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MEASURING SOCIAL VULNERABILITY OF CHINESE COASTAL COUNTIES TO NATURAL HAZARDS by Chunjing Liu A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Disaster Science and Management Spring 2014 © 2014 Chunjing Liu All Rights Reserved UMI Number: 1562400 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 1562400 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 MEASURING SOCIAL VULNERABILITY OF CHINESE COASTAL COUNTIES TO NATURAL HAZARDS by Chunjing Liu Approved: __________________________________________________________ James Corbett, Ph.D. Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: __________________________________________________________ Maria Aristigueta, D.P.A Director of the School of Public Policy and Administration Approved: __________________________________________________________ George Watson, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Approved: __________________________________________________________ James G. Richards, Ph.D. Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to take a moment to express my appreciation for all those people who have made my research and this degree possible. I would like to express my deep appreciation to Dr. James Corbett, my advisor and the Chair of my thesis committee. In my two years here, he gave me complete freedom and strong support regarding my research of interest. He always encouraged me to think big on topics and provided me with a lot of creative ideas that allowed me to study my research area more deeply. Your advice regarding both my research as well as my career have been priceless. I also have great gratitude for Dr. Sue McNeil. She taught me how to conduct research more rigorously. She gave extremely helpful advice on writing both my thesis as well as other papers. She provided me not only with recommendations on my research, but also provided great support regarding future research opportunities and life more generally that I will remember. I want to thank Dr. Qinzheng Liu, my committee member in China, who gave me a number of valuable recommendations on how to address the Chinese circumstances that are important in this research. I also wish to thank all of my professors, colleagues, and friends in the Disaster Research Center (DRC). In Dr. Joseph Trainor’s classes, I gained a broad knowledge on disaster management and identified my research interest. I appreciated his time and effort on the improvement of my research methods, particularly qualitative research methods. He also spent time reviewing my study on disaster risk reduction in China and gave me a lot of valuable comments and advice. In Dr. James Kendra and Dr. Tricia Wachtendorf’s classes, I was able to deepen my understanding of the topics I’m iii most interested in and complete the initial framework of literature review and methodologies for my thesis research in their classes. Thanks to Dr. Benigno Aguirre for encouraging me to be more critical in my literature review. Also thanks to Gail, Vicky, and Pat in DRC for always providing me convenience in DRC. Many thanks to Wenfang Chen. She was always willing to share her experiences and give me a lot of help during my research. Thanks to my classmate, Edward Carr, for helping me on GIS mapping. And thanks to Chelsea Leiper for editing my thesis, which makes it more readable. My friends in DRC, College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment (CEOE), and School of Public Policy & Administration (SPPA), I will remember all of your encouragement and help. I want to give my special appreciation to my supervisors and colleagues in the State Oceanic Administration (SOA) of China, who I have a long list of in my heart. They have always given me warmth, care, and encouragement, and more importantly, they have taken on the extra work that is my duty in SOA, providing convenience for my life during the period I study abroad. I could not complete my studies here without your great support. Furthermore I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the School of Public Policy & Administration and the Office of Graduate and Professional Education at the University of Delaware, the China Scholar Council, and the U.S. Institute of International Education for your support with the Fulbright Program. I’m very proud as a Fulbrighter. I must also thank my family, my husband, my parents and parents-in-law, my sister and brother-in-law, and my cute little nephew. I can always get strength and encouragement from you. Without your love, I could not make it. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ x ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. xii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Motivation ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem Statement ..................................................................................... 3 1.3 Objectives and Research Questions ........................................................... 4 1.4 Outline of Thesis ....................................................................................... 5 2 CONTEXT: CHINESE COASTAL REGIONS ................................................. 8 2.1 Physical Environment and Coastal Natural Hazards ................................. 8 2.1.1 Storm Surges and Disruptive Waves ............................................. 8 2.1.2 Tsunamis ...................................................................................... 10 2.1.3 Sea Ice ......................................................................................... 11 2.1.4 Other Disasters in Coastal Areas ................................................. 11 2.2 Socioeconomic Conditions ...................................................................... 12 2.2.1 Administrative Division System .................................................. 12 2.2.2 Economic Status .......................................................................... 13 2.2.3 Population Density ...................................................................... 15 2.2.4 Spatial Variation .......................................................................... 17 3 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 18 3.1 From Analyzing Hazards to Assessing Vulnerability ............................. 18 3.1.1 Definition ..................................................................................... 19 3.1.2 Conceptual Frameworks .............................................................. 23 3.1.3 Social Vulnerability ..................................................................... 26 3.2 Vulnerability Assessment ........................................................................ 28 v 3.3 Vulnerability Research and Assessment in China ................................... 31 3.4 Debates, Discussion and Conclusion ....................................................... 33 4 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................... 36 4.1 Study Area ............................................................................................... 37 4.2 Data .......................................................................................................... 38 4.2.1 Indicators and Variables .............................................................. 38 4.2.2 Data Sources & Handling Missing Data ..................................... 41 4.2.3 Data Limitations .......................................................................... 44 4.3 Analysis ................................................................................................... 47 5 RESULTS AND FINDINGS ........................................................................... 49 5.1 SoVI® 2010 ............................................................................................. 49 5.1.1 Principal Components ................................................................. 49 5.1.2 Spatial Variability ........................................................................ 52 5.1.3 Spatial Variability of Individual Principal Components ............. 58 5.2 Temporal and Spatial Changes in Social Vulnerability: SoVI® 2000 .... 60 5.2.1 Study Units, Data Sources and Missing Data .............................. 61 5.2.2 Results and Findings .................................................................... 61 5.2.2.1 Principal Components .................................................. 61 5.2.2.2 Spatial Variations ........................................................
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