scholarly communication Heather Morrison and Andrew Waller and evolving scholarly communication An overview of library advocacy and commitment, institutional repositories, and publishing in

he open access movement in Canada is very Whereas connecting users with the Tactive in many areas. This is not surprising; information they need is one of the of the 16 people at the Budapest meeting which library’s most essential functions, was the foundation of the Budapest Open Ac- and access to information is one cess Initiative (BOAI), three were , of librarianship’s most cherished all global leaders in this arena: Leslie Chan, values, therefore CLA recommends Jean-Claude Guédon, and Stevan Harnad. The that Canadian libraries of all types Canadian Association of Research Libraries strongly support and encourage (CARL) was among the earliest signatories of open access. the BOAI, and quickly initiated a nationwide program. The Canadian CLA encourages Canadian libraries of all Library Association (CLA) recently approved an types to: innovative “Position Statement on Open Access • Support and encourage policies requir- for Canadian Libraries,” calling for all libraries to ing open access to research supported by participate in advocacy, educating patrons abut Canadian public funding, as defi ned above. open access resources, and encouraging support If delay or embargo periods are permitted for open access, including economic support. to accommodate publisher concerns, these The Canadian Institutes of Health Re- should be considered temporary, to provide search (CIHR) has an open access mandate publishers with an opportunity to adjust, and policy, requiring open access to CIHR-funded a review period should be built in, with a research within six months. The Social Sci- view to decreasing or eliminating any delay ences and Humanities Research Council or embargo period. (SSHRC) has an Aid to Open Access Journals • Raise awareness of library patrons and program. Other funding agencies in Canada other key stakeholders about open access, either have, or are developing, open access both the concept and the many open access policies and support. resources, through means appropriate to each This article presents an overview of CLA advocacy and open access in Canada, with a Contact Joyce L. Ogburn—series editor, cochair of focus on initiatives with a strong library involve- the ACRL Scholarly Communications Committee, ment or leadership. and university librarian at the University of Utah— with article ideas, e-mail: [email protected]

CLA and other library associations Heather Morrison is project coordinator of the On May 21, 2008, the CLA executive approved Electronic Library Network, e- mail: [email protected], Andrew Waller is serials the “Position Statement on Open Access for librarian at the University of Calgary Library, e-mail: Canadian Libraries.”1 The text of the position [email protected] statement is: © 2008 Heather Morrison and Andrew Waller

C&RL News September 2008 486 library, such as education campaigns and in this area; BCLA is recognized on Peter promoting open access resources. Suber’s Open Access Timeline as one of the • Support the development of open access early leaders in this area, having adopted a in all of its varieties, including gold (open ac- “Resolution on Open Access” in 2004. cess publishing) and green (open access self- archiving). Libraries should consider provid- Open access repositories ing economic and technical support for open A manifestation of the “green” arm of the access publishing, by supporting open access open access movement, open access re- journals or by participating in the payment positories generally fall into two categories: of article processing fees for open access. institutional repositories, mostly maintained The latter could occur through redirection of by universities (these sometimes contain funds that would otherwise support journal non-open access digital content), and sub- subscriptions, or through taking a leadership ject repositories, which are international. position in coordinating payments by other In Canada, there are a growing number bodies, such as academic or government of repositories, mostly of the institutional departments or funding agencies. variety. As of late July 2008, the Registry of • Support and encourage authors to re- Open Access Repositories (ROAR)3 lists 46 tain their copyright, through the use of the repositories in Canada, while the Directory of CARL/SPARC Author’s Addendum or Creative Open Access Journals (OpenDOAR)4 lists 42. Commons licensing, for example. Most of these are new and small but growing; The “Position Statement on Open Access the three repositories with the most records for Canadian Libraries” emerged from years (more than 10,000) are those belonging to the of open access advocacy, education, and International Development Research Centre member consultation by CLA members, who (IDRC), the University of Toronto, and the endorsed a “Resolution on Open Access” in University of Calgary. 2005. In 2006, a CLA Open Access Task Force Many of these repositories are part of the was formed to draft policies on open access CARL Institutional Repositories Program.5 for CLA’s own publications and to draft the There are 26 institutions listed as participants “Open Access Position Statement.” In 2007, with several more indicated as being under CLA announced open access policies for its development. The CARL program began in own publications that are so strong that they 2003 and was designed to support members are almost an open communications policy; as they established repositories. Now that this basically, if information is not confi dential, has largely been achieved, other issues are it should be shared openly. CLA’s newsletter being investigated including usage statistics, “Feliciter” is openly accessible after a one-is- metadata, and the creation of a repository sue embargo period, authors are encouraged advocacy toolkit. CARL also coordinates a to self-archive, and no embargo is imposed cross-repository search service, the CARL on self-archived content. Monographs are Metadata Harvester.6 This search service may considered for open access on a case-by- prove to be particularly useful in identifying case basis.2 Canada-specific research, a long-term and Other Canadian library associations, in- ongoing issue when searching large subject- cluding the Canadian Association of Research specifi c databases. Libraries (CARL) and provincial associations New repositories are emerging on a regu- have been actively involved in open access lar basis in Canada. For instance, as this article advocacy in Canada, contributing strong was being completed, the National Research pro-open-access submissions to open access Council’s (NRC) Institute for Scientifi c Infor- policy consultations by research funding mation announced the creation of the NRC agencies. The British Columbia Library As- Publications Archive, with a December 2008 sociation (BCLA) has been particularly active launch date.7

September 2008 487 C&RL News Funding agencies research; a draft is anticipated for March There are three main federal research fund- 2009. ing agencies in Canada, the Social Sciences It is likely that Canada’s three research and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), councils will harmonize their policies, so Canadian Institutes of Health Research watch for a maximum six-month embargo, (CIHR), and the Natural Sciences and Engi- and support for either open access publish- neering Research Council (NSERC). ing or author self-archiving. SSHRC adopted open access in principle Canada’s International Development Re- in 2004. In time, SSHRC is likely to adopt search Council (IDRC) has an open access an open access mandate policy for SSHRC- policy and archive, and ambitious plans to funded research; however, this has been provide open access to previously funded delayed, with one of the key reasons being research since the inception of the council. that many of Canada’s social sciences and Where open access cannot be provided, humanities publishers were not publishing IDRC provides access through interlibrary online in 2004. loans. Canada’s NRC is expected to an- In addition to funding social sciences nounce an open access policy to take effect and humanities research, SSHRC coordinates in January 2009 to fill its new archive which a research journals support program for will open December 2008. Canadian social sciences and humanities In Canada, there are also provincially research journals. This is a common practice based funding bodies, some of which are in many countries. For the vast majority of investigating, if not supporting, open access. publishers, scholarly publishing, particularly For example, the Heritage Founda- in the social sciences and humanities, is a tion for Medical Research allows the research necessity for academic reasons, but not a allowance portion of Independent Investiga- profitable venture. In June 2007, SSHRC tor Awards Transition Awards to be used to launched an Aid to Open Access Research cover open access publishing costs.10 The Journals program,8 designed to assist open Institutes of Cancer Research (OICR) access journals and to test new criteria for recently announced a strong open access the journal subsidy program. The develop- mandate policy for OICR-funded research- ment of new criteria for journal readership ers.11 One interesting feature of the OICR is necessary because the original criteria policy is a dedicated fund to assist research- for the subsidy program required a certain ers to pay article processing fees to publish minimum number of subscribers, making it in open access journals if they wish. impossible for fully open access journals to qualify for subsidy. Synergies In Fall 2007, CIHR announced a new Many Canadian university libraries are policy, Policy on Access to Research Out- involved in a program called Synergies.12 puts9 aimed at broadening the accessibility Funded for three years by the Canadian of CIHR-funded research. As of January 1, Foundation for Innovation (CFI), Syner- 2008, CIHR grant recipients are required to gies is designed to assist Canada’s social do their utmost to make sure that the peer- sciences and humanities journals to move reviewed journal articles that report the into the online environment, and provide a results of their research are published in an decentralized, national approach to search- open access journal and/or are deposited ing and preserving Canadian social sciences in an open access repository. In the latter and humanities research. Synergies builds case, this must occur within six months of on the foundation of Érudit,13 a - publication. based research publication service provider NSERC is working on a policy that will in existence since 1998 and Open Journal require open access to NSERC-funded Systems (OJS),14 a free, open source journal

C&RL News September 2008 488 publishing software initially developed by instance, the CIHR policy noted earlier re- John Willinsky and colleagues as part of quires the deposition upon publication of the (PKP).15 OJS some research data (bioinformatics, atomic, is currently used by about 1,500 journals molecular coordinate) into an appropriate around the world. While OJS supports sub- public repository. scription services, about half of the journals using OJS are fully open access, and almost Submission fee support all of the rest provide free access after an The “gold” arm of the open access move- embargo period. While Synergies specifi es ment involves the reform of scholarly pub- no particular access model for individual lishing, from an environment where access is journals, it is expected that at least some of only by subscription or pay-per-view to one the journals in the project will be openly where everyone with an Internet connection accessible. can look at material freely. This necessitates There are five members of the Synergies changes to business models for publishers. consortium, University of , In the case of some journal publishers, a sub- Université de Montréal (lead institution), mission fee is charged in order for accepted University of Toronto, University of Calgary, articles to appear in an open access journal and Simon Fraser University, and 16 regional (or as an openly accessible article in a non- partners. Already, OJS hosting and support open access journal). While some grants services are provided at many Canadian allow for monies to be used to cover these universities, generally through the library. charges (such as AHFMR discussed earlier), For example, Simon Fraser University Library not all authors have access to funds that will leads in the development of the OJS soft- permit this. Consequently, some universities, ware, in addition to providing OJS hosting usually via the library, are paying submission and support services for SFU faculty, and fees for the authors from their institutions. acting as a temporary host for country OJS In Canada, the first institution to set up such journal portals, such as Vietnamese Journals a program is the University of Calgary. The Online. The University of Alberta libraries University of Calgary Open Access Authors hosts about 17 journals using OJS, while Fund17 began September 2008 and will cover York University Library maintains about submission fees for accepted articles that 15 journals. Athabasca University Library are slated to appear in fully open access is host to the International Coalition for journals and in “hybrid” open access journals the Advancement of Academic Publishing that offer institutional subscription rebates (ICAAP),16 which includes independent based on the take up of their open access journals as well as journals that Athabasca option. The University of Calgary is the sixth faculty members are involved with. Atha- institution worldwide to create a submission basca University is committed to becoming fee support program. a fully open access press, and the library plays a key role in academic publishing at Conclusion Athabasca. The open access movement is fl ourishing in Canada, just as it is around the globe. The Research data Directory of Open Access Journals lists 107 While open access has mostly dealt with fully open access, peer-reviewed journals journal content, there is increasing discus- that are based in Canada (as of July 2008), sion about making other scholarly outputs, and many more are in the works. Canadian including research data, openly available, libraries and librarians are leaders in open as well. There is a burgeoning access advocacy and support for open ac- movement and, in Canada, policy mak- cess publishing and self-archiving. Most of ers are starting to deal with the issue. For Canada’s research funding agencies either

September 2008 489 C&RL News have, or are developing, open access man- gram, www.sshrc.ca/web/apply/program date policies or other support. _descriptions/open_access_journals_e.asp. 9. Policy on Access to Research Outputs, Notes www.cihr.ca/e/34846.html. 1. CLA position statement can be found at 10. Independent Investigator Awards www.cla.ca/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Position Transition Awards, www.ahfmr.ab.ca/grants _Statements&Template=/CM/ContentDisplay. /independent-investigator-transition.php. cfm&ContentID=5306. 11. OICR’s strong open access mandate 2. Details on the CLA policy are available policy for OICR-funded researchers, www.oicr. in the June 29, 2007, of “CLA Digest” at cla. on.ca/portalnews/vol2_issue3/access.htm. informz.net/cla/archives/archive_155065. 12. Synergies, www.synergiescanada. html. org/index_en.html. 3. Registry of Open Access Repositories, 13. Érudit, www.erudit.org/?lang=en. roar.eprints.org/. 14. , pkp.sfu. 4. OpenDOAR, www..org/. ca/?q=ojs 5. CARL Institutional Reposito- 15. Public Knowledge Project, pkp.sfu.ca/. ries Program, www.carl-abrc.ca/projects 16. International Coalition for the Ad- /institutional_repositories/institutional vancement of Academic Publishing, icaap. _repositories-e.html. org/. 6. CARL Metadata Harvester, carl-abrc 17. The University of Calgary Open Ac- -open accessi.lib.sfu.ca/. cess Authors Fund, devel.library.ucalgary. 7. NRC Publications Archive, cisti-icist.nrc ca/services/for-faculty/open-access-authors -cnrc.gc.ca/media/press/nparc_e.html. -fund-0. 8. Open Access Research Journals pro-

C&RL News September 2008 490