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Regional Prof Ile Regional prof ile Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France Overview Electricity generation mix Regional coal industry At its peak in 1930, and produced the coal industry of Nord-Pas-de-Calais employed 220,000 Nuclear Fossil fuels Renewables people million tonnes of coal 72.9% 11.3% 24.9% Data on population and population density as of January Data on electricity generation by source in France as of 2017 from Data for coal industry employment and production from Lopez, 2020 from Insee (2020), on GDP per capita as of 2018 from Eu- U.S. Energy Information Administration. Pellegrino and Coutard (2019). rostat (2020), and on unemployment as of 2018 from Eurostat (2020). Nord-Pas-de-Calais Hauts-de-France Lille Loos-en-Gohelle Nord Pas-de-Calais Coal fields Arras Region highlights Interesting fact Today, there are no Nord-Pas-de-Calais recently released an innovative master plan for a carbon-free economy. active coal mines or coal power plants in Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Over the past 50 years, the region has taken ambitious measures to cultivate new local industries. Keywords: Third industrial revolution, regional master plan, innovative funding, community energy, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Loos-en-Gohelle provides a blueprint for successful participatory governance, local energy planning community-led energy transitions. Nord-Pas-de-Calais in transition: key events in the coal phase-out Nord-Pas-de-Calais is a former admin- ulated region in the country.2 Urban the region, the remaining population istrative region in northern France centres are home to 62% of the popu- is relatively young: 39% of residents that consists of two sub-regions, Nord lation in Hauts-de-France, and Nord- in Pas-de-Calais and 41% in Nord are and Pas-de-Calais. In 2016, the French Pas-de-Calais is characterised by under age 30.6 parliament restructured France’s ad- densely populated urban areas.3 As in ministrative units, adopting a map other areas of France, in recent years, In the 19th century, Nord-Pas-de-Cal- that merged Nord-Pas-de-Calais with residents of urban centres in Nord- ais became an important industrial re- Picardy to form Hauts-de-France.1 Pas-de-Calais have relocated to low- gion for coal mining, steel production, er-density suburbs outside the city and textile manufacturing.7 Since the Nord-Pas-de-Calais is the northern- limits.4 The population of Nord-Pas- 1950s, the decline of these industrial most region of France and borders de-Calais has grown slightly over the sectors has had a significant impact on the English Channel, the North Sea, past several years, compensating for the region. However, through econom- Belgium, and and the French region the area’s negative net migration.5 Al- ic restructuring, Nord-Pas-de-Cal- of Picardy. It is the most densely pop- though many young people are leaving ais has cultivated new local sectors, from cultural and creative enterpris- es to waste management, transport, digital, and ICT industries.8 Today, its industrial sector is dominated by railroad and automobile equipment manufacturing, metallurgy, agro-food, and non-mineral material extrac- tion.9 Employment statistics reflect this structural change, including the increasing relevance of the area’s ter- tiary sector: in 2016, regional employ- ment in the service sector was 77.3%, but only 20.9% in the industrial sector and 1.5% in agriculture.10 Despite the creation of new service jobs, the de- cline in the industrial sector has led to persistent unemployment, especially among younger age groups.11 Partly Coal pit in Loos-en-Gohelle, Pas-de-Calais, ca. 1930–1938. due to this trend, regional GDP is be- Source: Compagnie des mines de Lens. low the national average.12 2 Coal production in Closures gradually continued af- Local consumption of renewable en- ter 1975. The government tried to ergy in Nord-Pas-de-Calais remains Nord-Pas-de-Calais counter swelling unemployment by below the national average. While converting many of the former coal France has increased the use of wood Bituminous coal has been extracted fields into industrial parks. As mines and hydropower since the 1970s, these in underground mines in the Nord- closed, employment in rail and auto- energy sources are scarce in Nord-Pas- Pas-de-Calais area since the early mobile industries was promoted as an de-Calais.22 Nevertheless, past ener- 1700s. Beginning in the 19th century, alternative to coal15 but failed to off- gy experiments and demonstrations production grew in lockstep with the set job losses.16 have taken place in the area: in 1991, needs of the industrial revolution, and France’s first large wind turbines were the region was of major strategic im- By 1980, only eight mining centres installed in the community of Dunkirk, portance during the two world wars. remained, and the entire industrial which also hosted the first Energy In 1930, Nord-Pas-de-Calais Basin infrastructure surrounding the coal Transition Conference in 1999.23 reached its peak output with 35 mil- fields – coke plants, power plants, and lion tonnes. At the end of World War wash plants – had begun to dissolve. II, the coal fields were nationalised, Although Nord-Pas-de-Calais remains and a major modernisation and expan- an important centre for industry, the sion project was undertaken.13 area’s last industrial activities related to coal ceased in 1993.17 Coal production began to decline in the late 1950s due to the growing im- Today, Nord-Pas-de-Calais is a major portance of oil and gas, the exhaustion centre for energy production and has of surface coal seams in the Nord-Pas- the third-highest per-capita energy de-Calais area, and the opening of consumption in France.18 However, borders to cheaper coal from abroad. the region’s energy mix has changed This led to massive strikes in 1963. In drastically since the 1950s: nuclear 1966, the basin still employed 65,000 energy has gradually eclipsed coal- workers. Two years later, however, fired power generation.19 The area’s the government declared that the electricity is now provided mainly production of coal would be reduced by the largest nuclear power plant in by half by 1975. Employment was fro- Europe.20 In 2012, nuclear energy ac- zen, and less profitable mines were counted for over 75% of regional elec- shuttered one by one.14 tricity production.21 3 Nord-Pas-de-Calais produces renew- to the region. The Historical Mining in Nord-Pas-de-Calais. It is now con- able energy from its four hydroelec- Centre at Lewarde opened in 1984, sidered a best-practice example of an tric turbines, 30 biogas production becoming the country’s largest min- energy transition that has success- units, installed wind power capacity ing museum and demonstrating the fully fostered sustainable develop- of 1,140 GWh/year, and installed solar economic potential of the region’s in- ment, renewable energy, and broad capacity of 70 GWh/year.24 dustrial heritage.26 citizen participation.29 Thanks to a systemic and participatory approach, Regional carbon dioxide emissions In 2000, the Nord-Pas-de-Calais Min- the community has achieved positive in Nord-Pas-de-Calais are high due ing Basin Mission was created as an economic, social, and environmental to road traffic, factories, and poor overarching public organisation for outcomes. Today, the city is a tourist building conditions. The area con- managing and conserving the proper- destination and a centre for green re- sumes 58% more energy than the ty. The Mission introduced multiple search and development on topics in- national average to produce one euro initiatives, including urban restruc- cluding recycling management. of GDP. This decreases regional com- turing programmes and a manage- petitiveness at a time when energy ment plan,27 and played a crucial role In 2012, the area was designated a costs are rising. As a result, the area obtaining UNESCO World Heritage UNESCO World Heritage Site. Since stands to reap significant benefits status for the area in 2012. The basin 2015, the area has been a member from a low-carbon energy transition serves as a monument to European of a network of energy communities that builds on existing local advan- industrialisation, with 353 elements that aim to use renewable resources tages, like the many innovative small (including mining pits, pit frames, to supply 100% of their electricity by and medium enterprises and re- spoil tips, railways, towns, schools, 2020 and 100% of their entire energy search and development laboratories clinics, offices, and churches) distrib- supply by 2050.30 in the region.25 uted over an area of almost 40 km2.28 Energy-transition Loos-en-Gohelle Third industrial revolution opportunities and In contrast to most of Nord-Pas-de- Faced with the dual challenge of tack- Calais, the coal community of Loos- ling climate change and promoting challenges en-Gohelle took early action to imple- regional development, Nord-Pas-de- ment a sustainable transition process Calais drew inspiration from the con- Early measures to counter unem- following the closure of the local mine. cept of the ‘third industrial revolution’, ployment and economic decline fo- which was developed by US economist cused on developing industrial parks Until 1986, Loos-en-Gohelle was Jeremy Rifkin.31 In late 2012, the Nord- and attracting substitute industries one of the main coal-mining towns Pas-de-Calais region and the Chamber Loos-en-Gohelle, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Source: Jérémy-Günther-Heinz Jähnick, CC BY 2.0. 4 of Commerce and Industry of north- ming Studies (EPE), launched in 2015 ern France commissioned Rifkin to to
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