North American Fungi Volume 11, Number 1, Pages 1-31 Published March 28, 2016 The Xylaria names proposed by C. G. Lloyd Yu-Ming Ju1, Huei-Mei Hsieh1, and Shannon Dominick2 1Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115 29, Taiwan, and 2Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA Ju, Y.-M., H.-M. Hsieh, and S. Dominick. 2016. The Xylaria names proposed by C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31. http://dx.doi:10.2509/naf2016.011.001 Corresponding author: Yu-Ming Ju, [email protected]. Accepted for publication November 13, 2015. http://pnwfungi.org Copyright © 2016 Pacific Northwest Fungi Project. All rights reserved. Abstract: Seventy-one new Xylaria names that C. G. Lloyd proposed are annotated herein. Type and/or authentic materials of these names, when available, were studied. Twenty-four of these—including X. beccarii, X. brasiliensis, X. chordaeformis, X. cuneata, X. divisa, X. fimbriata, X. humosa, X. kedahae, X. luteostromata, X. luxurians, X. maumeei, X. morganii, X. muscula, X. nigrescens, X. nodulosa, X. papulis, X. partita, X. petchii, X. praefecta, X. radicans, X. reinkingii, X. reticulata, X. stromatica, and X. theissenii—are considered correct names for distinct species, and four of these—including X. bipindensis, X. clavus, X. cuspidata, and X. muscandae—are for probably distinct species. Illustrations for these species are provided. Thirty names are treated as synonyms or probable synonyms of those published earlier. Thirteen names remain uncertain to us because their type materials are immature or lacking fungal elements except for X. stromafera, of which we were unable to study the type material. A cross-index and an identification key to the Xylaria names that Lloyd proposed are also provided. Key words: nomenclature, systematics, U. S. National Fungus Collections (BPI), Xylariaceae. 2 Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31 Introduction: C. G. Lloyd (1859–1926) was number on the line “Other herbaria: C. G. Lloyd probably the first mycologist endeavoring to Mycological Collection Smithsonian Institution interpret names of Xylaria species published by 12541” for a specimen bearing the name X. those before him and his contemporaries. He had longipes Nitschke and the bar code number BPI published numerous accounts on the genus, 714160. After examining the specimen, we including 71 new Xylaria names that he proposed confirmed that it was first labeled as X. maumeei in the 1910s and 1920s. All of these new names and was then changed to X. longipes. were proposed at the rank of species except for X. grammica (Mont.) Fr. var. albida C. G. Lloyd. In this study, we annotate the type/authentic Among the 71 names, only four—i.e., X. specimens of the 71 Xylaria names that Lloyd brasiliensis (Theiss.) C. G. Lloyd, X. luxurians proposed and suggest their taxonomic positions. (Rehm) C. G. Lloyd, X. nigrescens (Sacc.) C. G. A cross-index is provided to the names cited or Lloyd, X. pusilla (Tul. & C. Tul.) C. G. Lloyd— discussed in the text. A dichotomous key is were recombined from previously established constructed for those names, which have names; others were proposed for the first time. characteristics, as shown in the type/authentic material and/or diagnosis, sufficient to be Although Lloyd provided nice photographs for identified. Images are provided for those distinct his new Xylaria species, he usually provided brief or probably distinct species. accounts only. He measured very few ascospores and omitted other microscopic features for most Materials and Methods: We studied the type of the new Xylaria species. Many of these and/or authentic specimens of the Xylaria names Xylaria species had their type/authentic that Lloyd proposed, which are listed and specimens considered missing, thus having been annotated in alphabetical order below. Their type neglected largely or entirely in modern literature specimen(s) were located at the Lloyd herbarium despite that these specimens are well- in BPI in most cases. However, we also loaned documented in Stevenson and Cash (1936). specimens of certain names from other herbaria Relabeling the specimens and subsequently if Lloyd specified where the specimens are stored. relocating them appeared to be the main cause In cases where more than one specimen was for the difficulty in finding them again. With the found at the Lloyd herbarium for a given species, extensive databases made available for searching only the type specimen(s) and/or specimen(s) the fungal specimens in BPI (http://nt.ars- mentioned in the protologue are listed. For those grin.gov/fungaldatabases/specimens/Specimens. names that are based on immature specimens, cfm), we successfully retrieved those additional specimens studied by Lloyd, if type/authentic specimens listed in Stevenson and available, are also listed for interpretive Cash (1936) that were once considered missing. purposes. Lloyd intentionally avoided citing Using X. maumeei C. G. Lloyd as an example, we authorities for Latin binomials. For clarity, when retrieved nothing when the genus name we quote from his writings, authorities are added “Xylaria” and species name “maumeei” were in brackets. The compilation of Stevenson and used as the key words for the query page cited Cash (1936) on new fungal names published by above. We learned from Stevenson and Cash Lloyd is an essential reference, upon which our (1936) that the collector was W. R. Lowater and annotated list is primarily based. the original accession number was 12541. Then, “Xylaria” and “Lowater” were used as the key Taxonomy words for query instead, with the format set as “Label: all data”. The query result displayed 22 Xylaria albomaculata C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. records, and we found the original accession Writings 5: 725, Figs. 1081 & 1082. 1917. Ju et al. Xylaria names of C. G. Lloyd. North American Fungi 11(1): 1-31 3 Material examined. CHILE. Peninsula of Taitao, type. We did not examine this specimen, which Espinosa, M. R. 36 (BPI 713538 ex Lloyd herb. was redetermined as X. multiplex by J. H. Miller. 10472, SYNTYPE); Santiago, Espinosa, M. R. Nonetheless, Lloyd (1924b) clearly indicated that (BPI 713537 ex Lloyd herb. 12668, SYNTYPE). the type was collected by Reinking from Xylaria albomaculata is possibly a synonym of Honduras rather than Serrano from the X. cristata Speg., a species with an affinity to X. Philippines. hypoxylon (L.: Fr.) Grev. but known from southern temperate regions thus far. Lloyd filed a Xylaria beccarii C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. Writings note with BPI 713537: “I doubt if it is really 7: 1247, Fig. 2665. 1924. Figs. 1, 2 distinct from Xylaria scopiformis [Kunze].” The Material examined. MALAYSIA. Sarawak, on invalidly published name X. scopiformis as bark, Beccari, O., as X. corniformis by Cesati, V. interpreted by Lloyd (1917a) is the same as X. (BPI 713665 ex Lloyd herb. 10078, HOLOTYPE; caespitulosa Ces., which is the same as X. K ex Cooke herb., ISOTYPE). multiplex (Kunze: Fr.) Fr. sensu Dennis (1956). Xylaria beccarii is a distinct species probably allied with X. cubensis (Mont.) Fr. Lloyd Xylaria assamensis C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. indicated in pencil on the label that this specimen Writings 7: 1249, Fig. 2677. 1924. was originally labeled as X. corniformis (Fr.: Fr.) Material examined. INDIA. Assam, Goalpara, Fr. at the Cesati herbarium. The material at the Chisang Reserve, 5 Jun 1915, comm. Hole, R. S., Lloyd herbarium is scanty, consisting of two as Xylaria dealbata (K, HOLOTYPE). stromata: one is intact and the other has only the There are no specimens labeled as X. assamensis lower part left. The stromata are dark brown with in BPI. The holotype housed in K is immature. a rusty tinge, cylindrical, subsessile, rounded at Wakefield annotated on a paper slip dated April top, 1 cm long × 2 mm diam, on a pannose base 13, 1933 that “Lloyd gives spores as 20 × 8–10 µ. overlain with a dark tomentum. The stromatal I do not find any.” Xylaria assamensis is likely a surface is reticulately to irregularly cracked. synonym of X. fockei (Miquel) M. C. Cooke, of Ascospores are medium brown, ellipsoid- which X. dealbata Berk. & M. A. Curtis is also a inequilateral, 7–8 × 3–4 µm, with an synonym. inconspicuous germ slit much less than spore- length on the flattened side. The figure presented Xylaria bambooensis C. G. Lloyd, Mycol. in Lloyd (1924a), which may have been taken Writings 7: 1285, Fig. 2899. 1924. from the material at the Cesati herbarium in RO, Material examined. HONDURAS. Tela, on clearly shows several caespitose stromata decaying palm, 9 Feb 1923, Reinking, O. A. (BPI growing on bark. A duplicate of this collection 713664 ex Lloyd herb. 10514, SYNTYPE); same was also located in K. locality, 4 Aug 1923, Reinking, O. A. (BPI 713663 Lloyd (1924a) noted that X. beccarii “has no ex Lloyd herb. 12778, SYNTYPE). connection with Xylaria beccariana [Pass.] from Xylaria bambooensis is a synonym of X. Africa the type of which is unknown to me. dichotoma (Mont.) Fr. The two syntypes were Xylaria beccarii is close, perhaps too close, to redetermined as X. dichotoma by J. H. Miller. Xylaria botuliformis [Rehm].” Both X. beccarii Lloyd (1924b) somehow recorded the ascospore and X. botuliformis [PHILIPPINES. Mt. size as 20 × 6 µm, much larger than that found in Makiling, near Los Baños, on rotten log, 22 Sep the specimens, which is 10–12 × 3–4 m. 1912, Baker, C. F. 61 (S-F5652 ex Rehm herb., Stevenson and Cash (1936) considered a HOLOTYPE)] have miniature stromata, but the Philippine specimen [PHILIPPINES. Bataan latter species differs in having a stromatal surface Prov., Lamao, Jun 1921, Serrano, F. B., Bur. Sci. roughened by pronounced perithecial mounds, 39845 (BPI 714187 ex Lloyd herb.