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Archaeological Assessment: Royal Newcastle Hospital

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Archaeological Assessment: Royal Newcastle Hospital ARCHAEOLOGICAL .ASSESSMEfNT ROYAL NEWCASTLE HOSPITAL A REPORT PREPARED FOR THE HUNTER AREA HEALTH SERVICE \VENDY THORP r I L I I I I I ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT I ROYAl, NEWCASTLE HOSPITAL I I A REPORT PREPARED FOR THE HUNTER AREA HEALTH SERVICE I I SEPTEMBER 1991 I I I I I I WENDYTHORP CONSULTANT ARCHAEOLOGIST I I I "il - I ARCHAEOLOGICALASSESSMENT: ROYAL NEWCASTLE HOSPITAL I I CONTENTS OF THE REPORT I I I 1.0 Synopsis 1 I 1.1 Summary of the Report .........................1 1.2 Recommendations 9 I 2.0 Preface to the Report .10 2.1 Location 10 2.2 Parameters of the Investigation .................... .10 I 2.3 Status of the Site .10 2.4 Objectives ................................ .11 2.5 Methodology .............................. .11 I 2.6 Constraints 11 I 2.7 Authorship and Acknowledgements .12 3.0 Historical Context 13 3.1 Phase I: 1818 - 1860 The First Hospital 14 I 3.2 Phase IT: 1860 -1875 Establishing A New Hospital 16 3.3 Phase ITI: 1875 - 1896 Extensions 17 3.4 Phase IV: 1896 -1914 Stagnation and Reconstruction 18 I 3.5 Phase V: 1914 - 1939 The "Third Hospital" - Incorporation and Consolidation .19 3.6 Phase VI: 1939 - 1989 The "Fourth Hospital" ... 20 I 3.7 Phase VII: 1989 - 1991 Earthquake and Heritage 21 4.0 The Potential Archaeological Resource ............... .22 I 4.1 Physical Development of the Site .22 4.2 Potential Additions to the Archaeological Record ......... .24 4.3 Factors Affecting Survival 23 I 4.4 Geo-technical and Comparative Evidence .26 4.5 The Potential Resource .27 I 5.0 Assessment ofSignificance 28 5.1 Criteria for Assessment 28 5.2 The Significance ofthe Potential Archaeological Resource as I Part ofthe Hospital Development .30 5.3 The Significance of the Potential Resource in Newcastle's Historical Profile ..... ....................... .31 I 5.4 The Significance ofthe Potential Archaeological Resource as a Demonstration of Colonial Development ............. .32 I Pagei I r- ARCHAEOLOGICALASSESSMENT: ROYAL NEWCASTLE HOSPITAL I 5.5 The Significance ofthe Potential Archaeological Resource for I Community Awareness 33 6.0 Management Strategies .34 6.1 Statutory Requirements .. ...................... .34 I 6.2 Objectives for Immediate Archaeological Work 34 6.3 Long TermArchaeological Objectives ................35 I 7.0 Subsidiary Documentation .......................36 7.1 Endnotes .36 I 7.2 Bibliography ............................... .37 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Page ii I ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT: ROYAL NEWCASTLE HOSPITAL SECTION 1.0 SYNOPSIS -i I 1.1 Summary ofthe Report I Background This report is concerned with the identification of the archaeological potential that I resides within the site ofRoyal Newcastle Hospital and an assessment ofthe significance of that resource. "Archaeological potential" is understood to mean any sites, relics, structures, features, soils and/or deposits that could be used to interpret past use, I management and occupation of the hospital site. The primary focus ofthe study has been on the former city block that now encompasses I the North Wing and Nickson Building. This area has been utilised by the first hospital, the later nineteenth century hospital and most of the early twentieth century I improvements and is likely to be the focus of future development. Thesite is notsubjectto any currentstatutorylistings although a Section 130 Orderunder I the Heritage Act of NSW was applied to some elements, including the North Wing, in January 1981. The National Trust and the Royal Institute of Architects each have listed several buildings. The site has also been the subject of a conservation plan prepared I during 1991 which recommended the need for detailed archaeological work. No archaeological assessment or field work has been undertaken on the study area to I date. I Objectives The primary objectives which have been identified for this work were to define the potential archaeological resource which resides within the hospital precincts; to assess I the significance ofthis resource and to recommend management strategies based on the assessment ofsignificance. I Methodology I To achieve these objectives all detailed surveys of the site, from first settlement to the present day, were computer digitised to the same scale as a means of identifying zones I Page 1 I 'I ARCHAEOLOGICALASSESSMENT: ROYAL NEWCASTLE HOSPITAL I or sites ofpotential sensitivity. These digitised plans were used as an aid to assessing the impact of succeeding phases of development on those preceding them. Other factors I which may have influenced the survival rates of archaeological material have also been considered in this work. I Criteriahavebeendeterminedwhichwereusedto assess the significance ofthe potential resource and comparative data from surrounding sites has been considered as welL I Historical Context i 1I Thefirst hospital onthe site ofthe presentestablishmentwas the product ofa large scale building programme carried out during the second settlement of Newcastle. It was constructed in 1817. It appears to have started life as a gaol and was subsequently I converted for use as an hospitaL It was described in 1818 as being built in stone, with a verandah all round it. The site was enclosed by a paling fence. The structure is shown on I a number of contemporary surveys. By 1834 the hospital appears to have acquired what appears to have been either an additional building or an attached garden. By 1849 it definitely encompassed three I separate buildings. This arrangement was consistent through to the 1860s when the land was dedicated for a new hospital. There is no clear or detailed information with respect to the form, construction oruse ofthese new structures. The old buildings survived until I at least 1864 but they appear to have been demolished shortly after that time. The need for a new hospital had been recognized since 1861 but it was not until 1865 I that the first new building was opened to the public. The site ofthe new hospital was in much the same location as the old hospital, however, no contemporary surveys of the complex are now available. The earliest survey that incorporates elements of the work I comes from 1889, approximately a thirty year lapse of time. Furthermore there is little I evidence for the nature ofthe building works associated with the new facilities. Mterinitial enthusiasm development ofthe new establishment lapsed and the buildings were left to function as best they could. It was not until 1871 that water closets were I installedinthegrounds and during the sameperiodmovesweremadeto secure thewater supply although this was not successfully achieved until some time later. It continued to be a severeproblemthroughout the remainder ofthe century as did erosion and damage I caused through drifting sand dunes. During the 1880s agitation for better facilities resulted in the construction of a number I of new buildings and additions and changes were made to the existing facilities. The hospital grounds were also expanded to encompass an additional twenty-two feet. The 1889 survey ofthe site shows the major facilities to be located, again, in the general area I ofthe old hospital wings. More buildings were added to the site during the earlyyears of the 1890s and these partially overlapped the area of the old hospital although large I sections of this facility are likely to have been unaffected by the later work. The need for more and improved facilities was pressing by 1897. Plans were made for a variety ofnewworks but only repairs to existing buildings and services were carried out I as well as, in 1899, a thorough cleansing ofthe entire establishment. In 1898 competitive I Page 2 I I ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT: ROYAL NEWCASTLE HOSPITAL I designs were called for the constructionofa newhospital thatwas to embrace the "better" parts of the old work. The competition was won by a Brisbane based architect but the I work did not proceed for some years. Repairs, even, were kept to a minimum in expectation ofthis long awaited building programme. The first stage was begun in 1901. I Work continued sporadically during the earlyyears ofthe new century. Moneywas made available butitwas notuntil 1914 that construction commenced onthis projectwhen the I foundation stone was laid of the North Wing. Theimprovements thathadbeenmade to the site during the lateryears ofthe nineteenth century and the earlyyears ofthe twentieth century had further encroached on the area I of the earlier hospital although some sections remained untouched by this phase of I activity. Older buildings were demolished progressively during this time. Duringthe 1920s a variety ofbuildings and services were added to the site. In some cases these works required the removal of existing buildings. A similar programme of I improvements, including additions, demolition and renovations were carried on during the 1930s. The onset ofthe war years, however, slowed this progress although many new I works were planned for when finances and labour again became available. In 1945 work again commenced on a building programme that was to continue sporadically for the next few decades. The earliest ofthese projects was the construction I oftheNicksonBuildingwhich necessitatedthe removal ofa number ofexisting buildings. Further disruption to the site was caused through the construction of tunnels for steam I and power lines. Other additions were made during the remaining years of the 1940s. The 1950s were also a period of development. The 1960s for the most part, however, were quiet in terms ofbuilding activity in comparison to that which had preceded them. I However, in 1966, planning commenced for what was claimed to be the biggest single I development in the hospital's history. This subsequently became the McCaffrey Wing. Thisworkwas againfollowed by a lull during the early 1970s. The laterpart ofthis decade was characterized by a series of documents which were prepared to plan for the future I needs of the site. By this time a number of new projects were underway including the Clinical Services Building.
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