosting the international seminar and the ability to manage the iconic Putrajaya Lake in a sustainable condition, where its environment consists of nature and manmade biodiversity. The opening session concluded with video session and official photo.
The seminar continued with the Key Note session chaired by Prof. Dato’ Dr. Mazlin bin Mohktar, Vice chancellor of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. The session focused on ecosystem services in general and also specifically on Putrajaya Lake and Wetland, which is important in trajectory to sustainable development in conjunction with the Malaysian policy of Vison 2020. Putrajaya Lake and Wetland is honoured under the UNESCO-IHP International Program. The first key note was presented by YBhg Datuk Hasim bin Hj. Ismail, President Perbadanan Putrajaya on the “Constructed Wetlands and Manmade Lakes: Putrajaya Experience.” He highlighted the success and experience of Putrajaya Lake and Wetland in preparing an environment friendly built-up area with various environmental services showcased. This area demonstrated integrated management that lead to sustainable development. The second keynote was presented by Prof. Dr. Shahbaz Khan that focused on UNESCO efforts in promoting water resource conservation. In his paper titled “UNESCO Ecohydrology Programme for Sustainable Management of Water Resources and Ecosystem Services,” he offered the global efforts in water
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conservation programmes through UNESCO. The third and last key note was presented by Dr. Salmah Zakaria, FASc, and the chairperson for Water Committee in Academy of Science Malaysia. Her paper “IRBM and Ecohydrology in Integrated Lake Basin Management in Malaysia” highlighted the current status of lakes and rivers from the perspective of Limnologists. In her presentation, lakes and their surrounding basins should be viewed and managed as a single mutually interacting management unit.
The First Technical Session was specifically for disseminating the findings from the UNESCO funded project, “DEMONSTRATION OF ECOHYDROLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGIES IN PUTRAJAYA LAKE AND WETLAND, MALAYSIA: ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT.” It was chaired by Mr. Alain Michel Tchadie. The first paper was by Dato’ Omairi bin Hashim, Vice President, Perbadanan Putrajaya on Ecosystem Services of Putrajaya Lake and Wetland. YBhg Datuk shared his experiences in Perbadanan Putrajaya in managing the Putrajaya Lake for the past 15 years. Integrated management of this lake and its wetland involved maintenance activities, monitoring activities and management measures to ensure they were in healthy condition. The second paper was on “Economic Assessment of Ecosystem Services –The Methodology and Findings” presented by Prof. Dr. Awang Noor Abd. Ghani, Universiti Putra Malaysia. He presented the methodologies used in his study and also gave economic values of Putrajaya Lake and Wetland. This was followed by the last paper by Mr. Akashah Hj Majizat, Eco Development Facilities Sdn. Bhd. on “Ecosystem Services and Economic Assessment - Output, Application and Outcome “. Integrated management has led to collective responsibilities where other agencies also share responsibilities such as tourism, water supply and others since they are also to gain benefits from this constructed wetland.
The Second Technical Session was on regional case studies and chaired by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim, Universiti Putra Malaysia. The first case was from the Philippines. It was presented by Mr. Pipalawan O Naga, Save Lanao Movement Inc., Marawi City, Philippines with his paper entitled “Lake Lanao: The Institutional
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Options for its Management and Development.” The key management considerations need to be integrated and science-based with authorities regulating the use of resources and development activities. Stakeholder engagement and community participation and the ability to sustain management activities through reliable and sufficient funding mechanism should be encouraged.The second paper was by Dr. Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati, Diponegoro University, Samarang, Indonesia with her paper on the “Integrated Lake Basin Management of Rawapening Lake, Indonesia”. The presentation highlighted the needs to have programmes that link up with the governments and all stakeholders of the lake, together with the community. With such programmes, communication between stakeholders would be effective in delivering information. The third case study was presented by Dr. Rotchanatch Darnasawasdi, Prince of Songkhla University, Thailand with his paper on “A Knowledge Management Mechanism for Sustainable Songkhla Lake Basin”. In his presentation, he highlighted some of the key issues faced by the Songkhla Lake. He concluded his presentation by recommending result oriented studies to be shared with the community and other stakeholders.The last paper for the session was on “Lake and Reservoir of Malaysia: Research Agenda and Way Forward” and was presented by Dr. Zati Sharip, National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia. Her presentation outlined the Malaysian national initiatives on lakes, lake resources, national research agenda, some related case studies, and also the way forward. Such national initiatives on lakes have started in Malaysia since 2004.
The first day ended with ground discussion on issues about ecohydrology management in the Third Technical Session. This session was moderated by Dr. Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim. The participants were grouped into three and discussed on the impacts of environmental economics on lake, the ecohydrology approach in ensuring ecosystem functionality, and integrated lake management in the region. Each group was facilitated by one moderator. Experiences from the region were shared especially on aspects and basics of Integrated Lake Management. The participants agreed that economic valuation of ecosystem services is a need in the integrated management approach. Recommendation to form/establish ASEAN Lake Network (ALN) was also highlighted.
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The second day of the seminar begun with Fourth Technical Session chaired by Dr. Zeeda Fatimah Mohamad, Universiti Malaya. There are two aspects focused in this session, that is, the reservation of water quality and the biodiversity of Putrajaya Lake and Wetland. The first paper was presented by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azhar Kasim, Universiti Putra Malaysia on “Positive Trend in Terestrial Fauna Biodiversity in Putrajaya Lake and Wetland”. Several new records and natural hybrid bird species were observed during his survey. It was followed with paper “Insects at the Putrajaya Lake and Wetland Ecosystem: A post-Decade Ecological Succession” presented by Dr. Faszly Rahim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. He synthesized the health of Putrajaya in terms of the availability of insect species which indicated wetland ecology. The presentation on “Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment in Putrajaya Lake and Wetland” was presented by Dr. Pauziah Hanum Abdul Ghani highlighted the water quality issues in Putrajaya Lake and Wetland. It also covered the potential impacts of climate change on the beneficial uses of Putrajaya Lake water quality and its implications on decision-making and varying impacts across the lakes. The last paper on “Trends of Phytoplankton Community Development in Putrajaya Lake and Wetland” was presented by Prof. Dr. Fatimah Md. Yusoff. In her findings, wetlands are the stage between oligotrophic and mesotrophic, which was considered as healthy. However, she reminded the management that most other lake areas has reached advance mesotrophic stage while some even approaching the dangerous meso-eutrophic stage.
The Fifth and Last Technical Session 5 was on dam engineering and its hydrological aspects of Putrajaya Lake and Wetland. It also dealth with green engineering and the wetland plants used. The session was chaired by Mr. Alain Michel Tchadie, UNESCO Office in Jakarta. The first paper was on “Putrajaya Dam Monitoring System” presented by Mr. Mohd Zaki bin Hanafi, Senior Engineer/Project Manager. He shared the monitoring approach and disaster management plan. It was followed by “Hydrological Assessment of Putrajaya Lake and Wetland” by Professor Kamarul Azlan, Efektif Permai Sdn Bhd who compared his hydrological monitoring results with the data from the weather station. He concluded that the number of continuous dry days is getting longer and extreme events becoming more frequent. The last paper was on the “Performance of Wetland Plants” presented by Zolkaplie Mustafa Page xv
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of Abdan Prestige Sdn Bhd. There were some wetland plant species which established quite well due to their efficiency and nutrition uptake and this means that intervention is needed regularly during harvesting and thinning.
This seminar was wrapped up by Tuan Hj. Ahmad Zubir Sapian, Director, Environment, Lake and Wetland Division, Perbadanan Putrajaya. He mentioned that the challenges faced during the construction and development of the wetland eventually lead to the global recognisation of Putrajaya Lake and Wetland. Additionally, he also took note that it is a continuous effort to ensure the lake and wetland are wisely managed in facing new challenges especially as more activities are occurring in and near the lake. In his closing remarks, Prof. Dr. Shahbaz Khan shared the way forward for this international seminar. He looked forward towards having a strengthened network in ecohydrology management in this region and also to find a way to standardise the valuing ecosystem services approach.
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RINGKASAN EKSEKUTIF Seminar Antarabangsa Pengurusan Ecohydrology Tasik dan Wetland Putrajaya selama dua hari ini di anjurkan oleh pihak Perbadanan Putrajaya dengan kerjasama dari Eco Development Facilities Sdn. Bhd. dan Universiti Putra Malaysia secara langsung dalam menyempurnakan projek yang dibiayai oleh pihak UNESCO Office in Jakarta dengan sokongan dari Malaysia Fund-in-Trust (MFIT) iaitu bagi penghebahan hasil kajian penilaian ekonomi ke atas perkhidmatan ekosistem kawasan berkenaan.
Seminar ini di rasmikan dengan ucapan ringkas pembukaan oleh Prof. Dr. Shahbaz Khan, Director and Representative of UNESCO Office in Jakarta. Beliau menegaskan bahawa cabaran yang dihadapi oleh komuniti antarbangsa sekarang ini ialah mengenai pembangunan mampan. Beliau seterusnya menerangkan kepentingan menganggarkan nilai ekonomi (economic value) perkhidmatan ekosistem dalam mencapai tahap mampan. Penemuan nilai ekonomi dalam penyelidikan ini yang dilakukan ke atas salah satu tapak operasi (operational site) adalah sangat penting dan akan dikongsi bersama secara global.
Kemudian majlis ini di teruskan dengan pembukaan rasmi oleh YB Senator Dato’ Loganathan Mohan (mewakili YB Menteri Wilayah Persekutuan). Yang Berhormat Timbalan Menteri telah merakamkan rasa bangga kepada Perbadanan Putrajaya kerana telah menganjurkan seminar peringkat antarabangsa ini. Beliau juga mengucapkan tahniah kerana telah berjaya menguruskan Tasik Putrajaya yang telah menjadi ikon dan simbol kecantikan serta keadaan mampan. Kawasan Tasik dan Wetland Putrajaya adalah bersifat kawasan semulajadi dan mempunyai kepelbagaian biologi buatan (man made biodiversity) yang menarik. Sesi Perasmian Seminar Antarabangsa ini disempurnakan dengan sesi video montaj dan juga sesi bergambar beramai-ramai.
Seminar dimulakan dengan Sesi Keynote yang dipengerusikan oleh YBhg. Prof. Dato’ Dr. Mazlin bin Mohtar, Timbalan Naib Canselor Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Sesi ini memberi fokus kepada perkhidmatan ekosistem (ecosystem
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services) yang boleh diperolehi dari Tasik dan Wetland Putrajaya secara am dan khas. Ianya juga sejajar dengan dasar pembangunan mampan Kerajaan Malaysia bagi mencapai Visi 2020 dimana Tasik dan Wetland Putrajaya juga telah diberi pengiktirafan di bawah UNESCO-IHP International Program.
Pembentangan Keynote pertama telah disampaikan oleh YBhg. Datuk Hasim bin Hj. Ismail, Presiden Perbadanan Putrajaya. Tajuk pembentangan ialah “Constructed Wetlands and Manmade Lakes: Putrajaya Experience”. Beliau telah mengetengahkan tentang pengalaman kejayaan Tasik dan Wetland Putrajaya di dalam menyediakan suatu kawasan membangun yang mesra alam sekitar serta mencapai pelbagai perkhidmatan ekosistem yang boleh diperhatikan dan dilihat secara terus. Kawasan ini telah mempamerkan pengurusan secara bersepadu dan telah membawa kepada pembangunan mampan yang jelas dapat dirasai dan dialami.
Pembentangan Keynote Kedua dibuat oleh Prof. Dr. Shahbaz Khan yang memberi fokus ke atas usaha pihak UNESCO dalam mempromosikan pemuliharaan sumber air di seluruh dunia. Di dalam pembentangannya yang bertajuk “UNESCO Ecohydrology Programme for Sustainable Management of Water Resources and Ecosystem Services,” beliau memberi penjelasan kepada usaha global dalam program pemuliharaan air melalui UNESCO.
Pembentangan Keynote yang ketiga pula ialah oleh Dr. Salmah Zakaria, FASc Malaysia, Pengerusi bagi Jawatankuasa Air dalam Akademi Sains Malaysia (Academy of Sciences Malaysia). Pembentangan beliau ialah mengenai: “IRBM and Ecohydrology in Integrated Lake Basin Management, Malaysia” yang memberi pencerahan kepada status tasik dan sungai di Malaysia dari segi perspektif limnologi. Dalam pembentangan ini juga beliau menyatakan perlunya perhatian dan pengurusan ke atas lembangan sungai dan tasik sebagai satu unit pengurusan yang saling berinteraksi antara satu sama lain. Beliau juga menyarankan agar pengurusan lembangan yang baik perlu dilaksanakan berulang kali di lembangan lain (duplicate) dalam Malaysia untuk memanfaatkan pengalaman dari lembangan yang asal.
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Dalam Sesi Teknikal Pertama, ianya adalah khas ke atas usaha penghebahan mengenai penemuan dan pengalaman dari projek yang dibiayai oleh UNESCO ini iaitu: “DEMONSTRATION OF ECOHYDROLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGIES IN PUTRAJAYA LAKE AND WETLAND, MALAYSIA: ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT.” Sesi ini telah dipengerusikan oleh Mr. Alain Michel Tchadie. Kertas pertama dibentang oleh YBhg. Dato’ Omairi bin Hashim, Naib Presiden, Perbadanan Putrajaya bertajuk “Ecosystem Services of Putrajaya Lake and Wetland”. YBhg. Dato’ berkongsi pengalaman Perbadanan Putrajaya dalam menguruskan tasik selama lebih 15 tahun. Pengurusan bersepadu tasik dan wetland ini mengambilkira aktiviti penyelenggaraan, kerja penyampelan kualiti air dan juga pelaksanaan “tindakan pengurusan” untuk memastikan keadaan sihat ekosistem tasik sentiasa dicapai.
Kertas pembentangan Kedua dalam sesi ini adalah bertajuk “Economic Assessment of Ecosystem Services –The Methodology and Findings” yang dibentangkan oleh pakar ekonomi perhutanan Prof. Dr. Awang Noor Abd. Ghani dari Universiti Putra Malaysia. Beliau telah membentangkan kaedah atau metodologi yang digunakan dalam kajian ini bagi membolehkan penganggaran pencapaian penilaian ekonomi ke atas ekosistem tasik berkenaan dibuat.
Kemudiaannya, kertas kerja ketiga dan terakhir dalam sesi ini dibentangkan oleh Tuan Haji Akashah Hj Majizat mewakili Eco Development Facilities Sdn. Bhd. bertajuk “Ecosystem Services and Economic Assessment- Output, Application and Outcome”. Pengurusan bersepadu telah membawa kepada kefahaman tentang tanggungjawab bersama oleh pelbagai pihak dan agensi bagi pengurusan ekosistem yang lebih berkesan. Sebagai contoh ialah agensi seperti pelancongan, agensi pembekalan air, agensi alam sekitar dan sumber asli, serta agensi kemasyarakatan yang mana semuanya mendapat manfaat dari hasil pengurusan yang jitu.
Seterusnya ialah Sesi Teknikal Kedua yang telah mempertengahkan pengalaman dari pelbagai pengurusan tasik dari negara-negara jiran. Sesi ini dipengerusikan oleh Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim dari Universiti Putra Malaysia.
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Bagi kes pertama, pengalaman dari Filipina telah dibentangkan oleh Mr. Pipalawan O Naga dari Save Lanao Movement Inc., Marawi City, Philippines. Kertas kerjanya adalah bertajuk “Lake Lanao: The Institutional Options for its Management and Development.” Dalam pembentangannya, beliau menegaskan bahawa pengurusan perlu memberi keutamaan kepada asas sains yang bersepadu. Beliau turut menyatakan bahawa penglibatan pihak berkepentingan dan komuniti hendaklah digalakkan dan juga keupayaan untuk mengimbangkan aktiviti perlu dicapai melalui mekanisma dana yang boleh diharapkan dan mencukupi.
Bagi kertas Kedua dalam sesi ini, Dr. Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati dari Diponegoro University, Samarang, Indonesia telah mengkongsikan pengalaman beliau dalam kertas kerjanya bertajuk “Integrated Lake Basin Management of Rawapening Lake, Indonesia”. Pembentangan telah memberi pencerahan ke atas keperluan program di antara pihak pemerintah atau pihak berkuasa dengan stakeholders yang berkesinambungan dengan pihak komuniti. Dengan adanya program sedemikian, komunikasi antara pihak berkepentingan akan dapat menyampaikan maklumat dengan berkesan.
Di dalam kajian kes Ketiga yang dibentangkan oleh Prof. Dr. Rotchanatch Darnasawasdi dari Prince of Songkhla University, Thailand dengan tajuk kertas kerjanya “A Knowledge Management Mechanism for Sustainable Songkhla Lake Basin”, isu utama dalam pengurusan Tasik Songkhla telah diketengahkan. Beliau telah merumuskan bahawa semua penemuan kajian tasik perlu dibentangkan dan dibahaskan bersama komuniti dan pemegang taruh (stakeholders).
Sesi teknikal kedua ini berakhir dengan kertas bertajuk “Lake and Reservoir of Malaysia: Research Agenda and Way Forward” yang telah dibentangkan oleh Dr. Zati Sharip dari Institut Penyelidikan Hidraulik Kebangsaan, Malaysia (NAHRIM). Pembentangan beliau telah menggariskan tindakan Kerajaan Malaysia yang telah bermula sejak tahun 2004 lagi dalam pengurusan tasik dan sumbernya. Beliau turut mengumumkan agenda kebangsaan dan juga membentangkan beberapa kajian kes yang berkaitan termasuklah arah tuju pengurusan peringkat Kebangsaan.
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Selepas pembentangan kertas kerja tersebut, program hari pertama diteruskan dengan perbincangan secara berkumpulan. Dalam Sesi Teknikal ketiga ini, Dr. Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim telah membahagikan semua peserta kepada tiga kumpulan untuk membincangkan isu-isu berkaitan dengan pengurusan tasik yang berbeza. Tajuk-tajuk yang dibincang ialah “the impacts of environmental economics on lake”, “the ecohydrology approach in ensuring ecosystem functionality” dan yang ketiga ialah “integrated lake management in the region”. Setiap kumpulan telah di mudahcara oleh seorang moderator yang telah dipilih oleh penganjur seminar. Pengalaman dari sekitar negara-negara jiran serantau juga adalah sesuai untuk dibincang dan dipelajari terutama dari segi kaedah bagaimana mereka manangani sesuatu isu yang serupa dari aspek asas pengurusan tasik bersepadu. Para peserta bersetuju juga bahawa penilaian ekonomi ke atas perkhidmatan ekosistem adalah suatu keperluan di dalam pendekatan pengurusan bersepadu. Kumpulan juga menganjurkan cadangan untuk membentuk rangkaian serantau yang berkaitan tasik di peringkat ASEAN dan diberi nama ASEAN Lake Network (ALN).
Hari kedua seminar bermula dengan Sesi Teknikal Ke Empat yang dipengerusikan oleh Dr. Zeeda Fatimah Mohamad dari Universiti Malaya. Terdapat dua aspek penting yang ditumpukan dalam sesi ini iaitu dalam tajuk kualiti air dan dalam tajuk biodiversiti Tasik dan Wetland Putrajaya.
Kertas teknikal pertama adalah bertajuk “Positive Trend in Terestrial Fauna Biodiversity in Putrajaya Lake and Wetland” yang dibentangkan oleh Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azhar Kasim dari Universiti Putra Malaysia. Beberapa penemuan dan rekod baharu telah dibentangkan. Antaranya adalah spesies burung hybrid yang ditemui dalam beberapa operasi pemantauan burung terkini.
Kertas pembentangan kedua pula adalah mengenai “Insects at the Putrajaya Lake and Wetland Ecosystem: A post-Decade Ecological Succession” yang dibentangkan oleh Dr. Faszly Rahim dari Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Dr. Faszly telah menerangkan tentang tahap kesihatan ekosistem Tasik dan Wetland Putrajaya dengan perkaitan penemuan spesies serangga yang sesuai dengan ekologi wetland.
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Pembentangan mengenai “Water Quality Monitoring and Assessment in Putrajaya Lake and Wetland” telah disampaikan oleh Dr. Pauziah Hanum Abdul Ghani dari Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn Bhd (ASMA). Pembentangan beliau menunjukkan isu kualiti air dan juga kesan serta impak kepada penggunaan. Perkara ini boleh dimanfaatkan dan dikaitkan dengan kepelbagaian membuat keputusan pengurusan.
Kertas terakhir dan yang menarik ialah mengenai alga dengan tajuk “Trends of Phytoplankton Community Development in Putrajaya Lake and Wetland” yang dibentangkan oleh Prof. Dr. Fatimah Md. Yusoff. Penemuan penelitian alga menunjukkan kedudukan Tasik Putrajaya ialah di antara oligotrophic dan mesotrophic. Keadaan ini bermaksud tasik ini masih dalam keadaan sihat tetapi beliau juga menerangkan sudah terdapat banyak stesyen penyampelan yang menunjukkan tanda-tanda ke arah eutrophic atau meso-eutrophic. Perkara ini perlu dibendung dengan tindakan pengurusan yang sewajarnya oleh pihak Perbadanan Putrajaya.
Sesi Teknikal ke Lima dan terakhir ialah berkaitan dengan kejuruteraan kawalan empangan serta aspek hydrologi dan juga pengurusan tumbuhan di wetland. Sesi ini dipengerusikan oleh Mr. Alain Michel Tchadie dari UNESCO Office in Jakarta.
Kertas pertama ialah mengenai “Putrajaya Dam Monitoring System” yang disampaikan oleh En. Mohd Zaki bin Hanafi, Senior Engineer/Project Manager Efektif Permai Sdn. Bhd. Beliau berkongsi pengalaman tentang kaedah pemantauan dan juga tentang pelan pengurusan bencana berkaitan keselamatan empangan.
Pembentangan seterusnya ialah berkaitan dengan “Hydrological Assessment of Putrajaya Lake and Wetland” yang disampaikan oleh Professor Kamarul Azlan, Efektif Permai Sdn Bdn. Beliau pula telah berkongsi pengalaman berkaitan dengan keputusan dan penemuan dari segi pemantauan hidrologi dan dibanding pula dengan data-data dari stesyen hujan dan cuaca. Beliau merumuskan bahawa bilangan hari-hari yang kering berterusan telah menjadi lebih panjang dan keadaan melampau ini akan menjadi lebih kerap disebabkan oleh keadaan perubahan cuaca
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global. Perkara ini mungkin memberi kesan juga kepada semua tasik dan wetland di Malaysia.
Kertas terakhir bagi sesi ini ialah berkaitan dengan “Performance of Wetland Plants” yang dibentangkan oleh Tuan Haji Zolkaplie Mustafa dari Abdan Prestige Sdn Bhd. Terdapat spesies tumbuhan wetland yang tumbuh dan sihat dengan kecekapan menyerap sumber nutrien dalam air. Ada juga spesies yang dikenalpasti memerlukan bantuan tindakan pengurusan seperti penuaian dan juga pengurusan bagi membolehkan penyerapan nutrient yang lebih berkesan.
Seminar ini telah dirumuskan oleh Tuan Hj. Ahmad Zubir Sapian, Pengarah, Bahagian Alam Sekitar, Tasik dan Wetland, Perbadanan Putrajaya. Beliau memaklumkan tentang cabaran yang dihadapi dalam pembinaan dan pembangunan tasik dan wetland yang julung-julung kali dilakukan. Seterusnya, tasik dan wetland yang dibina ini telah diuruskan sehingga mencapai tahap yang dihormati dan diiktirafkan di peringkat global dan antarabangsa. Setelah mencapai tahap pengurusan yang terbaik, kini adalah menjadi tanggungjawab semua pihak untuk mengekalkan tahap tersebut, malah melonjakkan lagi ke peringkat lebih tinggi. Sebagai tambahan, beliau menyatakan keperluan usaha berterusan adalah cabaran terbesar bagi memastikan tahap terbaik yang kekal terutama apabila lebih banyak aktiviti dijalankan di dalam dan sekitar tasik dan ini menimbulkan tekanan dari segi peningkatan tahap nutrien yang didapati semakin meningkat kebelakangan ini.
Dalam ucapan penutupan, Prof. Dr. Shahbaz Khan telah berkongsi beberapa maklumat mengenai halatuju kepada seminar antarabangsa ini. Beliau mengharapkan agar jalinan rangkaian sedia ada diperkukuhkan di kalangan penyelidik dan pengurusan tasik dan wetland bagi seluruh rantau ini. Di samping itu, usaha boleh dibuat agar pendekatan yang lebih seragam dapat dilaksanakan dalam usaha membangunkan pendekatan membuat penilaian ekonomi perkhidmatan ekosistem.
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BACKGROUND
Lakes, wetlands and rivers sustain life by providing goods, ecosystem services, aesthetic and spiritual values. Lakes and wetlands ecosystems are fragile and their integrity bears on the quality of life. Yet, its economic values were not taken into account. This economic matter should be pursued in compatible with the wise use of its resources. In addition, sustainable management of lake basins and Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM) clearly demands for a detailed study on the economic status of the water body. It has become an essential part of the global water resource management approach. Economic assessment will enable such understanding and resolve the delicate balance of water for livelihoods and water for maintaining the resource base. This assessment includes ecosystem functions and ecosystem services. Ecosystem functions are the physical, chemical, and biological processes or attributes that contribute to self-maintenance of an ecosystem. On the other hand, ecosystem services are the beneficial outcomes from the natural environment to the people as a result from its ecosystem functions. These services are resource provision services, regulating services, cultural services and supporting services. As for the man-made Putrajaya Lake and Wetland, over time, it is turning into a more natural setting and enhancing its own ecosystem services.Therefore, many aspects of its ecosystem services need to be assessed in terms of its economic values.
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OBJECTIVES
The objective of the seminar served as a forum to share the findings and outcome of study, which is a research effort, conducted by Putrajaya Corporation in collaboration with Eco Development Facilities Sdn. Bhd. (EDFSB) and Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) experts. This research was funded by the UNESCO Office Jakarta, and supported by Malaysia Fund-in-Trust (MFIT).
The seminar was intended to provide an outreach platform to stakeholders and other key players of Putrajaya Lake and Wetland management to understand the various types of ecosystem services. The integration of ecosystem services approaches into resource management and decision making are geared towards sustainable development. The overall goal of the study is to better integrate the economic valuation of ecosystem services into sustainable management of water resources.
Invited presentations from lake managers and researchers from the region: Lake Lanao of The Philippines, Lake of Prince Songkla of Thailand and Lake Rawa Pening of Indonesia gave examples and efforts that were done. This was also a starting point for regional lake networking effort. Therefore, the seminar provided information on why working innovatively with nature can create opportunities to reduce costs and have multiple benefits to the society. The use of ecosystems approach will provide the public and politicians with a clearer picture of the previously less visible costs to society from damage to our natural assets and economic benefits from managing them well. This approach will also able to help in reducing inefficiencies and create multiple benefits.
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ORGANISING COMMITTEE
UNESCO Office in Jakarta
Prof. Dr. Shahbaz Khan, Director and Representative of UNESCO Mr. Alain Michel Tchadie, Consultant to UNESCO
Putrajaya Corporation
YBhg. Datuk Seri Hj. Hasim bin Hj. Ismail, President YBhg. Dato’ Omairi bin Hashim, Vice President Mr. Ahmad Zubir bin Sapian, Director Ms. Normaliza Noordin, Principal Assistant Director Ms. Nurliyana Abdul Rahman Mrs. Yahzam Muhamad Mrs. Siti Safwanah Ahmad Mrs. Suhailiza Shamsudin Mr. Mohd Haniz Mohamed Shah Mr. Mohd Rosly Nasir
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Prof. Dr. Awang Noor bin Abd. Ghani Dr. Yip Hin Wai Dr. Abdullah Mohd
Eco Development Facilities Sdn. Bhd.
Mr. Hj. Akashah Hj. Majizat, Principal Ms. Nur Fasihah Syahirah binti Abdul Halim
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OPENING CEREMONY
Opening Notes
Opening Notes by Prof. Dr. Shahbaz Khan, Director and Representative of UNESCO Jakarta
Prof. Dr. Shahbaz Khan greetings all the VIPs for the ceremony: Dato’ Loganathan Bala Mohan, Deputy Minister of Federal Territories, Dato’ Hj Mohd Sani Bin Mistam, Deputy Secretary-General, Dato’ Hashim Bin Ismail, President of Perbadanan Putrajaya, Dato’ Omairi Bin Hashim, Vice President of Perbadanan Putrajaya.
First of all, I would like to welcome all of you participants to this International Seminar on Ecohydrology Management of Putrajaya Lake and Wetland. It is a pleasure to meet all of you, who are friends of the Putrajaya Lake.
It is a great opportunity for UNESCO and it is also important because it is a special year for sustainable goals. Last year was the year of Millennium Sustainable Goals for Malaysia and it has achieved its green index.
This year we have to reach as well as maintain the sustainable goals that we have achieved. Under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), we have several challenges. Our future challenges remain linked to the poverty, pollution and economic situation. Hence, it is the right time to team up with our global friends in oil and gas industry and also with those working for peace and security.
It is a big task for UNESCO as it has to create peace of life for people through education, science and culture. In this regard, Malaysia is an important partner of UNESCO. Malaysia-UNESCO Co-operation Programme is a programme of UNESCO with general support from the Government of Malaysia.
Under the Malaysia-UNESCO Co-operation Programme there are a total of 19 programmes. These programmes have many different aspects. It is very clear that
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these programmes are not only for Malaysia. The Malaysian Government’s intention is to create a link of Malaysian expertise to the world. It is about how to link Malaysian Education System with the international communities in promoting interaction and knowledge exchange in the aspect of water management. This project is on the aspects to water security and it is one of the important sectors in particular for Malaysia.
Putrajaya is an important man-made lake which has changed the history of Malaysia. Putrajaya Lake programme has been important for the study with respect to the Langat River Basin Programme done for many years under the leadership of UKM Lestari. Under that programme, we have Putrajaya as a key part of Ecohydrology programme for Langat River Basin. Also, Putrajaya Lake belongs to one of its many sub-basins. The Langat River Basin Programme was part of UNESCO programme on Hydrology for the Environment, Life and Policy (HELP). It is recognised globally, by 195 countries. Basically, Putrajaya Lake is not only very important to Malaysia, but also important for UNESCO. The best practices implemented here are important globally.
Ladies and Gentlemen, I hope you will enjoy this seminar. I also like to thank the staff of Putrajaya Corporation for hosting this seminar.
As we go back to the objective for this seminar, the key question for us is ‘what is the value of the ecosystem services in Putrajaya’? And why is the value of ecosystem services is important to the development of Malaysia? And also how can we learn the relationship of the economic values of the ecosystem services to the socio- economic situation in a lake basin. It is not only looking at the economic matters but the overall integrated environment perspective, especially for Putrajaya Lake. With these findings, we hope that we can replicate it in other countries. Through this seminar and results from other examples in the region, it will provide additional economic input to the international ecohydrology programme.
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As a guest of honour for this seminar, I am very keen to listen to the result of Putrajaya project. And also, let’s go through the seminar with every possible proposal. Maybe, there is also possibility of creating a regional network in lake management.
Thank you very much.
Official Opening Speech
Opening Speech by Senator Dato’ Loganathan Mohan, Deputy Minister of Federal Territories (on behalf of the Minister of Federal Territories)
YBHG. DATO’ HJ MOHD SANI BIN MISTAM Timbalan Ketua Setiausaha (Perancangan dan Pembangunan), Kementerian Wilayah Persekutuan
YBHG. DATUK HASIM BIN ISMAIL Presiden Perbadanan Putrajaya
THE HONORABLE. PROF. DR. SHAHBAZ KHAN Director and Representative UNESCO Regional Science Bereau for Asia and the Pacific, based in Jakarta Indonesia,
YBHG. DATO’ OMAIRI BIN HASHIM Naib Presiden Perbadanan Putrajaya,
YBhg. Datuk-datuk / Datin-datin /
Para jemputan dan hadiran/hadirat peserta seminar sekelian,
Pertamanya saya ingin mengucapkan terima kasih dan tahniah kepada pihak PERBADANAN PUTRAJAYA di atas penganjuran seminar INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON ECOHYDROLOGY MANAGEMENT OF PUTRAJAYA LAKE AND WETLAND pada hari ini.
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Saya difahamkan seminar ini adalah bertujuan untuk berkongsi dan menyebarkan maklumat ke atas kajian yang telah dilaksanakan oleh pihak Perbadanan Putrajaya hasil tajaan dari UNESCO, Office in Jakarta.
Seminar ini juga mendapat pengisian pembentangan oleh pakar-pakar pengurusan Tasik tetamu kita yang datang dari negara-negara jiran. Dengan itu izinkan saya berucap dalam Bahasa Inggeris.
Good morning and welcome to everyone from the UNESCO office in Indonesia and all other participants and presenters from our neighbouring countries.
We look forward to learning from you about the good management approaches of your lakes from the Phillipines, Thailand and also from Indonesia.
You are always welcome to Malaysia to learn and exchange knowledge of management about the ecosystem in order to improve and enhance our city to be more sustainable and liveable.
As we all know, the development of Putrajaya started about 20 years ago. Our dream is to create a modern and conducive city. Putrajaya is an example of a newly developed city that consists of natural elements to ensure the city is always in good sustainable condition, thus, including the construction of Putrajaya Lake and Wetland.
I would like to congratulate Perbadanan Putrajaya for being proactive, able to undergo the process of learning and now this city’s water body has become a showcase for people to learn how to manage lakes and wetlands properly and according to the international standards.
Our ministry has all along supported the progressive moves by Perbadanan Putrajaya in its efforts to achieve high level of ecohydrology and Integrated Lake
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Basin Management (ILBM) standards and we have put our support in terms of allocation and administrative matters.
Ladies and gentlemen,
As was reported by the United Nations studies, cities in the world will be under pressure as more and more human beings will be living and surviving in the cities. In the next 20 to 30 years, about 70 to 80% of the population of this globe will be living in the cities.
In 2005, the UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment examined a group of 24 ecosystem services and found that 15 being degraded or used unsustainably. This decline in services disproportionately affects the world’s most disadvantaged and vulnerable people.
If these problems are not addressed, will substantially diminish the benefits to future generations obtained from ecosystems, they are a rising barrier to sustainable development.
How can we halt and reverse this degradation of our Earth’s ecosystems, as they are increasing demands on their services?
The UN ecosystems approach or ecohydrology is an integrated strategy for managing land, water and living resources that recognizes the strong linkage between ecosystem services and human well-being. It ensures that these essential services, and the systems that support them, are correctly valued, protected and managed.
Ecosystem management is a process that aims to conserve major ecological services and restore natural resources while meeting the socioeconomic, political and cultural, at the same time the needs of current and future generations.
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The city’s urban landscape must collect water when it rains and holds it in the form of lakes and wetlands to allow it to infiltrate slowly into underground storage. Thus, the surface will be sculpted with swales and retention ponds, some holding water through the year, some usually dry.
I am in the opinion that Cities of the future will embrace the ecology of the landscape, rather than set themselves apart. This is exactly what we did in Putrajaya. Putrajaya can be the reference site for other cities to follow.
I strongly encourage the possibilities for the application of the management concept to be applied for Kuala Lumpur and Labuan. Finally, we would like to see is it applicable to all areas in Malaysia. It is not only ensuring the lakes and wetlands are beautiful, but also having a clean and clear water quality.
I was informed that research on good management of lakes and wetlands must also take into account on other matters such as the high quality of the water, diversity of the living organisms and hydrological condition of the water body.
Thus, there is possibility of sharing the cost needed in managing this lake in Putrajaya from other related ministries and agencies.
Our Ministry will always welcome any proposal in sharing the source of fund or budget allocation to manage these lakes and wetlands together.
It is our intention to help the societies to live in harmony with their surroundings. Therefore we always encourage the public to work together with the ministry to improve and enhance our ecosystem.
This is part of the process that develops mutual trust in issues of common interest with the objective of creating mutually beneficial partnerships.
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In concluding, I would like to thank Perbadanan Putrajaya for organising this programme.
Akhir kata, saya ingin menyampaikan setinggi-tinggi penghargaan kepada Perbadanan Putrajaya dalam penganjuran program pada hari ini. Semoga segala usaha murni kita ini akan mendapat manfaat sewajarnya bagi kita semua.
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INTEGRATED LAKE BASIN MANAGEMENT OF RAWAPENING LAKE, INDONESIA
Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati1,2) and Sri Widodo Agung Suedy2)
1) Graduate Program, Diponegoro University, Jalan Imam Bardjo, SH No 5, Semarang, Indonesia. nd 2) Department Biology, Diponegoro University, 2 Floor, C Building Faculty Science and Mathematics, Jalan Prof Soedarto SH Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia. email: [email protected]
Abstract
Regarding to sedimentation, pollution, eutrophication, and water quality and water quantity depletion, it was pointed out 15 Indonesian Lakes Priority for 2010-2014. Those lakes are Toba, Maninjau, Singkarak, Kerinci,Tondano, Limboto, Poso, Tempe, Matano, Kaskade Mahakam Semayang-Melintang-Jampang, Sentarum, Sentani, Rawa Danau, Batur, and Rawapening. The smallest lake with huge problems: Rawapening Lake, was choosen as pilot project for Indonesian Lake Conservation Action (In Indonesia called Gerakan Penyelamatan Danau = GerMaDan). The implementation of Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM) on GerMaDan was based on 3 approaches, namely the application of science and technology to remediate the lake, governance, and community involvement. There were 6 super priority program and 11 priority program to save Rawapening Lake related to its functions for hydro power electricity, agriculture, fisheries, clean water source, culture, religion, and tourism. However, uncontrolled water hyacinth growth was remaining unsolved. The integrated activities had to be strengthened to achieve the target. The mechanical harvesting water hyacinth combines with biocontroll by grass carp. More importantly, the root cause of uncontrolled water hyacinth growth is eutrophication. Remediation of nutrient might be done by impoundment inlet in lacustrine condition to reduce nutrient concentration before enter to the lake.
Keywords: Rawapening, ILBM, GerMaDan, eutrophication, water impoundment
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As an agreement of 9 ministers in the first National Conference of Indonesia Lakes, in Bali 13 August 2009, there were 15 National Priority Lakes in 2010-2014. Those lakes are Toba, Maninjau, Singkarak, Kerinci,Tondano, Limboto, Poso, Tempe, Matano, Kaskade Mahakam Semayang-Melintang-Jampang, Sentarum, Sentani, Rawa Danau, Batur, and Rawapening. The criteria of National Lake Priority 2010-2014 were related to the lake degradation caused by sedimentation, water pollution, eutrophication; the lake function for power electricity, agriculture, fisheries, drinking water, social and religious life, tourism; the Committment between government and community, the lake that has strategic national function; biodiversity (endemic species); and the level of Risk Disaster (ME, 2010).
The smallest lake of Rawapening has a hug problems related to the lake degradation such as eutrophication, water pollution, and sedimentation that were also found in other lakes. On the other side, Rawapening Lake is used for hydropower electricity, agriculture, fisheries, source for drinking water, social and religion life, and tourism. As an Central Java icon, Rawapening Lake has to be conserved to improve its function.
Rawapening Lake is situated in Cental Java, Indonesia, 45 km to the south of the city of Semarang. It is supplied by flows from 16 stream inlets but only has 1 outlet of Tuntang River. The pollutants released across the catchment area and within the lake itself had sink to Rawapening Lake. Urban, agricultural, and industrial development has increased the loads of fertilizers and metal pollutants to the lake. It was predictied that in 2021 the lake will become land, related to heavily erosion (Government of Semarang, 2000). The development of the steep catchment slopes has resulted in increased turbidity in the inlet streams and increased sediment loads to the lake (Environment Ministry, 2010).
In 2011, The Ministry of Environment pronounced Saving Lake Movement called Gerakan Penyelamatan Danau (GerMaDan) Rawapening as a pilot project to save Indonesian Lakes. GerMaDan in Indonesia focus on 7 programs, i.e. Lake ecosysterm management, the use of lake resource has to be based on deeply scientific and technological analysis and their impacts, the development of lake
114 monitoring, evaluation and information systems, reparation of adaptation and mitigation steps the impact of environmental changes to the lakes, the development of capacity, regulation and coordination, improvement of community involvement, sustainable funded (ME, 2010). There are 3 approaches in GerMaDan, namely the application of science and technology for lake remediation, governance development for lake conservation, and community involvement on lake conservation (Figure 1, ME, 2011).
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Figure 1.Six pillars of ILBM (above) and GerMaDan (below)
Basically, there is similarity between Integrated Lake Basin Management (ILBM) with GerMaDan. ILBM is a guideline for lake managers and stakeholders to achieve sustainable management of lakes and their basins (ILEC, 2007). There are 6 pilars in the ILBM namely participation, institution, policies, technology, finance, and information, that have to stand together to support ILBM Nakamura (2012). The approach technologies and knowledge information of ILBM was merger into the application of science and technology for lake remediation in GerMaDan. The pilar of institution, policies, and finance of ILBM was merger into good governance in GerMaDan, whereas participation in ILBM was develop into community empowerment in GerMaDan (Soeprobowati, 2015; Figure 1).
There are 6 super priority and 11 priority programs of GerMaDan Rawapening. The 6 super priority programs are: management of water hyacinth bloom, management of critical landuse, erosion, flooding, and sedimentation; reduce nutrient entering to Rawapening Lake; neo and paleo - limnological study; implementing environmental friendly agriculture; and improve community involvement on the lake conservation. The 11 priority programs are: environmental friendly
116 fisheries management; integrated waste water treatment; integrating drainage; developing Center for Rawapening Lake Management; planning for development Rawapening region; governance and regulation for Rawapening Management; protection of natural resources; zoning of Rawapening Lake; improving community welfare by diversification of water hyacinth use; ecotourism development; and improving forum for environmental care (ME, 2011).
Changes in the catchment area had induce Rawapening Lake. In 1972, there were 42% of plantation (perkebunan), 12% of settlement (pemukiman), and 26% paddy’s field (sawah irigasi dan tadah hujan). In 2003, the plantation redure to 38.69%, the settlement increased to 18.63%, and paddy’s field reduced to 23.73% (Figure 2). It was predicted that in 2039 the plantation will reduce to 38.23%, the settlement will increase to 20.58%, and paddy’s field will reduce to 22.35%
Figure 2a. Changes of catchment area of Rawapening Lake since 1972 and prediction in 2039
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Figure 2b.Changes of catchment area of Rawapening Lake since 1972 and prediction in 2039
Figure 2c. Changes of catchment area of Rawapening Lake since 1972 and prediction in 2039
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Rawapening Lake is flatted shallow lake, the mean depth of 3.87 meters, about 2,670 hectare area by which 70% were covered by water hyacinth. The covering lake by water hyacinth had been reported since 1930s (UNEP, 1999). In 1994, it was reported that Rawapening Lake was covered by 18.45% of water hyacinth, 7.69% of Hydrilla, and 15.38% of Salvinia (Goltenboth, 1995). In 2004, water hyacinth covered 60-70% of Rawapening Lake (Soeprobowati et al., 2005). Now, over 70% of the lake is covered with water hyacinth. Harvestation of water hyacynth had been conducted but this problem remain unsolved. It was related to the water hyacinth growth rate, that was doubling within 7 days during dry seasons, and covered 1 metre square within 52 days (Gutiérrez and Martínez, 2001).
The low risk to solve water hyacinth bloom is mechanical approach by harvesting combine with biocontroll using grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idell). These activities must be holistic and integrated program. Almost every year there were programs to harvest water hyacinth. But there were no significant result of reducing water hyacinth bloom. GerMaDan must be used as a reference for The Departments of Water Resource, Forestry, Natural Resource Conservation, Agriculture; Marine and Fisheries Office, Environmental Protection Authority, Regional Planning Institute when develop programs for Rawapening. Overlapping activities sometimes cannot be avoided, but with a good coordination, it will be strengthened each other. It all depends on political will to save Rawapening Lake. The Ministry of Environment as a conceptor of GerMaDan Rawapening has to act as a leader and conduct the implementation of GerMaDan. The release of grass carp must consider the size of the fish. If it is too small, it will run with the flow to the outlet.
The bottle neck of GerMaDan seems to be governance, particularly on the policies and finance. GerMaDan has to be used as a reference of developing program for department both in national and regional level. Radical action required to overcome lake degradation problem, with one action, one big funding and strong institutional collaborations. Strong leadership has to conduct and to embrace scientists, communities and stakeholders as one team to work together (Soeprobowati, 2015).
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The best way to overcome water hyacinth bloom is by reducing the nutrient concentration entering to the lake. It can be done by impoundment inlet in lacustrine part before entering to the lake. Treatment plants is developed to reduce nutrient concentration, particularly nitrogen and phosphorous. Harvest water hyacinth and left 20% in the edge of the lake as a green belt will be act as a last filter of pollutants. This remain of water hyacinth will also sustain people who use and develop water hyacinth for material souevenirs, fertilizers, or cattle feeds. The zone of fisheries will be bordered with the boat activities.
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