North American Fungi

Volume 11, Number 1, Pages 1-31 Published March 28, 2016

The Xylaria names proposed by C. G. Lloyd

Yu-Ming Ju1, Huei-Mei Hsieh1, and Shannon Dominick2

1Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115 29, Taiwan, and 2Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA

Ju, Y.-M., H.-M. Hsieh, and S. Dominick. 2016. The Xylaria names proposed by C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31. http://dx.doi:10.2509/naf2016.011.001 Corresponding author: Yu-Ming Ju, [email protected]. Accepted for publication November 13, 2015. http://pnwfungi.org Copyright © 2016 Pacific Northwest Fungi Project. All rights reserved.

Abstract: Seventy-one new Xylaria names that C. G. Lloyd proposed are annotated herein. Type and/or authentic materials of these names, when available, were studied. Twenty-four of these—including X. beccarii, X. brasiliensis, X. chordaeformis, X. cuneata, X. divisa, X. fimbriata, X. humosa, X. kedahae, X. luteostromata, X. luxurians, X. maumeei, X. morganii, X. muscula, X. nigrescens, X. nodulosa, X. papulis, X. partita, X. petchii, X. praefecta, X. radicans, X. reinkingii, X. reticulata, X. stromatica, and X. theissenii—are considered correct names for distinct species, and four of these—including X. bipindensis, X. clavus, X. cuspidata, and X. muscandae—are for probably distinct species. Illustrations for these species are provided. Thirty names are treated as synonyms or probable synonyms of those published earlier. Thirteen names remain uncertain to us because their type materials are immature or lacking fungal elements except for X. stromafera, of which we were unable to study the type material. A cross-index and an identification key to the Xylaria names that Lloyd proposed are also provided.

Key words: nomenclature, systematics, U. S. National Fungus Collections (BPI), Xylariaceae.

2 Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31

Introduction: C. G. Lloyd (1859–1926) was number on the line “Other herbaria: C. G. Lloyd probably the first mycologist endeavoring to Mycological Collection Smithsonian Institution interpret names of Xylaria species published by 12541” for a specimen bearing the name X. those before him and his contemporaries. He had longipes Nitschke and the bar code number BPI published numerous accounts on the genus, 714160. After examining the specimen, we including 71 new Xylaria names that he proposed confirmed that it was first labeled as X. maumeei in the 1910s and 1920s. All of these new names and was then changed to X. longipes. were proposed at the rank of species except for X. grammica (Mont.) Fr. var. albida C. G. Lloyd. In this study, we annotate the type/authentic Among the 71 names, only four—i.e., X. specimens of the 71 Xylaria names that Lloyd brasiliensis (Theiss.) C. G. Lloyd, X. luxurians proposed and suggest their taxonomic positions. (Rehm) C. G. Lloyd, X. nigrescens (Sacc.) C. G. A cross-index is provided to the names cited or Lloyd, X. pusilla (Tul. & C. Tul.) C. G. Lloyd— discussed in the text. A dichotomous key is were recombined from previously established constructed for those names, which have names; others were proposed for the first time. characteristics, as shown in the type/authentic material and/or diagnosis, sufficient to be Although Lloyd provided nice photographs for identified. Images are provided for those distinct his new Xylaria species, he usually provided brief or probably distinct species. accounts only. He measured very few ascospores and omitted other microscopic features for most Materials and Methods: We studied the type of the new Xylaria species. Many of these and/or authentic specimens of the Xylaria names Xylaria species had their type/authentic that Lloyd proposed, which are listed and specimens considered missing, thus having been annotated in alphabetical order below. Their type neglected largely or entirely in modern literature specimen(s) were located at the Lloyd herbarium despite that these specimens are well- in BPI in most cases. However, we also loaned documented in Stevenson and Cash (1936). specimens of certain names from other herbaria Relabeling the specimens and subsequently if Lloyd specified where the specimens are stored. relocating them appeared to be the main cause In cases where more than one specimen was for the difficulty in finding them again. With the found at the Lloyd herbarium for a given species, extensive databases made available for searching only the type specimen(s) and/or specimen(s) the fungal specimens in BPI (http://nt.ars- mentioned in the protologue are listed. For those grin.gov/fungaldatabases/specimens/Specimens. names that are based on immature specimens, cfm), we successfully retrieved those additional specimens studied by Lloyd, if type/authentic specimens listed in Stevenson and available, are also listed for interpretive Cash (1936) that were once considered missing. purposes. Lloyd intentionally avoided citing Using X. maumeei C. G. Lloyd as an example, we authorities for Latin binomials. For clarity, when retrieved nothing when the genus name we quote from his writings, authorities are added “Xylaria” and species name “maumeei” were in brackets. The compilation of Stevenson and used as the key words for the query page cited Cash (1936) on new fungal names published by above. We learned from Stevenson and Cash Lloyd is an essential reference, upon which our (1936) that the collector was W. R. Lowater and annotated list is primarily based. the original accession number was 12541. Then, “Xylaria” and “Lowater” were used as the key Taxonomy words for query instead, with the format set as “Label: all data”. The query result displayed 22 Xylaria albomaculata C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. records, and we found the original accession Writings 5: 725, Figs. 1081 & 1082. 1917. Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31 3

Material examined. CHILE. Peninsula of Taitao, type. We did not examine this specimen, which Espinosa, M. R. 36 (BPI 713538 ex Lloyd herb. was redetermined as X. multiplex by J. H. Miller. 10472, SYNTYPE); Santiago, Espinosa, M. R. Nonetheless, Lloyd (1924b) clearly indicated that (BPI 713537 ex Lloyd herb. 12668, SYNTYPE). the type was collected by Reinking from Xylaria albomaculata is possibly a synonym of Honduras rather than Serrano from the X. cristata Speg., a species with an affinity to X. Philippines. hypoxylon (L.: Fr.) Grev. but known from southern temperate regions thus far. Lloyd filed a Xylaria beccarii C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings note with BPI 713537: “I doubt if it is really 7: 1247, Fig. 2665. 1924. Figs. 1, 2 distinct from Xylaria scopiformis [Kunze].” The Material examined. MALAYSIA. Sarawak, on invalidly published name X. scopiformis as bark, Beccari, O., as X. corniformis by Cesati, V. interpreted by Lloyd (1917a) is the same as X. (BPI 713665 ex Lloyd herb. 10078, HOLOTYPE; caespitulosa Ces., which is the same as X. K ex Cooke herb., ISOTYPE). multiplex (Kunze: Fr.) Fr. sensu Dennis (1956). Xylaria beccarii is a distinct species probably allied with X. cubensis (Mont.) Fr. Lloyd Xylaria assamensis C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. indicated in pencil on the label that this specimen Writings 7: 1249, Fig. 2677. 1924. was originally labeled as X. corniformis (Fr.: Fr.) Material examined. INDIA. Assam, Goalpara, Fr. at the Cesati herbarium. The material at the Chisang Reserve, 5 Jun 1915, comm. Hole, R. S., Lloyd herbarium is scanty, consisting of two as Xylaria dealbata (K, HOLOTYPE). stromata: one is intact and the other has only the There are no specimens labeled as X. assamensis lower part left. The stromata are dark brown with in BPI. The holotype housed in K is immature. a rusty tinge, cylindrical, subsessile, rounded at Wakefield annotated on a paper slip dated April top, 1 cm long × 2 mm diam, on a pannose base 13, 1933 that “Lloyd gives spores as 20 × 8–10 µ. overlain with a dark tomentum. The stromatal I do not find any.” Xylaria assamensis is likely a surface is reticulately to irregularly cracked. synonym of X. fockei (Miquel) M. C. Cooke, of Ascospores are medium brown, ellipsoid- which X. dealbata Berk. & M. A. Curtis is also a inequilateral, 7–8 × 3–4 µm, with an synonym. inconspicuous germ slit much less than spore- length on the flattened side. The figure presented Xylaria bambooensis C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. in Lloyd (1924a), which may have been taken Writings 7: 1285, Fig. 2899. 1924. from the material at the Cesati herbarium in RO, Material examined. HONDURAS. Tela, on clearly shows several caespitose stromata decaying palm, 9 Feb 1923, Reinking, O. A. (BPI growing on bark. A duplicate of this collection 713664 ex Lloyd herb. 10514, SYNTYPE); same was also located in K. locality, 4 Aug 1923, Reinking, O. A. (BPI 713663 Lloyd (1924a) noted that X. beccarii “has no ex Lloyd herb. 12778, SYNTYPE). connection with Xylaria beccariana [Pass.] from Xylaria bambooensis is a synonym of X. Africa the type of which is unknown to me. dichotoma (Mont.) Fr. The two syntypes were Xylaria beccarii is close, perhaps too close, to redetermined as X. dichotoma by J. H. Miller. Xylaria botuliformis [Rehm].” Both X. beccarii Lloyd (1924b) somehow recorded the ascospore and X. botuliformis [PHILIPPINES. Mt. size as 20 × 6 µm, much larger than that found in Makiling, near Los Baños, on rotten log, 22 Sep the specimens, which is 10–12 × 3–4 m. 1912, Baker, C. F. 61 (S-F5652 ex Rehm herb., Stevenson and Cash (1936) considered a HOLOTYPE)] have miniature stromata, but the Philippine specimen [PHILIPPINES. Bataan latter species differs in having a stromatal surface Prov., Lamao, Jun 1921, Serrano, F. B., Bur. Sci. roughened by pronounced perithecial mounds, 39845 (BPI 714187 ex Lloyd herb. 10447)] as the smaller ascospores 5.5–7 × 3–3.5 µm, and 4 Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31 conspicuous ascospore germ slits in spore length. Material examined. CAMEROON. Bipindihof bei Xylaria beccariana was collected by Beccari from Kribi, on log, Zenker, G. 77 (BPI 713679 ex Lloyd Ethiopia and has ascospores recorded as 4–5 × 2 herb. 10456, HOLOTYPE)]. m (Passerini, 1875). We have not seen the Xylaria bipindensis is a member of the X. Passerini material but suspect its association with corniformis group and resembles X. termite nests. Certain Xylaria species associated rhytidophloea Mont. in stromata having a similar with termite nests, e.g., X. nigripes (Klotzsch) M. stature and the outer stromatal layer cracked C. Cooke and X. escharoidea (Berk.) Fr., are reticulately to circumscribe an ostiole per mesh. characterized by ascospores less than 5 m long Xylaria brevipes Sacc. & Fairman var. africana (Rogers et al., 2005, Ju and Hsieh, 2007). Sacc. is a synonym. Xylaria bipindensis seems an African counterpart of X. rhytidophloea, which is Xylaria bifigurata C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. known mainly from South America. The Writings 7: 1202, Fig. 2477. 1923. difference between X. rhytidophloea and X. The type was collected by H. A. Lee from the bipindensis lies mainly in the former having deep Philippines. We were unable to locate the type in reticulate cracks, which are also found in another BPI, neither were Stevenson and Cash (1936). American specimen, the type of X. obtusissima Fig. 2477 in Lloyd (1923b) suggests a Xylaria (Berk.) Sacc. var. polymorphoides Rehm species, possibly X. cirrata Pat., growing from [BRAZIL. Santa Catharina, Blumenau, May 1888, termite nests. Lloyd (1923b) noted the specimen Ule 793 (S-F5635 ex Rehm herb., HOLOTYPE; being immature and added: “The cylindrical HBG, ISOTYPE)]. Nonetheless, only a few clubs suggest Xylaria nigripes but the species collections have been collected for X. bipindensis differs in the brown crust, and the antler-shaped and X. rhytidophloea, the distinction between clubs which Xylaria nigripes never assumes.” which may be blurred when additional collections become available. Xylaria biformis C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings There are six Asian specimens determined by 5: Pyr. 31. 1919 (nom. nud.); 6: 1031, Fig. 1864. Lloyd as X. bipindensis. The five Philippine 1921. specimens [Luzon, Province of Tayabas, Mt. Material examined. BRAZIL. Torrend, C., as X. Cadig, Dec 1916, Yates, H. S. 25793 (BPI 584215, biformis (BPI 713671 ex Lloyd herb. 12531). BPI 713681 ex Lloyd herb. 12777); Reinking O. A. PHILIPPINES. Luzon, Apayao Subprov., May 199 (BPI 713680 ex Lloyd herb. 141); Calawan 1917, Fenix, E., comm. Merrill, E. D., Bur. Sci. Lajuna, 3 Feb 1921, Bernardo, F. 11207 (BPI 28291 (BPI 713672 ex Lloyd herb. 12549, 713682 ex Lloyd herb. 10415); Merrill, E. D. 1205 HOLOTYPE); Luzon, Feb 1911, Ramos, M., Bur. (BPI 713683 ex Lloyd herb. 10385)] are X. Sci. 13461, as X. biformis (BPI 713670 ex Lloyd plebeja Ces. The Malaysian specimen [Malay herb. 10484). Peninsula, State of Johor, 17 Nov 1922, Holttum, The holotype of X. biformis is X. anisopleura R. E. 9345 (BPI 713684 ex Lloyd herb. 12358)] is (Mont.) Fr., as is BPI 713670, which is also from immature. the Philippines. BPI 713671 from Brazil is X. scruposa (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. There are more Lloyd’s Xylaria bogoriensis C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. specimens labeled as X. biformis registered in the Writings 7: 1309, Figs. 2950 & 2951. 1924. BPI online database. Material examined. INDONESIA. Java, on fallen leaves of Palaquium sp., Feb 1921, van Overeem, C. 37a, as X. oocephala (BPI 713657 ex Lloyd Xylaria bipindensis C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. herb. 10316: HOLOTYPE). Writings 5: Xyl. 29, Fig. 1350. 1918; Pyr. 31. 1919. The type specimen is immature, being Figs. 3, 4 redetermined as X. aristata Mont. by J. H. Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31 5

Miller. Lloyd (1924c) recorded the ascospores as ascospores 5.5–7 × 2.5–3.5 µm, differing from X. 10–12 × 6–8 µm. brasiliensis in having one-half of perithecial mounds exposed and an ascospore germ slit Xylaria brasiliensis (Theiss.) C. G. Lloyd, spore-length or nearly so. The Philippine Mycol. Writings 6: 893, Fig. 1559. 1919; 7: 1175, specimen BPI 713695 is immature, but the Fig. 2338. 1923. Figs. 5, 6 country is beyond the geographical distribution ≡ Xylaria arenicola Welw. & Curr. var. of X. brasiliensis, a species known only from the brasiliensis Theiss., Ann. Mycol. 6: 343. 1908. Neotropics. ≡ Xylaria scotica Cooke var. brasiliensis (Theiss.) Theiss., Xylariaceae Austrobrasilienses Xylaria brevicephala C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. 1: 5. 1909. Writings 7: 1284, Fig. 2889. 1924. Material examined. BRAZIL. ad nidos Material examined. PHILIPPINES. Manila, Dec termitidum, Theissen, F. 28 (S-F5641 1922, Sanchez 47 (BPI 713700 ex Lloyd herb. LECTOTYPE). 10326, HOLOTYPE). Xylaria brasiliensis is a distinct Xylaria species The holotype is immature. associated with termite nests (Rogers et al., 2005). The lectotype is housed in S, which has Xylaria cavernosa C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. ascospores 7–8.5 × 3.5–4 m, with a germ slit Writings 5: 728, Fig. 1092. 1917. less than to slightly less than spore-length. Five Material examined. INDONESIA. Java, Lawang, specimens were determined by Lloyd as X. Mousset, J. P. 34 (BPI 714609 ex Lloyd herb. brasiliensis in BPI: three were collected from 10089, HOLOTYPE). Brazil [Rick, J. 414 (BPI 713693 ex Lloyd herb. There is only one stroma in the holotype packet, 12210); Rick, J. (BPI 713698 ex Lloyd herb. which is immature and has a hollow interior. 10135); Rick, J. 064 (BPI 713699 ex Lloyd herb. 12207)]; one from the Philippines [Basilan, Jun Xylaria chordaeformis C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. 1921, Reyes, G. M. Bur. Sci. 40049 (BPI 713695 Writings 5: Xyl. 18, Fig. 1327 & 1328. 1918. ex Lloyd herb. 12226)]; and one from the USA Figs. 7–9 [New York, Long Island, Greenport, on ground, Material examined. BRAZIL. Bahia, Torrend, C. 30 Aug 1921, Latham, R. (BPI 713694 ex Lloyd 801 (BPI 713718 ex Lloyd herb. 10382, herb. 10167)]. None of these fit X. brasiliensis. HOLOTYPE); Bahia, Torrend, C. 389 (BPI 713717 BPI 713693 and BPI 713699 resemble X. ex Lloyd herb. 10030). brasiliensis in stromatal features but differ in Xylaria chordaeformis is a distinct Xylaria having significantly smaller ascospores 4.5–5.5 × species characterized with fully exposed 2.5–3 m; they represent an undescribed taxon. perithecia. The holotype packet contains two The note on X. brasiliensis published in Lloyd stromata, only one of which bears perithecia. The (1919b) is based on BPI 713699. Lloyd (1923a) stroma is blackish, 5.7 cm long × 2 mm diam at made another note for X. brasiliensis based on a the broadest portion and has a wiry axis ca. 1 mm New York specimen BPI 713694, which however diam topped with a sterile apex. Clumps of fully is X. guepinii (Fr.: Fr.) Ces., a rare species exposed perithecia are distributed at the upper previously known from Europe only and reported portion of the axis. Ascospores are light brown to to grow on manured ground in some cases brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral, 21.5–24.5 × 5.5– (Læssøe, 1993). Xylaria guepinii differs from X. 7(–7.5) µm, with an oblique to slightly sigmoid, brasiliensis in having stromata overlain with a spore-length germ slit on the dorsal side. Some pruinose, whitish to light ochraceous outer layer ascospores bear a tiny cellular appendage on one and slightly shorter ascospores 6–7.5 × 3–4 µm. end. The ascospore size range measured by Lloyd BPI 713698, another undescribed taxon, has (1918c) was larger, 24–28 × 8 m. BPI 713717 is 6 Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31 authentic material, containing mainly three gracilis [(Klotzsch ex Berk.) Sacc. non Grev.] and incomplete stromata and some fragments. Two of Xylaria concursa are different stages of the same the stromata are fertile, showing striped species.” The holotype of Xylaria gracilis [Andes remnants of the outer layer on several perithecia. Mountains, Humboldt (K[M] 160830 ex Berk. herb. ex Hooker herb.)] may be immature Xylaria clavus C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 5: material of X. caespitulosa Ces. 688, Fig. 1027. 1917. Figs. 10, 11 Material examined. INDONESIA. Java, Lawang, Xylaria cookei C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 5: Oct 1911, Mousset, J. P. (BPI 713719 ex Lloyd Xyl. 25, Fig. 1342. 1918. herb. 10011, HOLOTYPE). Material examined. BRAZIL. on wood, Rick, J. Enclosed in the holotype packet are 11 turbinate 118 (BPI 713592 ex Lloyd herb. 10346, stromata, which have perithecia distributed on HOLOTYPE). the top. Xylaria clavus is either a distinct taxon Xylaria cookei is a synonym of X. zealandica M. of the X. polymorpha (Pers.: Fr.) Grev. group or C. Cooke. Stevenson and Cash (1936) considered merely a variant of X. anisopleura with this “apparently a doubtful species,” since Lloyd consistently nail-shaped stromata. Ascospores (1918c) noted: “As a matter of fact, however, we are typical for the X. polymorpha. complex in believe it is best classed as a form of Xylaria being brown to dark brown, navicular, 23–26.5 × apiculata [Cooke].” The ascospore size range 7.5–8.5 m, with an oblique, much less than from the type of X. cookei is 20–27 × 7–8 m, spore-length germ slit on the ventral side. matching well that of X. zealandica (Rogers and Samuels, 1986). Xylaria apiculata is much like Xylaria composita C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. X. zealandica, differing primarily in having Writings 6: 1055, Figs. 1965 & 1966. 1921. shorter ascospores (see X. correcta herein). Material examined. CAMEROON. Zenker, G. (BPI 715728 ex Lloyd herb. 12485, HOLOTYPE). Xylaria cornudorcas C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Xylaria composita is a synonym of X. poitei Writings 7: 1206, Fig. 2498. 1923. (Lév.) Fr. The holotype was redetermined as such Material examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC by J. H. Miller. Lloyd (1921) noticed its OF CONGO. Ipamu, 2 Oct 1920, Vanderyst, H. connection with X. poitei but noted that “We 021 (BPI 713511 ex Lloyd herb. 10438, apply a new name to this though we suspect it is HOLOTYPE); same locality, Sep 1921, Vanderyst, Xylaria poitei, Xylaria regalis [M. C. Cooke], H. 10412 (BPI 713508 ex Lloyd herb. 10380). etc.” The two specimens labeled as X. cornudorcas at the Lloyd herbarium are immature. They Xylaria concursa C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings probably belong to X. adscendens (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. 5: 678, Fig. 1009. 1917. and were redetermined as such by J. H. Miller. Material examined. CHILE. Santiago, Espinosa, M. R. 9 (BPI 713973 ex Lloyd herb. 10489, Xylaria correcta C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings HOLOTYPE). 7: 1250, Fig. 2691. 1924. Xylaria concursa is a synonym of X. cristata Material examined. NEW ZEALAND. Weraroa, Speg., a species in the X. hypoxylon group. The Sep 1919, Cunningham, G. H. 9 (BPI 714593 ex type of X. concursa was redetermined as X. Lloyd herb. 10280, HOLOTYPE). hypoxylon by J. H. Miller, from which it differs in Xylaria correcta is considered a synonym of X. having larger ascospores (12.5–)13.5–16 × 5–6.5 apiculata. BPI 714593 had been referred to as X. m. The ascospore germ slit is straight to slightly cupressiformis (Woodward) Becc. by Lloyd oblique, slightly less than spore-length. Lloyd (1920a) before it was named X. correcta. This (1917a) noted that “It is possible that Xylaria specimen was redetermined as X. apiculata by J. Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31 7

H. Miller. The ascospore size range from the type stromata overlain with a reticulately cracked of X. correcta is 17.5–22.5 × 5.5–7.5 m, largely outer layer and a straight ascospore germ slit, agreeing with that of the type of X. apiculata, whereas X. scruposa normally has cylindrical which is 16.5–20 × 6.5–7.5 m [NEW ZEALAND. stromata overlain with a narrowly striped outer Maungaroa, Jul 1874, Berggren, S. 214 (K[M] layer and an oblique ascospore germ slit. 130075 ex Cooke herb., HOLOTYPE; S-F51984, ISOTYPE of X. apiculata)], but with the upper Xylaria cuspidata C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. length range overlapping with the lower length Writings 7: 1310, Fig. 2962 & 2963. 1924. range of X. zealandica (see X. cookei herein). Figs. 14, 15 Xylaria apiculata and X. zealandica, both Material examined. USA. Iowa, Coralville, 7 Apr originally described from New Zealand and likely 1924, Gilmore, K. 200, comm. Martin, G. W., proven to be variants of a species eventually, can sent as X. hypoxylon (BPI 714029 ex Lloyd herb. only be separated by their ascospore size ranges, 10049, LECTOTYPE [designated here with the which do not appear clear-cut in a case like the stroma topped with a cuspidate apex]). type of X. correcta, where the ascospore length Xylaria cuspidata is probably a distinct species spans across those of the two species. of the X. hypoxylon group. Although X. cuspidata has the ascospore size 11–12(–12.5) × Xylaria cuneata C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 4.5–5.5 m, within the size range of X. 7: 1180, Fig. 2375. 1923. Figs. 12, 13 hypoxylon, its conical ostioles are rather unusual Material examined. BRAZIL. Rick, J. 053 (BPI for the latter. Two stromata with a long sterile 715686 ex Lloyd herb. 10091, HOLOTYPE). apex were presented in Fig. 2962 by Lloyd This fungus represents a large-spored member of (1924c). The holotype packet now contains only the X. corniformis group. Xylaria cuneata is one of the two photographed stromata, which is likely an earlier name of X. montagnei Hamme & 5.2 cm in total length × 2 mm diam, with a stipe Guerrero [≡ Xylaria corniformis (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. 3.8 cm long × 1.3 mm diam. Stromatal surface is var. macrospora Bres.]. Although the holotype of blackish, glabrous, slightly protuberant on the X. montagnei [BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul, São fertile part, which is overlain with a narrowly Leopoldo, on wood, 1906, Theissen, F. 25 (S- striped outer layer. This cuspidate stroma is here F130877 ex Bresadola herb.)] has shorter designated as the lectotype of X. cuspidata. Also ascospores than those of X. cuneata, i.e., 13.5–16 mixed in the holotype packet are two incomplete × 4.5–6 m vs. 16–20 × 5–6 m, the discreteness stromata of another species of the X. hypoxylon of the two length ranges disappear with more group. These two stromata have a conspicuously collections studied. This was also reflected in protuberant surface, slightly papillate ostioles, Hamme and Guerrero (1997), where the and ascospores 14–16 × 5–5.5 m, significantly ascospore size range of X. montagnei was longer than those of X. cuspidata and similar to recorded as 13–22 × 5–6.6 m. The holotype of those of X. cristata, a species known from X. cuneata was redetermined as X. scruposa by temperate South America. J. H. Miller, consisting of three elements: a Lloyd (1924c) noted: “This one was sent as mature stroma, an immature stroma, and a long Xylaria hypoxylon to which it may be best stipe lacking the fertile part. Ascospores are referred perhaps.” The specimen was brown to dark brown, navicular, with a straight, redetermined by J. H. Miller as “X. hypoxylon much less than spore-length germ slit on the var. americana J. H. Miller,” an unpublished ventral side. Despite that X. cuneata and X. name. scruposa are similar in the ascospore size ranges, they differ in several respects. Xylaria cuneata in Xylaria deceptiva C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. general has massive, polymorphic, flattened Writings 7: 1250, Fig. 2695. 1924 (as deceptivus). 8 Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31

Material examined. MALAYSIA. on ground, 16 as X. luteostromata C. G. Lloyd. It is unclear to Nov 1922, Holttum, R. E. (BPI 714269 ex Lloyd us if the stromatal interior color at current stage herb. 10076, HOLOTYPE). is natural or due to long-term storage. Unlike X. The specimen is immature. It was redetermined luteostromata where the luteous stromatal tissue as X. nigripes by J. H. Miller. is distributed at the perithecial layer only, X. divisa has a homogeneous stromatal interior. Xylaria discoidea C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings Xylaria luteostromata also differs in having the 5: Xyl. 13, Figs. 1226–1229. 1918. outer stromatal layer cracked in irregular Material examined. BRAZIL. Rick, J. 100 (BPI reticulations instead of having reticulated 12642 ex Lloyd herb. 12642, HOLOTYPE). furrows on the surface. Xylaria discoidea is a synonym of X. guaranitica (Speg.) R. W. G. Dennis, as annotated by R. W. G. Xylaria exacuta C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings Dennis [as Kretzschmaria guaranitica Speg.] 7: 1144, Fig. 2186. 1922. and by T. Læssøe. This fungus may eventually be Material examined. BRAZIL. Rick, J. 077 (BPI proven a species of Podosordaria Ellis & Holw. 713498 ex Lloyd herb. 10391, HOLOTYPE). or Poronia Willd. Lloyd (1918b) did not specify Xylaria exacuta is a synonym of X. adscendens, the substrate. The long rooting base covered with to which the holotype was referred by J. H. dirt suggests that the stromata emerge from soil, Miller. Lloyd’s note filed with the specimen spells likely growing on branches buried underground. the species epithet as “exaentus.” The type material of X. guaranitica [PARAGUAY. Guarapi, 1881, Balansa, B. 3356 (LPS 6677, Xylaria faveolis C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings HOLOTYPE of Kretzschmaria guaranitica)] 5: Xyl. 9, Figs. 1214–1216. 1918; Xyl. 31, Figs. grows “ad ramos dejectos putrescentes.” 1354 & 1355. 1918. Material examined. BRAZIL. Rick, J. 114, sent as Xylaria divisa C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 6: X. plebeja (BPI 714706 ex Lloyd herb. 12424 1054, Fig. 1962. 1921. Figs. 16, 17 (HOLOTYPE). Material examined. PHILIPPINES. Luzon, Mt. Xylaria faveolis is a synonym of X. curta Fr. Makiling, 28 Sep 1920, on Ficus sp., Fello, A., Lloyd’s annotation slip indicates that, before comm. Reinking, O. A. 9630 (BPI 714807 ex naming the fungus X. faveolis, he had considered Lloyd herb. 10009, HOLOTYPE; BPI 584564 ex it X. trivialis Speg. The material is not fully Reinking herb., ISOTYPE). mature, containing a few maturing ascospores A distinct Xylaria species of the X. corniformis only. group. The single stroma, which was well illustrated in Fig. 1962 in Lloyd (1921), is now Xylaria fimbriata C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. broken into pieces and separated in two boxes, Writings 5: 726, Figs. 1083–1085. 1917; 7: 1254. BPI 584564 and 714807. The stroma when intact 1924. Figs. 18, 19 had a massive, tomentose base 1.6 cm diam, on Material examined. PUERTO RICO. Rio Piedras, which three main branches were born. Each main on humus, Jun 1917, Stevenson, J. A. 6564 (BPI branch was further divided into several 713903 ex Lloyd herb. 10477, HOLOTYPE; BPI cylindrical clavae of 0.4–1.6 cm diam. Stromatal 584223 ex Stevenson herb., ISOTYPE); same surface is reticulately furrowed to circumscribe collecting data (BPI 713901 ex Lloyd herb. 55202; individual ostioles. Ascospores are brown to dark BPI 713902 ex Lloyd herb. 10483). brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral, (9–)10–11(–11.5) Xylaria fimbriata is a distinct Xylaria species, × 4–5 m, with a nearly spore-length germ slit on probably associated with termite nests. the ventral side. The tan-colored stromatal Stevenson 6564 was redetermined as X. interior of BPI 714807 led J. H. Miller to relabel it brasiliensis by J. H. Miller. Xylaria brasiliensis Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31 9 differs in having the ascospore enclosed within a Xylaria fusca is a synonym of X. flabelliformis hyaline sheath and and having a shorter (Schwein.: Fr.) Berk. & M. A. Curtis. The holotype ascospore germ slit. Lloyd (1917b) described and was annotated as X. cubensis (Mont.) Fr. by J. H. illustrated the teleomorphic and anamorphic Miller who, like his contemporaries, interpreted stromata. Later Lloyd (1924a) regretted to the species in a broad sense, where at least two describe X. fimbriata and wrote that “It is species, X. cubensis and X. flabelliformis, were conidial and should not have been named.” The included. These two species differ mainly in type material and two other specimens, BPI ascospore morphologies: X. cubensis has short- 713901 and 713902, of X. fimbriata from the fusoid ascospores with a conspicuous, spore- Lloyd herbarium are from the same source as length germ slit, whereas X. flabelliformis has indicated by Stevenson and Cash (1936). While ellipsoid-inequilateral ascospores with an the type material contains teleomorphic inconspicuous, much less than spore-length germ stromata, the other two specimens are immature. slit. While X. cubensis is largely confined to the Ju and Hsieh (2007) cited BPI 584223 as the tropics and subtropics, X. flabelliformis is holotype; this material is from the Stevenson distributed worldwide. Specimens previously herbarium and should be considered as an identified as X. laevis are X. cubensis in most isotype instead. cases.

Xylaria flexa C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 7: Xylaria grammica (Mont.) Fr. var. albida C. 1180,. Fig. 2372. 1923. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 6: 896. 1919. Material examined. PHILIPPINES. Basilan, Jun Material examined. BRAZIL. Rick, J. 021 (BPI 1921, Reyes, G. M. 051, comm. Lee, H. A. (BPI 714736 ex Lloyd herb. 11844, HOLOTYPE). 713929 ex Lloyd herb. 10266, HOLOTYPE). The holotype could be an immature specimen of The material is immature. Xylaria flexa is a X. telfairii (Berk.) Sacc. doubtful species even for Lloyd (1923a) who stated: “We find no spores and would not name Xylaria humosa C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings it, but the general characteristics are so different 7: 1179, Fig. 2364. 1923. Figs. 20, 21 from any species we know.” Material examined. INDONESIA. Java, Madioen, 10 Feb 1922, Tengwall, T. A. 6 (BPI Xylaria froggattii C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. 713969 ex Lloyd herb. 10001, HOLOTYPE). Writings 7: 1252, Fig. 2707. 1924. Xylaria humosa is a distinct Xylaria species of Material examined. AUSTRALIA. Sydney, the X. corniformis group. Numerous stromata Froggatt, W. W. 13714 (BPI 714617 ex Lloyd are enclosed in the holotype packet. This fungus herb. 10269, HOLOTYPE). has a gross morphology as in X. corniformis Xylaria froggattii is a synonym of Entonaema (Læssøe, 1987; Ju et al., 2009) but is quite cinnabarina (M. C. Cooke & Massee) C. G. Lloyd. different from the latter in ascospores, which are Interestingly, Lloyd (1919b) had determined the fusoid, 11–12 × 3.5–4.5 m, with a sigmoid, holotype of X. froggattii as X. cinnabarina M. C. spore-length germ slit. There is also a branched Cooke & Massee before considering it a new stroma of X. feejeensis (Berk.) Fr. mixed in the species. type packet, which is separate in a glassine envelope. Xylaria fusca C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 5: 770, Figs. 1155 & 1156. 1918. Xylaria hypoxyloides C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Material examined. JAPAN. Kobe, Lewis, J. E. A. Writings 7: 1252, Fig. 2709. 1924. (BPI 713821 ex Lloyd herb. 12029, HOLOTYPE). Material examined. MALAYSIA. Johor, Jalan Mersung, Kluang, 16 Nov 1922, Holttum, R. E. 10 Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31

9322 (BPI 714760 ex Lloyd herb. 10375, X. leprosoides but only labeled the name on the HOLOTYPE). envelope of a specimen preserved at the Rehm We consider X. hypoxyloides a synonym of X. herbarium of S. Lloyd (1924c) mentioned that he oligotoma Sacc., as did Dennis (1974). Most of saw a specimen of X. leprosoides in the Saccardo the stromata included in the holotype packet are herbarium. He considered the name a synonym immature. of X. corniformis but changed his mind after receiving from J. Rick a Brazilian specimen, to Xylaria kedahae C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings which he applied the name X. leprosoides. Rick 6: 910, Fig. 1614. 1920. Figs. 22, 23 (1934) credited Rehm as the naming author of X. Material examined. SINGAPORE. Straits leprosoides but referred to Lloyd (1924c) for Settlements, Kedah Peak, on ground, 3 Aug 1919, publishing the name. No specimens in the Lloyd Chipp, T. F. 4982 (BPI 714138 ex Lloyd herb. herbarium are labeled as X. leprosoides. A Rick 10323, HOLOTYPE). specimen in BPI [BRAZIL. São Leopoldo, 1930, Xylaria kedahae is a distinct Xylaria species, Rick, J. (BPI 584980)] determined by him as X. close to X. nigripes (Ju and Hsieh, 2007). leprosoides is X. curta.

Xylaria laevis C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 5: Xylaria luteostromata C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Xyl. 8. 1918; Pyr. 31. 1919. Writings 5: Pyr. 31. 1919 (as X. luteostroma, nom. Material examined. SOLOMON ISLANDS: nud.); 6: 896–897, Fig. 1572. 1919; 6: 993, Fig. Russel Island, Cheel, E. 115 (BPI 713810 ex Lloyd 1779. 1920. Figs. 24–27 herb. 12465, HOLOTYPE). Material examined. PHILIPPINES. Palo, Leyte, Xylaria laevis is a synonym of X. cubensis. Jan 1906, Elmer, A. D. E. 7217, comm. Merrill, E. Ascospores from the type of X. laevis are 8–9.5 × D., as Xylaria corniformis (BPI 714808 ex Lloyd 4–4.5 m, slightly longer than those from the herb. 12962, HOLOTYPE; BPI 585654, HBG, PC, types of X. cubensis, which are 7–8 × 4–4.5 m ISOTYPES). and 7–8.5 × 4–4.5 m from Leprieur 403 (PC Xylaria luteostromata is a distinct Xylaria 0086070, LECTOTYPE) and Leprieur 404 (PC species of the X. corniformis group. BPI 714808 0086069, SYNTYPE), respectively. Also see X. contains a globose stroma, which is a part of fusca herein. Elmer 7217 and was presented in Fig. 1572 in Lloyd (1919b); it is thus considered to be the Xylaria lancea C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 5: holotype. Duplicates of Elmer 7217 are Xyl. 27, Fig. 1346. 1918. distributed among BPI and other herbaria, Material examined. BRAZIL. Rick, J. 064 (BPI showing stromata shaped variably from globose 714141 ex Lloyd herb. 11824, HOLOTYPE). to clavate, as noted in Lloyd (1920b). Xylaria Xylaria lancea is a synonym of X. theissenii C. G. luteostromata is peculiar in having luteous Lloyd, as annotated by J. H. Miller and by T. stromatal tissue distributed at periphery of Læssøe. stromata, where perithecia are embedded. See also X. divisa herein for a comparison. Xylaria leprosoides Rehm ex C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 7: 1310, Fig. 2965. 1924. Xylaria luxurians (Rehm) C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Material examined. BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul, Writings 5: Xyl. 29, Figs. 1348 & 1349. 1918. Jul 1906, Rick, J. 103 (S-F5861 ex herb. Rehm, Figs. 28–30 HOLOTYPE). ≡ Xylaria carpophila (Pers.) Fr. var. luxurians Xylaria leprosoides is a synonym of X. curta Fr. Rehm, Hedwigia 40: 147, Fig. 25, 1901. This name is not listed in Stevenson and Cash Material examined. BRAZIL. Santa Catharina, (1936). As far as we know, Rehm never published Blumenau, on twigs, Jul 1888, Ule, E. 786 (S- Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31 11

F62514 ex Rehm herb., HOLOTYPE; K (2 pks.), with a spore-length germ slit. Ascospores of X. HBG, ISOTYPES). corniformis var. obovata [USA. New York, Xylaria luxurians is a distinct Xylaria species. Potsdam, 6 Dec 1892, Ellis, J.B. 2796 (NY, The holotype was previously labeled as X. ISOTYPE)] are blackish brown, 8–10.5 × 4.5– tenuissima (Zipp. ex Lév.) Fr. by Rehm, but the 5.5(–6) m. The holotype of X. maumeei was isotype at HBG was as X. carpophila (Pers.: Fr.) redetermined as X. longipes Nitschke by J. H. Fr. The holotype in S contains only one stroma, Miller. Lloyd (1924c) also reported another which is trichotomously branched at the long collection of X. maumeei [USA. Vermont, Bethel, stipe. Each branch bears one to three cylindrical on trunk of Acer saccharinum, Oct. 1914, clavae topped with a sterile apex. The clavae have Spaulding, P. 2645, comm. with Hedgcock, G. G. conspicuous to fully exposed perithecial contours. (BPI 714616 ex Lloyd herb. 10485)], which is X. Ascospores are light brown, ellipsoid- corniformis (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. in strict sense (Ju et al., inequilateral, 20–24.5 × (6–)6.5–7.5(–8) m, 2009). This collection was redetermined as X. with a straight to slightly oblique germ slit spore- bulbosa (Pers.: Fr.) Berk. & Broome by J. H. length or slightly less than spore-length on the Miller. ventral side, bearing a tiny cellular appendage on one end of some ascospores. Two isotypes are Xylaria morganii C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings located from K, and one is from HBG; each 7: 1249, Fig. 2679. 1924. Figs. 33, 34 isotype has several stromata much as that in the Material examined. USA. Morgan, A. P. 24, as X. holotype. conocephala by M. C. Cooke (K[M]169674 ex There is no material of Ule 786 found in the Cooke herb., HOLOTYPE); Morgan, A. P. 1137, as Lloyd herbarium but several Brazilian specimens X. conocephala by M. C. Cooke, as X. morganii labeled as X. luxurians collected by J. Rick. by C. G. Lloyd (BPI 714183 ex Lloyd herb. 10403). However, these are X. chordaeformis [BRAZIL. Xylaria morganii is a distinct Xylaria species. Rick, J., as X. luxurians by Lloyd, C. G. (BPI The holotype is at K, which was determined as X. 714175 ex Lloyd herb. 11859; BPI 714176 ex Lloyd conocephala Berk. & M. A. Curtis by M. C. Cooke. herb. 10462); Rick, J., as X. gracillima by Lloyd, One of its stromata was presented by Lloyd C. G., as X. luxurians by Miller, J. H. (BPI 714177 (1924a) in Fig. 2679. Stevenson and Cash (1936) ex Lloyd herb. 10439; BPI 714178 ex Lloyd herb. considered Lloyd herb. 10403 (BPI 714183) the 182; BPI 714179 ex Lloyd herb. 12636)], which type of X. morganii, which, however, does not has an oblique to slightly sigmoid germ slit on the contain X. morganii that Lloyd (1924a) reported dorsal side. but X. mali Fromme, a species similar to X. adscendens but with larger ascospores (12–)13– Xylaria maumeei C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 17.5(–19) × 4.5–6 m (Rogers, 1984). Therefore, 7: 1279, Fig. 2856. 1924; 1309, Fig. 2954. 1924. this specimen should not be considered type Figs. 31, 32 material of X. morganii. Its label indicates that it Material examined. USA. Ohio, Toledo, Lowater, was duplicated from a NY specimen, which is W. R. (BPI 714160 ex Lloyd herb. 12541, unfortunately missing in NY. Xylaria HOLOTYPE). conocephala is a synonym of X. poitei (Lév.) Fr., Xylaria maumeei is a distinct species of the X. from which X. morganii differs mainly in having corniformis group. It resembles X. corniformis a whitish outer stromatal layer cracked into var. obovata M. C. Cooke & Ellis (Ju et al., 2009) scales and longer ascospores 18.5–21 × 5.5–7 m. but has slightly longer and more light-colored Ascospores of X. poitei are 13.5–17.5 × 5–6.5 m ascospores, which are brown to dark brown, [DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Santo Domingo, ellipsoid-inequilateral, 10.5–13.5 × 4.5–5.5 m, Poiteau (PC 0096748 & 0096749, SYNTYPES)].

12 Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31

Xylaria moriformis C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Material examined. BRAZIL. Torrend, C. 765 Writings 5: Xyl. 30, Fig. 1353. 1918; 6: 1031, Fig. (BPI 718056 ex Lloyd herb. 10465, SYNTYPE); 1865. 1921. Torrend, C. (BPI 718055 ex Lloyd herb. 55201, Material examined. GHANA. Ashanti, Hunter, T. SYNTYPE). USA. Florida, Small 6129 (BPI 207 (BPI 714184 ex Lloyd herb. 10441, 718052 ex Lloyd herb. 10498, SYNTYPE). HOLOTYPE). PUERTO RICO. Las Marias, 11 Jul 1915, Stevens, The holotype of X. moriformis in general fits X. F. L., comm. Chardon, C. E. 1431 (BPI 718053 ex scruposa sensu Dennis (1956, 1958) and Rogers Lloyd herb. 12852, EPITYPE [designated here]); and Callan (1986). We did not study another Chardon, C. E. (BPI 718054 ex Lloyd herb. collection that Lloyd (1921) reported as X. 55203). moriformis [USA. New York, Ithaca, G. F. Xylaria muscula is a distinct Xylaria species Atkinson, determined by Rehm as X. inaequalis close to X. microceras (Mont.) Berk. All of the (BPI 713759 ex Lloyd herb. 10491)]; J. H. Miller syntypes are immature. BPI 718053 is here redetermined it as X. cornudamae (Schwein.) designated as the epitype. All of the stromata Berk. enclosed within these specimens are broken, light ochraceous inside, with the fertile part Xylaria muscandae C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. cylindrical, 1 mm diam, overlain with a white, Writings 6: 894, Fig. 1560. 1919. Figs. 35, 36 pruinose outer layer. Lloyd (1920b) described the Material examined. SRI LANKA. Peradeniya, stromata being 2–3 cm long, with a short, black Petch, T. 3946 (BPI 714250 ex Lloyd herb. 12845, stipe and an acute apex. Ascospores from the HOLOTYPE; K[M] 169683, ISOTYPE); same epitype are light brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral, source (BPI 714249 ex Lloyd herb. 55204). 6.5–8.5 × 3–4 m, with an inconspicuous, Xylaria muscandae is probably a distinct species straight, less than spore-length germ slit on the in the X. hypoxylon group. The ascospore size ventral side. range is 10–11 × 4.5–5 m, overlapping with those in the European collections of X. hypoxylon, which is 10.5–12.5 × 4.5–5.5 m. The Xylaria mycelioides C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. ascospore size range of X. hypoxylon in Stadler et Writings 7: 1310, Fig. 2959. 1924; as al. (2014) is (9–) 9.5–12.5(–13.5) × (4–)4.5– “myceloides.” 5.5(–6) m. The ascospore germ slit in X. Material examined. USA. Maryland, Takoma muscandae is spore-length, whereas that in X. Park, on trunk of Quercus marylandica, 15 Mar hypoxylon is less than spore-length to slightly 1909, Hedgcock, G. G. 1546, as Urnula craterium less than spore-length. The holotype packet (BPI 721522 ex Lloyd herb. 32266, HOLOTYPE; contains only one stroma, which apparently BPI 571629, ISOTYPE). West Virginia, Fairmont, represents only a small portion of the original Boutlou, A. C. , as Urnula craterium (BPI 721077 collection made by Petch; the isotype at K ex Lloyd herb. 24018; BPI 721519 ex Lloyd herb. consists of seven stromata. The stromata are 32267; BPI 721612 ex Lloyd herb. 32268, blackish, long cylindrical, with an acute apex, PARATYPES). 3.3–7.7 cm long, with the fertile parts 2.4–5.2 cm Xylaria mycelioides is based on immature long × 0.1–0.2 cm diam, wrinkled on the surface. material of the discomycete Urnula craterium A light gray moldy layer overlaying the stromatal (Schwein.: Fr.) Fr. (Sarcosomataceae, Pezizales). surface led Lloyd (1919b) to consider the surface Lloyd (1924c) commented: “Both collections color being gray. [made by Hedgcock and Boutlou] are immature and have no indication of perithecia or spores, Xylaria muscula C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings not even conidial spores.” These specimens are 6: 994, Figs. 1780 & 1781. 1920. Figs. 39, 40 filed as Urnula craterium (Schwein.) Fr. Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31 13

Xylaria nodulosa is a distinct Xylaria species Xylaria myrosimila C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. with naked to nearly naked perithecia. Enclosed Writings 7: 1355, Fig. 3184. 1925. in the holotype packet are broken stromatal Material examined. USA. Florida, Robinson’s material, including two long stromatal elements Spring, Aug 1924, Rapp, S. 4 (BPI 714252 ex and several small fragments. Judged from the Lloyd herb. 10363, HOLOTYPE). photo presented in Lloyd (1920b), all of the Xylaria myrosimila is based on an entirely holotype material belongs to a single stroma, immature specimen. Curiously, Lloyd (1925) which has a long, much branched stipe and an recorded ascospores as “7 × 20 [µm], rather acute sterile apex on each terminal branch. The acute, strongly curved.” longest stromatal element is 20 cm long, indicating that the intact stroma is longer than 20 Xylaria nigrescens (Sacc.) C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. cm. The fertile parts are on the terminal Writings 5: Xyl. 8, Fig. 1213. 1918; 6: 894, Fig. branches, 0.5–2 cm long × 0.2–0.3 cm diam, 1564. 1919. Figs. 41, 42 overlain with remnants of the striped outer layer. ≡ Xylaria involuta Klotzsch ex Cooke var. Ascospores are brown to dark brown, fusoid to nigrescens Sacc., Ann. Mycol. 4: 75, Pl. 2, Fig. 6, ellipsoid, inequilateral, 30–36 × 7–9 m, with a 1906. straight, slightly less than spore-length germ slit Material examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC on the ventral side. OF CONGO. Kisantu, 1901, Gillet (PAD, HOLOTYPE). Xylaria ocellata C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings Xylaria nigrescens in the sense of the type 5: Xyl. 6, Figs. 1209 & 1210. 1918; 7: 1252. 1924. material is a distinct Xylaria species. The Material examined. CONGO. 1906, collector holotype is composed of four stromata, three of unknown, 06158 (BPI 714566 ex Lloyd herb. which are connated at base. The stromata are 10511, HOLOTYPE). blackish, cylindrical, subsessile, 4–6.5 cm long × Xylaria ocellata is a synonym of X. poitei. Lloyd 0.8–1 cm diam, inrolled due to disintegration of (1924a), after having published the name, the interior, smooth on the surface. Ascospores referred it to X. cynoglossa M. C. Cooke: “We fusoid-inequilateral, commonly pinched at ends, believe now that X. ocellata is an old condition of dark brown, 15.5–19.5 × 5–7 m, with a straight, this plant.” J. H. Miller redetermined the spore-length or slightly less than spore-length holotype as “Xylaria allantoidea (Berk.) Fr. var. germ slit on the ventral side. Xylaria nigrescens papulis (C. G. Lloyd) J. H. Miller,” an sensu Lloyd (1918b, 1919b) is X. obovata (Berk.) unpublished name. Fr., being represented by three African specimens at the Lloyd herbarium: CAMEROON. Zenker, G. Xylaria ovata C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 5: (BPI 714843 ex Lloyd herb. 12509); GHANA. Xyl. 9, Fig. 1217. 1918. Ashanti, Hunter, T. (BPI 714846 ex Lloyd herb. Material examined. INDONESIA. Java, Lawang, 10431); and ANGOLA. Gossweiler, J. (BPI Oct 1911, Mousset, J. P. 11561 (BPI 714572 ex 714837 ex Lloyd herb. 12503). Lloyd herb. 10362, HOLOTYPE). Xylaria ovata is a synonym of X. allantoidea Xylaria nodulosa C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings (Berk.) Fr. The type was redetermined as such by 6: 1007, Fig. 1853. 1920. Figs. 37, 38 J. H. Miller. Material examined. BRAZIL. Rick, J. 071 (BPI 714278 ex Lloyd herb. 10518, HOLOTYPE); Rick, Xylaria pannosa C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings J., as X. nodulosa (BPI 714279 ex Lloyd herb. 5: Xyl. 8. 1918. 56689); Rick, J., as X. nodulosa (BPI 714280 ex Material examined. BRAZIL. Rick, J. 288 (BPI Lloyd herb. 55197). 714296 ex Lloyd herb. 10470, HOLOTYPE). 14 Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31

Xylaria pannosa is a synonym of X. Material examined. PUERTO RICO. Johnston, J. flabelliformis. Also see X. fusca herein. R. 930 (BPI 714302 ex Lloyd herb. 10500, HOLOTYPE). Xylaria papulis C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings Xylaria penicilla is based on immature material. 6: 1055, Figs. 1967–1970. 1921. Figs. 43, 44 Material examined. VIETNAM. Hanoi, Xylaria petchii C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 7: Demange, V. 5052 (BPI 714575 ex Lloyd herb. 1310, Figs. 2960 & 2961. 1924. Fig. 46 12276 & BPI 714555 ex Lloyd herb. 10461, Material examined. SRI LANKA. Peradeniya, on HOLOTYPE). fallen leaves, 29 Jan 1919, Petch, T. 6126 (BPI Xylaria papulis is a distinct Xylaria species, 714305 ex Lloyd herb. 10407, HOLOTYPE; K[M] which is close to X. adscendens but has stouter 169689, ISOTYPE). stromata that are blunt on the top. Both X. Xylaria petchii is a distinct foliicolous Xylaria papulis and X. adscendens are characterized by species. The holotype is fairly scanty, containing the ostiole surrounded by a sunken disc. The one stroma only, which is capitate, glabrous, holotype is kept in two boxes, which were polished on the surface, 1.2 cm long, with the relabeled by J. H. Miller as “Xylaria allantoidea fertile part 2 mm long × 1.5 mm diam, showing (Berk.) Fr. var. papulis (C. G. Lloyd) J. H. Miller,” conspicuous perithecial contours, and the stipe 1 an unpublished name. The two boxes each cm long × 0.3 mm diam. Perithecia are grouped contain several large, cylindrical, blackish into a cluster, with several scattered below the stromata 5.8–10.2 cm long × 0.8–1.7 cm diam. cluster. Ascospores are brown to dark brown, Ascospores are brown to dark brown, ellipsoid- ellipsoid-inequilateral, 8–9.5 × 4–4.5 m, with a inequilateral, 11.5–14.5 × 4–5 m, with a straight straight, spore-length germ slit on the ventral germ slit nearly spore-length. Lloyd (1921) clearly side, surrounded within a hyaline sheath which is indicated the cited Demange collection in the detached at both ends to form noncellular protologue, but somehow Stevenson and Cash appendages. The isotype at K, however, has seven (1936) did not consider this collection to be the stromata; they are in general like the one in the type: “The species is based on a museum holotype but mostly have an apiculate apex. specimen determined as Xylaria guyanensis [(Mont.) Fr.] probably at Kew.” Xylaria praefecta C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 7: 1248, Fig. 2382. 1924. Figs. 47, 48 Xylaria partita C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 5: Material examined. PHILIPPINES. Mt. Makiling, 675, Fig. 1002. 1917. Fig. 45 Sep 1920, Reinking, O. A. 9571 (BPI 713723 ex Material examined. PUERTO RICO. Rio Piedras, Lloyd herb. 10077, HOLOTYPE). 12 Dec 1915, Stevenson, J. A. 3483 (BPI 714297 Xylaria praefecta is a distinct species of the X. ex Lloyd herb. 10458, HOLOTYPE). comosa (Mont.) Fr. group. The holotype was Xylaria partita is a distinct species of the X. previously considered as X. eucephala Sacc. & arbuscula Sacc. group. Stromata are much like X. Paoletti by Lloyd (1923a) and was redetermined arbuscula in having a striped outer layer and an as X. comosa by J. H. Miller. Xylaria eucephala apiculate apex. Xylaria partita differs from X. was considered a synonym of X. comosa by arbuscula mainly in having smaller ascospores Læssøe (1999). Xylaria praefecta resembles X. 10–12 × 4.5–5.5 m, with a straight germ slit comosa in gross morphology but differs from it in spore-length or nearly so. The holotype was having larger ascospores fusoid-inequilateral, redetermined as X. multiplex by J. H. Miller. 36–41 × (7–)7.5–9(–9.5) m, with an oblique germ slit much less than spore-length on the Xylaria penicilla C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings convex side. The holotype packet contains one 6: 995, Fig. 1790. 1920. stroma only, which is 6.5 cm long, with the Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31 15 cylindrical fertile part 1.1 cm long × 0.5 cm diam, Xylaria ramosa appears in Lloyd (1920b) terminating in a mucronate apex, on a villose without a description/diagnosis. Stevenson and stipe 5.2 cm long × 0.2 cm diam. Cash (1936) published the diagnosis on the annotation slip that Lloyd enclosed in the packet. Xylaria pusilla (Tul. & C. Tul.) C. G. Lloyd, If this constitutes the name being published Mycol. Writings 7: 1282, Figs. 2879 & 2880. effectively, it is still invalidly published because it 1924. lacks a Latin description/diagnosis. Xylaria ≡ Xylaria pedunculata (Dicks.: Fr.) Fr. var. ramosa probably represents a fasciculate form of pusilla Tul. & C. Tul., Selecta Fung. Carp. II, p. X. corniformis (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. 18. 1863. ≡ Xylaria tulasnei Nitschke, Pyrenomycetes Xylaria ramus C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 7: Germanici, p. 8. 1867. 1283, Fig. 2883. 1924. ≡ *Podosordaria tulasnei (Nitschke) R. W. G. Material examined. USA. Ohio, Toledo, Lowater, Dennis, Kew Bull. 12: 306. 1957. W. R. (BPI 714987 ex Lloyd herb. 10465, Material examined. FRANCE. Bois de Boulogne, HOLOTYPE). on rabbit dung, 26 Oct 1856, Tulasne, L. R. & C. Xylaria ramus is based on immature material. (PC 0086044, SYNTYPE); Bois de Boulogne, on rabbit dung, Jan 1856, Tulasne, L. R. & C. (PC Xylaria reinkingii C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. 0086046, SYNTYPE); Bois de Boulogne, on Writings 7: 1205, Figs. 2492 & 2493. 1923. rabbit dung, 26 Oct & Jan 1856, Tulasne, L. R. & Fig. 51 C. (PC 0086047, SYNTYPE); Fontainebleau, “in Material examined. PHILIPPINES. Los Baños, terra muscosa”, Apr 1855, Nylander, W., as on ground, 3 Jul 1914, Lizaso, A. 4144, comm. Sphaeria confluens Nyland (PC 0086045, Reinking, O. A. (BPI 714321 ex Lloyd herb. SYNTYPE). 12848, LECTOTYPE [designated here]); Luzon, There are no specimens labeled as X. pusilla or X. Mt. Makiling, on ground, 25 Oct 1920, Nacion, C. tulasnei at the Lloyd herbarium of BPI. 10604, comm. Reinking, O. A. (BPI 714319 ex Lloyd herb. 10480, SYNTYPE); Reinking, O. A. Xylaria radicans C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings (BPI 714320 ex Lloyd herb. 55205, SYNTYPE); 5: 725, Fig. 1080. 1917. Figs. 49, 50 Reinking, O. A., as X. reinkingii (BPI 714317 ex Material examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Lloyd herb. 55206); on ground, 5 Nov 1920, OF CONGO. Leverville, on ground, Vanderyst, P. Dadufalza, T., as X. reinkingii by J. H. Miller H. 027 (BPI 14315 ex Lloyd herb. 10016, (BPI 714318 ex Lloyd herb. 10593). HOLOTYPE). Xylaria reinkingii is a distinct Xylaria species Xylaria radicans is a distinct Xylaria species. It (Ju and Hsieh, 2007). There are five specimens likely grows on wood buried underground instead labeled with this name at the Lloyd herbarium. of emerging from termite nests (Ju and Hsieh, Three of the specimens are considered syntypes 2007). of X. reinkingii because Lloyd (1923b) cited Lizaso 4144 (BPI 714321) and Nacion 10604 (BPI Xylaria ramosa C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 714319) and presented BPI 714320 in Fig. 2492 in 6: 1020. 1920 [nom. nud.]; C. G. Lloyd ex the protologue. BPI 714321 is in excellent Stevenson & Cash, Bulletin of the Lloyd Library condition and is designated as the lectotype and Museum of Botany, Pharmacy and Materia herein. Medica 35: 17. 1936 [nom. inval., ICBN Art. 36.1]. Material examined. BRAZIL. Rick, J., Xylaria repens C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 7: redetermined as X. faveolis by J. H. Miller (BPI 1181, Figs. 2380 & 2381. 1923. 714711 ex Lloyd herb. 10003, HOLOTYPE). 16 Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31

Material examined. PHILIPPINES. Luzon, Mt. Xylaria rimulata is a synonym of X. castorea Makiling, 25 Oct 1920, on Streblus asper, Fello, Berk., a species distributed in the Southern A. 11023, comm. Reinking, O. A. (BPI 586327 ex Hemisphere. Four specimens at the Lloyd Reinking herb., ISOTYPE). herbarium identified by C. G. Lloyd as X. Stevenson and Cash (1936) could not find X. castorea (BPI 714345 & 714346), X. rhopaloides repens at the Lloyd herbarium. BPI 586327, (Kunze) Mont. (BPI 714344), and X. corniformis which is from the Reinking herbarium, is an (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. (BPI 714343) were redetermined as isotype of X. repens. There is no Xylaria material X. rimulata by J. H. Miller; all of these are X. found in BPI 586327, and the filiform structure castorea. that bears a terminal head as illustrated in Lloyd (1923a) is lacking. Xylaria sanchezii C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 7: 1283, Fig. 2884. 1924; 1310, Figs. 2966 & 2967. Xylaria reticulata C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. 1924. Writings 7: 1354, Figs. 3169 & 3170. 1925. Material examined. PHILIPPINES. Manila, 22 Figs. 52, 53 Aug 1922, Sanchez 2 (BPI 714274 ex Lloyd herb. Material examined. SOUTH AFRICA. 10088, HOLOTYPE). INDIA. Calcutta, Jul 1923, Stellenbosch, van der Bijl, P. A. 1350 (BPI 714323 Chaudhuri, H. 091 (BPI 714276 ex Lloyd herb. ex Lloyd herb. 10369, HOLOTYPE). 10081). Xylaria reticulata is a distinct Xylaria species. Xylaria sanchezii is a nomen dubium (Ju and The type is probably the only known material of Hsieh, 2007). The holotype specimen contains this fungus, containing one stroma only, which is immature material only, as noted by Lloyd cylindrical, subsessile, 4 cm long × 1 cm diam, (1924b). The authentic specimen BPI 714276 inrolled due to disintegration of stromatal contains two stromata, which belong to two interior, lacking perithecial elevations, with the different species: the unbranched stroma belongs surface overlain with a reticulately cracked, tan- to X. escharoidea (Berk.) Sacc., which has a pore- colored outer layer. The stromatal features like germination site on the ascospore, whereas suggest its affinities with the taxa of the X. the branched stroma belongs to a likely cubensis group. Ascospores are dark brown, undescribed species with a germ slit. Both fusoid to ellipsoid, inequilateral, frequently specimens were redetermined as X. nigripes pinched on one or both ends, 18–23 × 5.5–6.5(– (Klotzsch) M. C. Cooke by J. H. Miller. 7) m, with a straight germ slit less than to slightly less than spore-length on the ventral side. Xylaria squamosa C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 7: 1180, Fig. 2374. 1923; 1279, Fig. Xylaria rimulata C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 2858. 1924. 7: 1354, Figs. 3l77 & 3178. 1925. Material examined. CANADA. on Acer Material examined. AUSTRALIA. Tasmania, saccharinum in cellar, Ducharme, C. (BPI Mount Nelson, Mar 1910, Cheel, E., as X. 714899 ex Lloyd herb. 10509, HOLOTYPE). rhopaloides (BPI 714344 ex Lloyd herb. 12915); Xylaria squamosa is a synonym of X. Tasmania, Hobart, Jun 1912, Rodway, L., as X. polymorpha, as determined by J. H. Miller. corniformis (BPI 714343 ex Lloyd herb. 12546). NEW ZEALAND. Waikaremoana Lake, 28oo feet Xylaria stromafera C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. elev., Hill, H. 37 (BPI 715647 ex Lloyd herb. Writings 7: 1246, Fig. 2663. 1924. Figs. 54, 55 10422, HOLOTYPE); Wellington, 21 Feb 1922, Specimens of X. stromafera were not found at Miller, D., as X. castorea (BPI 714345 ex Lloyd the Lloyd herbarium. Lloyd (1924a) indicated herb. 12049); Waikonini, Barker, W. E., as X. that the Sarawak type, which we have not castorea (BPI 714346 ex Lloyd herb. 12050). studied, is at the Cesati herbarium, being referred Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31 17 to as X. axifera Mont. by Cesati. Cesati (1879) in distributed as X. thyrsus (Berk.) Fr. We did not fact was uncertain about the identity of this receive a reply from a specimen loan request collection for it being old and empty (“senio made to GFND, where the particular specimen evacuata, hinc paululo incerta”). The photograph that Lloyd studied presumably resides, but three presented in Lloyd (1924a) shows a stroma isotypes distributed among BPI, HBG, and S, arising from wood, bearing a globose fertile part each of which contains one or two stromata. on a long slender stipe, and terminating in an Stromata are wiry, 3.8–8.1 cm long and have an aciculate apex; it reminisces a stroma of X. unbranched main axis tapering into an acute eucephala Sacc. & Paoletti. apex, bearing a fertile part 0.4–1.4 cm long × 1.5– 1.5 mm diam. The fertile part is characterized by Xylaria stromatica C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. having half-exposed perithecia distributed near Writings 5: 770, Fig. 1157. 1918. the top of the main axis and having an outer layer Material examined. BRAZIL. Bahia, Torrend, C. split into fine stripes. Ascospores are dark brown, 688 (BPI 714382 ex Lloyd herb. 10379, ellipsoid–inequilateral, frequently with pinched HOLOTYPE). ends, 24.5–30.5 × 9.5–11.5 m, with a straight, Xylaria stromatica is a distinct species close to slightly less than spore-length germ slit on the X. oligotoma. The type was redetermined as X. ventral side, surrounded with a hyaline sheath multiplex by J. H. Miller. Totally three blackish detached on both ends to form secondary minute stromata, ca. 5 mm long × 1 mm diam, appendages. are enclosed in the holotype packet. Stromatal surface has inconspicuous to conspicuous Xylaria timorensis C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. perithecial contours and is overlain with a thin Writings 6: 896, Fig. 1570. 1919; 973. 1920; 1056, gray outer layer, which splits into fine stripes. Figs. 1971 & 1972. 1921; 7: 1121, Figs. 2145 & The outer layer is readily worn off to reveal the 2146. 1922. underneath black surface, which is slightly Material examined. ISLAND OF TIMOR. roughened by tiny tar-like tubercles. Ascospores Torrend, C. 388 (BPI 714422 ex Lloyd herb. are brown to dark brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral, 11943, HOLOTYPE); Torrend, C. (BPI 586601 ex 10.5–12.5 × 5–6 m, with a straight germ slit less Bresadola herb.). PHILIPPINES. Laguna, Los than spore-length. Lloyd (1918a) named this Baños, San Antonio, 23 Sep 1920, Abisamis, A. fungus with emphasis on the thin black patch or (BPI 714419 ex Lloyd herb. 12022, EPITYPE “carbonous hypothallus” in Lloyd’s own words, [designated here]). from which the stromata arise. Xylaria timorensis is a synonym of X. badia Pat. The holotype and BPI 586601, which is probably Xylaria theissenii C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. an isotype, are immature. There are numerous Writings 5: 677, Fig. 1007. 1917; Xyl. 27, Figs. specimens labeled as X. timorensis from the 1345 & 1347. 1918. Figs. 56, 57 Philippines at the Lloyd herbarium. One of these Material examined. BRAZIL. Sao Leopoldo, Rio is designated as the epitype herein; it contains Grande do Sul, 1907, Theissen, F., Decades many mature stromata in good condition. The fungorum brasiliensium 235 as X. thyrsus (BPI substrates on which X. badia grows are not 586598, HBG, S-F43914 ex Sydow herb., entirely clear, but some of the Lloyd specimens ISOTYPES). labeled as X. timorensis were evidently collected Xylaria theissenii is a distinct Xylaria species. from rotten bamboo culms. Stevenson and Cash (1936) did not find the type at the Lloyd herbarium. Lloyd (1917a) clearly Xylaria tuberculosa C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. indicated that J. F. Brenkle loaned him Decades Writings 5: 769, Figs. 1153 & 1154. 1918. fungorum brasiliensium 235, which was 18 Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31

Material examined. BRAZIL. Torrend, C. 683 X. arenicola Welw. & Curr. var. brasiliensis (BPI 714443 ex Lloyd herb. 10043, HOLOTYPE). Theiss. ≡ X. brasiliensis The type material is scanty, only lower part of a X. aristata Mont.—see X. bogoriensis stroma left, and does not contain ascospores, X. axifera Mont.—see X. stromafera which were given in Lloyd (1918a) as 36 × 12 µm. X. badia Pat.—see X. timorensis Fig. 1153 in Lloyd (1918a) shows that there were X. beccariana Pass.—see X. beccarii two stromata originally: one is mentioned above, X. botuliformis Rehm—see X. beccarii and the other, which is enlarged in Lloyd’s Fig. X. brasiliensis (Theiss.) Lloyd—see X. 1154, appears missing. Therefore the status of X. fimbriata tuberculosa remains uncertain. It was noted X. brevipes Sacc. & Fairman var. africana “Perhaps stunted state of X. comosa” by R. W. G. Sacc.—see X. bipindensis Dennis and was annotated by G. Recio as a X. bulbosa (Pers.: Fr.) Berk. & Broome—see X. synonym of X. comosa. Læssøe (1999) suspected maumeei that X. tuberculosa is the same as X. squamulosa X. caespitulosa Ces.—see X. albomaculata, X. F. San Martín & J. D. Rogers. concursa X. carpophila (Pers.: Fr.) Fr.—see X. luxurians Xylaria vanderystii C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. X. carpophila var. luxurians Rehm ≡ X. Writings 7: 1119, Fig. 2127. 1922. luxurians Material examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC X. castorea Berk.—see X. rimulata OF CONGO. Kikwil, Oct 1920, Vanderyst, H. X. chordaeformis C. G. Lloyd—see X. 8149 (BPI 714446 ex Lloyd herb. 10468, luxurians LECTOTYPE [designated here]); Oct 1921, X. cinnabarina M. C. Cooke & Massee ≡ Vanderyst, H. 10846 (BPI 714447 ex Lloyd herb. Entonaema cinnabarina (M. C. Cooke & 10409). Massee) C. G. Lloyd—see X. froggattii Xylaria vanderystii is a synonym of X. scruposa. X. cirrata Pat.—see X. bifigurata Two Xylaria species are enclosed in the holotype X. comosa (Mont.) Fr.—see X. praefecta, X. packet: X. scruposa and X. adscendens. Lloyd tuberculosa (1922) gave the ascospore measurement 20 × 8 Sphaeria confluens Nyland—see X. pusilla m, which coincides with that of X. scruposa. X. conocephala Berk. & M. A. Curtis—see X. The X. scruposa part is thus designated as the morganii lectotype of X. vanderystii. BPI 714447 is X. cookei C. G. Lloyd—see X. correcta immature, likely composed of two Xylaria X. corniformis (Fr.: Fr.) Fr.—see X. beccarii, species as well. X. bipindensis, X. cuneata, X. divisa, X. humosa, X. leprosoides, X. luteostromata, X. Cross-index to the taxa cited in the text maumeei, X. ramosa, X. rimulata X. corniformis var. macrospora Bres.—see X. adscendens (Fr.: Fr.) Fr.—see X. X. cuneata cornudorcas, X. exacuta, X. morganii, X. X. corniformis var. obovata M. C. Cooke & papulis, X. vanderystii Ellis—see X. maumeei X. allantoidea (Berk.) Fr.—see X. ovata X. cornudamae (Schwein.) Berk.—see X. X. allantoidea var. papulis (C. G. Lloyd) J. H. moriformis Miller—see X. ocellata, X. papulis Urnula craterium (Schwein.) Fr.—see X. X. anisopleura (Mont.) Fr.—see X. biformis, X. mycelioides clavus X. cristata Speg.—see X. albomaculata, X. X. apiculata Cooke—see X. cookei, X. correcta concursa, X. cuspidata X. arbuscula Sacc.—see X. partita Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31 19

X. cubensis (Mont.) Fr.—see X. beccarii, X. X. nigripes (Klotzsch) M. C. Cooke—see X. fusca, X. laevis, X. reticulata beccarii, X. bifigurata, X. deceptiva, X. X. cupressiformis (Woodward) Becc.—see X. kedahae, X. sanchezii correcta X. obovata (Berk.) Fr.—see X. nigrescens X. curta Fr.—see X. faveolis, X. leprosoides X. obtusissima (Berk.) Sacc. var. X. cynoglossa M. C. Cooke—see X. ocellata polymorphoides Rehm—see X. bipindensis X. dealbata Berk. & M. A. Curtis—see X. X. oligotoma Sacc.—see X. hypoxyloides, X. assamensis stromatica X. dichotoma (Mont.) Fr.—see X. bambooensis X. oocephala Penz. & Sacc.—see X. bogoriensis X. divisa C. G. Lloyd—see X. luteostromata X. pedunculata (Dicks.: Fr.) Fr. var. pusilla X. escharoidea (Berk.) Sacc.—see X. beccarii, Tul. & C. Tul.—see X. pusilla X. sanchezii X. plebeja Ces.—see X. bipindensis, X. faveolis X. eucephala Sacc. & Paoletti—see X. X. poitei (Lév.) Fr.—see X. composita, X. praefecta, X. stromafera morganii, X. ocellata X. faveolis C. G. Lloyd—see X. ramosa X. polymorpha (Pers.: Fr.) Grev.—see X. X. feejeensis (Berk.) Fr.—see X. humosa clavus, X. squamosa X. flabelliformis (Schwein.: Fr.) Berk. & M. A. X. regalis M. C. Cooke—see X. composita Curtis—see X. fusca, X. pannosa X. rhopaloides (Kunze) Mont.—see X. X. fockei (Miquel) M. C. Cooke—see X. rimulata assamensis X. rhytidophloea Mont.—see X. bipindensis X. fusca C. G. Lloyd—see X. laevis, X. pannosa X. scopiformis Kunze—see X. albomaculata X. gracilis (Klotzsch ex Berk.) Sacc.—see X. X. scotica Cooke var. brasiliensis (Theiss.) concursa Theiss. ≡ X. brasiliensis X. gracillima (Fr.: Fr.) Fr.—see X. luxurians X. scruposa (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. ≡ Hypoxylon X. guaranitica (Speg.) R. W. G. Dennis ≡ scruposum—see X. biformis, X. cuneata, X. Kretzschmaria guaranitica Speg.—see X. moriformis, X. vanderystii discoidea X. squamulosa F. San Martín & J. D. Rogers— X. guepinii (Fr.: Fr.) Ces.—see X. brasiliensis see X. tuberculosa X. guyanensis (Mont.) Fr.—see X. papulis X. telfairii (Berk.) Sacc.—see X. grammica var. X. hypoxylon (L.: Fr.) Grev.—see X. albida albomaculata, X. concursa, X. cuspidata, X. X. tenuissima (Zipp. ex Lév.) Fr.—see X. muscandae luxurians X. hypoxylon var. americana J. H. Miller— X. theissenii C. G. Lloyd—see X. lancea see X. cuspidata X. thyrsus (Berk.) Fr.—see X. theissenii X. involuta Klotzsch ex Cooke var. nigrescens X. trivialis Speg.—see X. faveolis Sacc. ≡ X. nigrescens X. tulasnei Nitschke ≡ Podosordaria tulasnei X. laevis C. G. Lloyd—see X. fusca (Nitschke) R. W. G. Dennis—see X. pusilla X. longipes Nitschke—see X. maumeei X. zealandica M. C. Cooke—see X. cookei, X. X. luteostromata C. G. Lloyd—see X. divisa correcta X. mali Fromme—see X. morganii X. microceras (Mont.) Berk.—see X. muscula Key to Xylaria species named by C. G. X. montagnei Hamme & Guerrero—see X. Lloyd cuneata X. multiplex (Kunze: Fr.) Fr.—see X. Twenty-four names of distinct taxa and four of albomaculata, X. bambooensis, X. partita, X. probably distinct taxa are in boldface. Thirty stromatica names that are synonyms or probable synonyms 20 Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31 of other names are also keyed out and are materials are either immature or lacking fungal followed by their correct names in parentheses. elements, and published descriptions or Twelve names—i.e., X. brevicephala, X. diagnoses provide no further clues in suggesting cavernosa, X. deceptiva, X. flexa, X. grammica their identities. Although no material labeled var. albida, X. mycelioides, X. myrosimila, X. with X. stromafera has been studied, it is penicilla, X. ramus, X. repens, X. sanchezii, and included in the key because its globose stromatal X. tuberculosa—are not included in the fertile part sets it apart from other wood- identification key because their type/authentic inhabiting species discussed herein.

1. Stromatal KOH pigments present ...... X. froggattii (= Entonaema cinnabarina) 1. Stromatal KOH pigments absent ...... 2 2. Stromata associated with dung or manured soil ...... X. pusilla (= Podosordaria tulasnei) 2. Not as above...... 3 3. Stromata with a discoid fertile part ...... X. discoidea (= X. guaranitica) 3. Stromata with a fertile part other than discoid ...... 4 4. Stromata emerging from termite nests ...... 5 4. Stromata not associated with termite nests ...... 9 5. Ascospores surrounded with a hyaline sheath ...... X. brasiliensis 5. Ascospores lacking a hyaline sheath ...... 6 6. Stromatal surface white ...... X. reinkingii 6. Stromatal surface dull-colored ...... 7 7. Stromatal surface brown ...... X. bifigurata (?= X. cirrata) 7. Stromatal surface dull gray or blackish ...... 8 8. Stromata with a rounded apex; ascospores somewhat laterally compressed ...... X. kedahae 8. Stromata with a fimbriate apex; ascospores not laterally compressed ...... X. fimbriata 9. Stromata growing on leaves ...... 10 9. Stromata growing on woody substrates ...... 11 10. Perithecial mounds conspicuous, semi-immersed to nearly fully exposed ...... X. petchii 10. Perithecial mounds inconspicuous ...... X. bogoriensis (?= X. aristata) 11. Stromatal apex fertile, rounded ...... 12 11. Stromatal apex sterile, apiculate, mucronate or flattened...... 36 12. Stromatal surface more or less plane ...... 13 12. Stromatal surface roughened with wrinkles, perithecial contours, and ostiolar papillae ...... 24 13. Ostioles encircled with a sunken disc ...... X. papulis 13. Ostioles not encircled with a disc ...... 14 14. Ascospores shorter than 12 m ...... 15 14. Ascospores longer than 12 m ...... 19 15. Ascospores brown, short-fusoid, 8–9.5 × 4–4.5 m (7.5–8.5 × 4–4.5 m from type specimens of X. cubensis), with a spore-length germ slit ...... X. laevis (= X. cubensis) 15. Ascospores ellipsoid-inequilateral...... 16 16. Stromata laterally compressed, with conspicuous reticulate cracks on surface; ascospores blackish brown, 8.5–10 × 5–6 m, with a spore-length germ slit ...... X. rimulata (= X. castorea) 16. Stromata terete, continuous or with inconspicuous reticulate cracks on surface; ascospores with a much less than spore-length germ slit ...... 17 17. Ascospores light brown, 9–11 × 4–4.5 m, with a much less than spore-length germ slit; commonly associated with bamboo culms ...... X. timorensis (= X. badia) Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31 21

17. Ascospores darker, longer in average, not growing on bamboo culms ...... 18 18. Ascospores medium brown, 7–8 × 3–4 µm ...... X. beccarii 18. Ascospores blackish brown, 8–10 × 4–5 m ...... X. fusca & X. pannosa (= X. flabelliformis) 19. Ascospores with pinched ends ...... 20 19. Ascospores lacking pinched ends ...... 22 20. Stromatal surface dark brown to blackish; ascospores 15.5–19.5 × 5–7 m, with a spore-length or slightly less than spore-length germ slit ...... X. nigrescens 20. Stromatal surface light-colored...... 21 21. Stromata overlain with a reticulately cracked, tan-colored outer layer; ascospores 18–23 × 5.5–6.5(–7) m, with a straight germ slit less than to slightly less than spore-length ...... X. reticulata 21. Stromata overlain with a thin, white outer layer cracked into minute scales; ascospores 26–31 × 6.5– 7.5 m, with a less than spore-length germ slit ...... X. assamensis (?= X. fockei) [Type of X. assamensis is immature. The ascospore size is taken from the type of X. fockei.] 22. Stromata overlain with a white outer layer conspicuously cracked into reticulations; ascospores 18.5–21 × 5.5–7 m ...... X. morganii 22. Stromata overlain with a brown outer layer finely cracked into reticulations or not cracked; ascospores shorter than 18 m...... 23 23. Ascospores 14–18 × 5.5–7.5 m ...... X. composita & X. ocellata (= X. poitei) 23. Ascospores 12–15(–16) × 4–5 m ...... X. ovata (= X. allantoidea) 24. Ascospores mostly longer than 20 m; if ascospores close to 20 m or slightly shorter than 20 m, then the germ slit oblique or slightly sigmoid ...... 25 24. Ascospores mostly shorter than 20 m; if ascospores close to 20 m or slightly longer than 20 m, then the germ slit straight ...... 28 25. Stromata massive, greater than 1 cm diam ...... X. squamosa (= X. polymorpha) 25. Stromata not massive, less than 1 cm diam ...... 26 26. Stromata turbinate ...... X. clavus 26. Stromata cylindrical to spherical ...... 27 27. Ascospores (22–)24–26(–28) x (8–)8.5–9(–9.5) µm ...... X. biformis (= X. anisopleura) 27. Ascospores (18–)19–21(–23) x (5.5–)6.5–8.5(–9.5) µm...... X. moriformis & X. vanderystii (= X. scruposa) 28. Ascospores with a sigmoid germ slit...... X. humosa 28. Ascospores with a straight slit ...... 29 29. Ascospores 13.5–20 × 4.5–6 m ...... X. cuneata 29. Ascospores shorter than 14 m ...... 30 30. Stromatal surface furrowed reticulately to outline individual perithecia, with a thin outer layer entirely or partially worn off at maturity ...... 31 30. Stromatal surface not furrowed to outline individual perithecia, with a persistent outer layer cracked into scales at maturity ...... 32 31. Ascospores brown to dark brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral, (9–)10–11(–11.5) × 4–5 m, with a nearly spore-length germ slit ...... X. divisa 31. Ascospores light brown to brown, papaya-shaped, 11.5–14 × 4–5 mm, with a less than spore length germ slit ...... X. radicans 32. Stromatal tissue distributed between perithecia luteous; ascospores 8.5–11 × 4.5–5.5 µm ...... X. luteostromata 32. Stromatal tissue distributed between perithecia whitish...... 33 33. Stromatal outer layer whitish to light tan-colored ...... X. faveolis & X. leprosoides (= X. curta) 22 Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31

33. Stromatal outer layer brown to dark brown ...... 34 34. Ascospores 10.5–13.5 × 4.5–5.5 m ...... X. maumeei 34. Ascospores 9–11 × 4–4.5 m ...... 35 35. Stromata unbranched; known in Africa ...... X. bipindensis 35. Stromata branched; known in North America ...... X. ramosa (?=X. corniformis) 36. Stromata with 1/2 to nearly entire perithecial mounds protruding beyond the outer layer ...... 37 36. Stromata with less protruding perithecial mounds or lacking perithecial mounds entirely ...... 41 37. Ascospores pale brown, 10–12 × 3–4 m, with a straight, nearly spore-length or slightly less than spore-length germ slit on the ventral side ...... X. bambooensis (= X. dichotoma) 37. Ascospores light brown, brown to dark brown, much larger ...... 38 38. Ascospores surrounded with a hyaline sheath detached on both ends to form secondary appendages ...... X. theissenii & X. lancea 38. Ascospores not surrounded with a hyaline sheath ...... 39 39. Ascospores 30–36 × 7–9 m ...... X. nodulosa 39. Ascospores shorter than 25 m ...... 40 40. Ascospores with an oblique to slightly sigmoid germ slit on the dorsal side ...... X. chordaeformis 40. Ascospores with a straight to slightly oblique germ slit on the ventral side ...... X. luxurians 41. Stromata with a globose fertile part ...... X. stromafera 41. Stromata with a cylindrical fertile part ...... 42 42. Ascospores 36–41 × (7–)7.5–9(–9.5) m ...... X. praefecta 42. Ascospores much smaller ...... 43 43. Ostioles encircled with a sunken disc ...... X. exacuta & probably X. cornudorcas (= X. adscendens) 43. Ostioles not encircled with a disc ...... 44 44. Stromata overlain with a white outer layer; ascospores 6.5–8.5 × 3–4 m ...... X. muscula 44. Stromatal overlain with a brown outer layer often split into stripes ...... 45 45. Stromatal outer layer slightly roughened by tiny tar-like tubercles ...... 46 45. Stromatal outer layer not overlain with tar-like tubercles ...... 47 46. Ascospores 7.5–9 × 3–3.5 m ...... X. hypoxyloides (= X. oligotoma) 46. Ascospores 10.5–12.5 × 5–6 m ...... X. stromatica 47. Ascospores longer than 16 m ...... 48 47. Ascospores shorter than 16 m ...... 49 48. Ascospores 17.5–22.5 × 5.5–7.5 m ...... X. correcta (= X. apiculata) 48. Ascospores 20–27 × 7–8 m ...... X. cookei (= X. zealandica) 49. Ascospores (12.5–)13.5–16 × 5–6.5 m ...... X. albomaculata & X. concursa (=X. cristata) 49. Ascospores smaller ...... 50 50. Ostioles conical; ascospores 11–12(–12.5) × 4.5–5.5 m ...... X. cuspidata 50. Ostioles slightly papillate ...... 51 51. Stromata with a long fertile part 2.4–5.2 cm long; ascospores 10–11 × 4.5–5 m ...... X. muscandae 51. Stromata with a shorter fertile part; ascospores 10–12 × 4.5–5.5 m ...... X. partita

Acknowledgements: We greatly appreciate especially thanked for locating and loaning Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan for specimens. Our gratitude is also extended to Prof. supporting this study with the Grant NSC 101- Jack D. Rogers, Washington State University, for 2621-B-001-001-MY3 to Y.-M.J. Begoña Aguirre- reading a draft of this study and suggesting the Hudson (K), Anna-Lena Anderberg (S), Bart inclusion of the cross-index. Buyck (PC), and Tassilo Feuerer (HBG) are Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31 23

Literature cited Lloyd, C. G. 1917b. Mycological Notes. No. 51. Cesati, V. 1879. Mycetum in itinere Borneensi Mycol. Writings 5:717–732. lectorum a cl. Od. Beccari enumeratio. Atti della Accademia di Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche Lloyd, C. G. 1918a. Mycological Notes. No. 54. Napoli. 8:1–28. Mycol. Writings 5:765–780.

Dennis, R. W. G. 1956. Some Xylarias of tropical Lloyd, C. G. 1918b. Xylaria Notes No. 1 Mycol. America. Kew Bull. 11:401–444. Writings 5:Xyl. 1–16 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4109126 Lloyd, C. G. 1918c. Xylaria Notes No. 2. Mycol. Dennis, R. W. G. 1958. Some Xylosphaeras of Writings 5:Xyl. 17–32 tropical Africa. Revista Biol., Lisboa 1:175–208. Lloyd, C. G. 1919a. The Large Pyrenomycetes. Dennis, R. W. G. 1974. Xylariaceae from Papua Second Paper. Mycol. Writings 5:Pyr. 17–32. and New Guinea. Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon 43 (num. spèc.):127–138. Lloyd, C. G. 1919b. Mycological Notes. No. 61. Mycol. Writings 6:877–903. Hamme, M. S. and R. T. Guerrero. 1997. Xylaria pseudoapiculata and Xylaria montagnei: two Lloyd, C. G. 1920a. Mycological Notes. No. 62. new taxa from south Brazil. Mycotaxon. 64:195– Mycol. Writings 6:904–944. 202. Lloyd, C. G. 1920b. Mycological Notes. No. 64. Ju, Y.-M. and H.-M. Hsieh. 2007. Xylaria species Mycol. Writings 6:985–1029. associated with nests of Odontotermes formosanus in Taiwan. Mycologia 99:936–957. Lloyd, C. G. 1921. Mycological Notes. No. 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.99.6.936 Mycol. Writings 6:1030–1101.

Ju, Y.-M., H.-M. Hsieh, L. Vasilyeva and A. Lloyd, C. G. 1922. Mycological Notes. No. 66. Akulov. 2009. Three new Xylaria species from Mycol. Writings 7:1105–1136. Russian Far East. Mycologia 101:548–553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3852/08-188 Lloyd, C. G. 1923a. Mycological Notes. No. 68. Mycol. Writings 7:1169–1184. Læssøe, T. 1987. Xylaria corniformis reconsidered. Mycotaxon 30:81–85. Lloyd, C. G. 1923b. Mycological Notes. No. 69. Mycol. Writings 7:1185–1218. Læssøe, T. 1993. Xylaria digitata and its allies— delimitation and typification—II. Persoonia Lloyd, C. G. 1924a. Mycological Notes. No. 71. 15:149–153. Mycol. Writings 7:1237–1268.

Læssøe, T. 1999. The Xylaria comosa complex. Lloyd, C. G. 1924b. Mycological Notes. No. 72. Kew Bulletin 54:605–619. Mycol. Writings 7:1269–1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4110858 Lloyd, C. G. 1924c. Mycological Notes. No. 73. Lloyd, C. G. 1917a. Mycological Notes. No. 48. Mycol. Writings 7:1301–1332. Mycol. Writings 5:669–684.

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Lloyd, C. G. 1925. Mycological Notes. No. 75. States. Mycologia 78:391–400. Mycol. Writings 7:1349–1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3793042

Passerini, G. 1875. Funghi raccolti in Abissinia Rogers, J. D. and G. J. Samuels. 1986. dal Signor O. Beccari, esaminati dal Prof. G. Ascomycetes of New Zealand 8. Xylaria. New Passerini. Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano Zealand J. Bot. 24:615–650. 7:180–192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.1986.1040 9947 Rick, J. 1934. Monografia das Xylariaceas riograndenses. Arquivos do Museu Nacional do Rogers, J. D., Y.-M. Ju and J. Lehmann. 2005. Rio de Janeiro 36: 41–71. Some Xylaria species on termite nests. Mycologia 97:914–923. Rogers, J. D. 1984. Xylaria acuta, Xylaria http://dx.doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.97.4.914 cornu-damae, and Xylaria mali in Continental United States. Mycologia 76:23–33. Stadler, M., D. L. Hawksworth and J. Fournier. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3792832 2014. The application of the name Xylaria hypoxylon, based on Clavaria hypoxylon of Rogers, J. D. and B. E. Callan. 1986. Xylaria Linnaeus. IMA Fungus 5:57–66. polymorpha and its allies in continental United http://dx.doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2014.05.01 .07 Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31 25

Figure legends

Figs. 1–11. Xylaria beccarii, X. bipindensis, X. brasiliensis, X. chordaeformis, and X. clavus. 1, 2. X. beccarii (from holotype). 1. Stromata. 2. Stromatal surface, with an arrow pointing towards an ostiole. 3, 4. X. bipindensis (from holotype). 3. Stroma. 4. Stromatal surface, with an arrow pointing towards an ostiole. 5, 6. X. brasiliensis (from lectotype). 5. Stroma. 6. Stromatal surface. 7–9. X. chordaeformis (from holotype). 7, 8. Stromata. 9. Stromatal surface. 10, 11. X. clavus (from holotype). 10. Stroma. 11. Stromatal surface. Bars: 7 = 5 mm; 1, 3, 10 = 1 mm; 5, 8 = 0.5 mm; 2, 4, 6, 9, 11 = 0.25 mm.

Figs. 12–19. Xylaria cuneata, X. cuspidata, X. divisa, and X. fimbriata. 12, 13. X. cuneata (from holotype). 12. Stromata. 13. Stromatal surface. 14, 15. X. cuspidata (from holotype). 14. Stroma. 15. Stromatal surface with an arrow pointing towards an ostiole. 16, 17. X. divisa (from holotype). 16. Fragmented stroma. 17. Stromatal surface. 18, 19. X. fimbriata (from holotype). 18. Stromata. The arrow points towards an immature stroma. 19. Stromatal surface. Bars: 12, 16 = 1 cm; 18 = 2 mm; 14 = 1 mm; 13, 15, 17, 19 = 0.25 mm.

Figs. 20–32. Xylaria humosa, X. kedahae, X. luteostromata, X. luxurians, and X. maumeei. 20, 21. X. humosa (from holotype). 20. Stromata. 21. Stromatal surface. 22, 23. X. kedahae (from holotype). 22. Stroma. 23. Stromatal surface. 24–27. X. luteostromata (24, 26 from holotype, 25, 27 from the isotype BPI 585654). 24, 25. Stromata. 26. Vertical section showing luteous stromatal tissue distributed between perithecia. 27. Stromatal surface. 28–30. X. luxurians (from holotype). 28. Branched stroma. 29. Terminal fertile parts. 30. Stromatal surface. 31, 32. X. maumeei (from holotype). 31. Stromata. 32. Stromatal surface. Bars: 20, 24, 25, 28, 31 = 5 mm; 22 = 2.5 mm; 29 = 1 mm; 21, 23, 26, 27, 30, 32 = 0.25 mm.

Figs. 33–42. Xylaria morganii, X. muscandae, X. nodulosa, X. muscula, and X. nigrescens. 33, 34. X. morganii (from holotype). 33. Stroma. 34. Stromatal surface. 35, 36. X. muscandae (from holotype). 35. Stroma. 36. Stromatal surface largely overlain with a moldy layer. The arrow points towards an ostiole located within an area not overlain with the moldy layer. 37, 38. X. nodulosa (from holotype). 37. Stroma fragmented into two parts. 38. Stromatal surface. 39, 40. X. muscula (from epitype). 39. Stroma. 40. Stromatal surface. 41, 42. X. nigrescens (from holotype). 41. Stromata. 42. Stromatal surface, with an arrow pointing towards an ostiole. Bars: 33, 35, 37, 41 = 1 cm; 39 = 2 mm; 42 = 1 mm; 36 = 0.5 mm; 34, 38, 40 = 0.25 mm.

Figs. 43–48. Xylaria papulis, X. partita, X. petchii, and X. praefecta. 43, 44. X. papulis (from holotype). 43. Stromata. 44. Stromatal surface. 45. X. partita (from holotype). Stromata. 46. X. petchii (from the isotype K[M] 169689). Stromata. 47, 48. X. praefecta (from holotype). 47. Stroma. 48. Stromatal surface. Bars: 43, 47 = 5 mm; 45, 46 = 1 mm; 44 = 0.5 mm; 48 = 0.25 mm.

Figs. 49–57. Xylaria radicans, X. reinkingii, X. reticulata, X. stromatica, and X. theissenii. 49, 50. X. radicans (from holotype). 49. Stroma with two fertile clavae. 50. Stromatal surface. 51. X. reinkingii (from lectotype). Stroma. 52, 53. X. reticulata (from holotype). 52. Stroma. 53. Stromatal surface. 54, 55. X. stromatica (from holotype). 54. Stroma. 55. Stromatal surface. 56, 57. X. theissenii (from the isotype S-F43914). 56. Stromata. 57. Stromatal surface. Bars: 52, 56 = 5 mm; 49, 54 = 1 mm; 50, 51, 57 = 0.5 mm; 53, 55 = 0.25 mm. 26 Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31

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28 Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31

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30 Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31

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