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Women on the Great Plains Recent Developments Research Glenda Riley University of Northern Iowa

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Women on the Great Plains Recent Developments Research Glenda Riley University of Northern Iowa University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for 4-1-1985 Women On The Great Plains Recent Developments Research Glenda Riley University of Northern Iowa Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Riley, Glenda, "Women On The Great Plains Recent Developments Research" (1985). Great Plains Quarterly. Paper 1847. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/1847 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. WOMEN ON THE GREAT PLAINS RECENT DEVELOPMENTS RESEARCH GLENDA RILEY During the past dozen years or so, scholars assumption is that scholarship regarding plains­ have become increasingly involved in research­ women has now reached a stage that demands ing the lives and experiences of women on the introspection so as to continue to grow and Great Plains. At the same time, interest in become more sophisticated. learning more about the lives of all types of During the early 1970s, agricultural historian western, frontier, farm, and rural women has Mary W. M. Hargreaves was the first modern burgeoned. As a result, researchers now devote scholar to focus attention on researching Euro­ their careers to these topics, national confer­ American women on the Great Plains. 1 In two ences convene to disseminate and refine this essays published in Agric;ultural History, Har­ increasing scholarship, and journals commit greaves approached a topic that most historians theme issues to presenting research results. had not yet thought about.2 While it is true This essay is a survey of research develop­ that at this time women's history was gaining ments concerning plainswomen between the increasing impetus, few women's historians had early 1970s and the present day. The purpose the awareness to initiate investigations into the of such an examination is twofold: first, to historical experiences of particular types of gain an understanding of the dimensions of women. The customary practice was to consider current research and scholarly perspectives predominant groups of white women rather regarding women on the Great Plains, and than to explore those of various regions, cul­ second, to suggest some crucial methodolog­ tures, or races. Those historians of the West who ical issues yet to be explored. An underlying mentioned women did so almost exclusively in terms of image and myth. These stereotypes included the Saint in the Sunbonnet, the Pio­ neer Mother, the Frontier Feminist, the Help­ Glenda Riley is professor of history and coordi­ nator of women's studies at the University of mate, and the Light Lady.3 Northern Iowa. Her most recent book is Women When Hargreaves first approached the topic and Indians on the Frontier, 1825-1915 (1984). of female settlers on the plains, little evidence of scholarly acumen existed. In a 1973 review [GPQ5 (Spring 1985): 81-92.] essay, Hargreaves observed that, although 81 82 GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY, SPRING 1985 plainswomen "performed a partnership role earlier reservation that the available materials more difficult than on any previous frontier," would not be representative of the typical their story had been customarily overlooked westering woman, but would mirror only those by most historians. In critiquing three recent women whose activities were unusual enough books by women settlers on the Great Plains, to merit publication. Hargreaves noted that these women's state­ This lack of women's source materials was ments finally provided some insights to scholars reflected in the stereotyped treatment of fron­ about women who participated in "an impor­ tierswomen in general histories of women and tant and generally neglected segment of the' the West during the mid-1970s. One of these westward movement.,,4 characterized women as intrinsically weak and In her consideration of memoirs by Grace domestic, "natural" traits that made women's Fairchild, Faye Cashatt Lewis, and Sarah success on the frontier unlikely: Roberts, Hargreaves began by noting that it was unfortunate that all three accounts were Clinging to a few treasured heirlooms as reminiscences rather than on-the-spot records.5 reminders of a kinder life, they accompanied They were, she argued, colored by "the after­ their husbands across the continent, suffer­ glow through which age views the past." In ing the most desperate physical hardships as addition, all three women were well educated, well as a desolating sense of loneliness. More a factor that raised the question of how repre­ place-bound than men, more dependent on sentative they were of women involved in the the company of other women, on the forms homesteading experience in general. Hargreaves of settled social life, they grew old and died pointed out, however, that these women's before their time, on the trail, in a sod hut writings did offer a good deal of detail concern­ or a rude cabin pierced by icy winds. 8 ing daily life on homesteads, work schedules, and challenges to domestic responsibilities. But other writers portrayed frontierswomen They also contained women's .comments regard­ as strong and hardy people. "Beneath her linsey­ ing topics such as loneliness, families, and cul­ woolsey dress or calico frock was a sturdy tural activities. But she concluded that historians body," one claimed. She was a "builder" who interested in plainswomen were in need of "a "wrapped a shawl around her shoulders, tied on more abundant literature, and probably a more her sunbonnet, cradled the youngest babe in representative one" than volumes such as these her arms, and pointed her face West.,,9 Another provided. 6 writer maintained that although women were Although she raised several problem areas "the most conservative of creatures, hating with basic to research in the history of Euro-American a passion those three concomitants of the west­ plainswomen, Hargrea.ves was not deterred from ern frontier-poverty, physical hardship and continuing her own investigation into their danger," it was really they who tamed the lives. In a 1976 essay, she attempted to delin­ "wild West."l0 eate their roles as civilizing influences, their By the mid-1970s, the emergence of the con­ involvement in the western woman suffrage temporary feminist movement fostered a criti­ movement, and their attempts to deal with cal view of such pat typologies of women. prevalent loneliness, primitive housing, and a Several feminist scholars soon applied this general lack of services. 7 While this essay raised attitude to scholarship concerning frontiers­ some issues crucial to understanding early women in general and plainswomen in particular. female settlers, it also reflected a continuing These investigators contributed not only a difficulty with women's source materials. Har­ healthy disrespect for traditional interpretations greaves' sources were sparse and published, of western women but also a methodology that rather than wide-ranging and in manuscript emphasized documents written by women form. This limitation echoed Hargreaves' own themselves. 11 WOMEN ON THE GREAT PLAINS 83 Fortunately, the situation concerning wom­ Resource Center in Pierre, the Orin G. Libby en's source materials was beginning to alter, a Manuscript Collection at the University of trend that has accelerated during the 1980s. North Dakota in Grand Forks, the Western His­ Numerous documents by all types of plains­ tory Collection at the University of Oklahoma women, including American Indian women and in Norman, and the Barker Texas History Center women of various ethnic origins, are now in at the University of Texas in Austin are some of print. These sources include letters, diaries, and the better-known libraries that offer such wom­ daybooks, as well as memoirs. They appear in en's resources as daybooks, letters, memoirs, both book form and in local, state, and regional reminiscences, clipping ftles, minutes of women's historical journals. The philosophy behind their clubs, records of suffrage associations and selection no longer limits them to just the un­ women's religious and civic groups, daily usual or colorful women. Rather, the accounts dockets of women officials and bureaucrats, written by typical, grassroots women are now official documents including legislative acts considered worthy of publication because they relating to women and suffrage memorials, reflect the lives of the vast majority of women.12 postcard collections, invitations, broadsides, Another important trend is that archivists and autobiographical and biographical sketches. are increasingly aware of the need to locate and In addition, the results of such special make available documents of the sort that projects as Works Progress Administration inter­ formerly were lost or ignored. Women's writ­ views conducted during the 1930s are available ings such as daybooks and diaries that might in the Indian-Pioneer Papers at the University once have been rejected because they required of Oklahoma and in the WPA Collection at the more space in an archive than their "value" Wyoming State Archives, Museums, and Histor­ dictated are now aggressively sought out. ical Department in Cheyenne. Other interview Documents such as personal letters that were collections that include women are housed casually tossed into a box of family letters or a in the American Heritage Center at the Uni­ husband's collection without more than a pass­ versity of Wyoming and the Pioneer Collection ing notation on a catalog card now receive an at the Montana State Historical Society in entry of their own. This new awareness has Helena. been fostered by Cynthia E. Harrison's 1979 Many archives are also increasingly offering clio bibliography concerning women in Amer­ special services that are helpful to researchers ican history and, more recently, by the compi­ on plainswomen.
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