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A LINE-BASED LOSSLESS BACKWARD CODING of WAVELET TREES (BCWT) and BCWT IMPROVEMENTS for APPLICATION by Bian Li, B.S.E.E., M.S.E.E

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A LINE-BASED LOSSLESS BACKWARD CODING of WAVELET TREES (BCWT) and BCWT IMPROVEMENTS for APPLICATION by Bian Li, B.S.E.E., M.S.E.E A LINE-BASED LOSSLESS BACKWARD CODING OF WAVELET TREES (BCWT) AND BCWT IMPROVEMENTS FOR APPLICATION by Bian Li, B.S.E.E., M.S.E.E. A Dissertation In ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved Dr. Brian Nutter Chair of Committee Dr. Sunanda Mitra Co-Chair of Committee Dr. Ranadip Pal Dr. Mark Sheridan Dean of the Graduate School May 2014 ®2014 Bian Li All Rights Reserved Texas Tech University, Bian Li, May 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Countless people deserve a heartfelt of thanks from the earnest bottom of my heart. First and foremost, I would like to gratefully acknowledge the supervision of Dr. Brian Nutter. His extraordinary knowledge and proficiencies help me understand a complex world in a simple way. He has provided me precious advice, wonderful teaching, creative ideas and great opportunities. I would have been lost without him. I am extremely grateful to Dr. Sunanda Mitra. She provides me great suggestions on carrying out research and organizing paper and gives continuous living support with her resources. Thank Dr. Ranadip Pal for providing me scientific suggestions. Dr. Mary Baker also has my special appreciation for her substantial support. I thank for the classes and help from the faculties and staffs at Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. My special thanks go to my friends and labmates. We had a wonderful time in Texas Tech. In particular, I wish to thank Dan Mclane and Chunmei Kang in Chirp Inc. for the financial support and collaboration for the dissertation. The real-world application is fascinating and invaluable to me. I thank my parents for their encouragement and endless support during my life. Finally, and most importantly, I express the thanks to my wife, Lixia, for her consideration, encouragement and support. Thank my lovely daughter, Sabrina, for giving me a wonderful time and felicitous life. ii Texas Tech University, Bian Li, May 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. ii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... .....xi CHAPTER 1 ...................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Image Compression Methods and Formats................................................................... 2 1.3 Several Definitions in Image Compression .................................................................. 3 1.4 Various Lossless Techniques for Image Compression ................................................. 5 1.5 Motivation of the Dissertation ...................................................................................... 6 1.6 Contributions................................................................................................................. 7 1.7 Organization of the Dissertation ................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................... 10 LOSSLESS IMAGE COMPRESSION ALGORITHMS AND STANDARDS ......... 10 2.1 Review of the Lossless Image Compression Algorithms and Standards .................... 10 2.2 Miscellaneous lossless compression techniques and standards .................................. 11 2.2.1 Lossless JPEG standard ................................................................................................ 11 2.2.2 JPEG-LS ....................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.3 JPEG-XR ...................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.4 JPEG2000 ..................................................................................................................... 16 2.2.5 Lossless SPIHT ............................................................................................................. 21 2.3 Comparisons of the Lossless Compression Techniques and Standards...................... 25 2.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 26 CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................... 28 LOSSY BCWT ALGORITHM AND ITS IMPROVEMENTS .................................. 28 3.1 Review of the codec of the Lossy BCWT Algorithm ................................................. 28 3.1.1 Irreversible Color Transform ........................................................................................ 28 3.1.2 Irreversible Wavelet Transform .................................................................................... 29 3.1.3 BCWT Encoding ........................................................................................................... 31 3.2 Features in BCWT ...................................................................................................... 35 3.2.1 Resolution Scalable Coding of BCWT Algorithm ....................................................... 35 3.2.2 Fine-grained Bitrate Control ......................................................................................... 35 3.2.3 Random Access Region of Interest (ROI) .................................................................... 38 3.2.4 The Line-based BCWT Algorithm ............................................................................... 40 3.3 Improvements of the BCWT Algorithm ..................................................................... 41 3.3.1 'Zero Tree Detection ' Method ...................................................................................... 42 3.3.2. Tests of the 'Zero Tree Detection ' Method .................................................................. 44 iii Texas Tech University, Bian Li, May 2014 3.3.3 Tiling Scheme and 'Set to Zeros' Algorithm ................................................................. 47 3.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 54 CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................................... 55 THE LINE-BASED LOSSLESS BCWT ALGORITHM ............................................ 55 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 55 4.2 Lossless BCWT Architecture ..................................................................................... 55 4.2.1 Lossless Transformations.............................................................................................. 56 4.2.2 Line-based 5/3 wavelet transform with lifting scheme ................................................. 60 4.2.3 'Set to Zeros' Method for 5/3 Wavelet Transform ........................................................ 66 4.2.4 Line-based lossless BCWT algorithms ......................................................................... 67 4.2.5 Tests for ‘Zero Tree Detection’ Algorithm and ’Set to Zero’ Method ......................... 74 4.2.6 Memory Consumption .................................................................................................. 75 4.2.7 Adaptive binary Arithmetic Coding (AC) .................................................................... 76 4.3 Lossless performance comparisons............................................................................. 81 4.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 85 CHAPTER 5 .................................................................................................................... 86 BCWT IMPLEMENTIAON .......................................................................................... 86 5.1 BCWT Software Implementation ............................................................................... 86 5.1.1 Mechanism of the Lossy BCWT Software ................................................................... 87 5.1.2 Buffer Synchronization in Line-based DWT ............................................................... 88 5.1.3 Example of the BCWT Encoding Algorithm ................................................................ 90 5.1.4 BCWT Algorithm with 'C' implementation .................................................................. 92 5.2 The Hardware Implementation of the BCWT Algorithm ........................................... 92 5.2.1 A Scheme for Lossless 5/3 Wavelet Transform............................................................ 92 5.2.2 A Scheme for Lossy 9/7 Wavelet
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