BOAT OPERATION

Safe boat operation is coupled with prepa- Preventative Boat Maintenance Leave a Float Plan ration, prevention, and practice. Each time before you start out on your next boating Inspecting your boat and equipment before Let others know before you go: A float plan you launch or leave the dock can prevent many trip, follow these guidelines for maintenance, should be filled out and left with a reliable person possible problems. Examine onboard safety departure, trailering, launching and retrieving, before you leave on all boating trips. The plan equipment (life jackets, throwable devices docking, rules of navigation, night operation, lets others know where you are going, when you (sizes and condition), fire extinguishers, bail- and anchoring. expect to return, who is going with you, and what ers, anchor, etc.), motor, fuel, electrical systems, emergency measures or rescue organization through-hull fittings, and accessory attachments. should be notified in the event you do not return Pre-departure Checklist Follow the owner’s manual for regular mainte- as scheduled. Remember to contact the person nance on the boat and equipment; this will pay To ensure a safe and problem-free boating you left the float plan with when you return. off by minimizing problems afloat. Here are experience, make a checklist of items similar to In addition to leaving a paper copy of a float some other tips: the one below, and use it before each trip: plan behind, many boaters are also providing  Life jackets: Examine each life jacket for Hull condition: e-mail versions of their float plan with others. condition and ensure you have the cor- • Check for any cracks or crazing. Complete the float plan at www.fishandboat. rect number and sizes, appropriate for the • Ensure the hull sounds solid. com/Boat/Boating/Documents/FloatPlan.pdf intended activity on board. • Pull on the transom to ensure that it is solid. before going boating, and leave it with a friend.  Weather: Check the weather forecast for • Make sure there is a drain plug and it is the area and time frame you will be boating. in place. Trailering  Float plan: Be sure to leave a float plan • Drain all water from the engine compartment. Trailering is a package deal, which includes with a family member, friend, neighbor, or • Check the bilge for any water. Check for a marina operator. cracks around the fittings, above and below the boat, trailer, hitch, and tow vehicle.  Fuel: Make certain you have enough fuel the waterline and around chain plates, Everything must be compatible. The tow vehicle and know where you can refuel. Use the cleats, etc. hitch must match the trailer ball. The hitch should be mounted to the frame of the towing one-third rule: one-third tank for your trip, Rigging and sails: one-third tank to return to dock or launch vehicle. Do not use bumper hitches. Trailer tires ramp, and one-third tank for emergency • Check for signs of must have sufficient load-bearing capacity and use. wear or fraying. be appropriate for the trailer. Practice is a key  Battery and fire extinguishers: Be sure • Repair small tears aspect of trailering. Before taking your boat on the engine battery is fully charged and your or open seams by the road, use an empty parking lot to practice taping or sewing. fire extinguishers are properly charged. turning, parking, and backing up. Before towing • Keep lines clean  Boat check: Use the checklist under your boat: and store in a dry “Preventative Boat Maintenance” to make • Check your tires. area out of the sun. sure your boat is in safe, operable condition. • Make sure your wheel bearings are greased.  Conduct an onboard safety discus- Engines, fuel • Ensure the trailer hitch is firmly on the sion with passengers: Everyone on board tanks, and lines, mechanical: trailer ball, and it is latched and secured needs to know in advance what is expected • Follow the manufacturer’s maintenance plan. with a pin or lock. of them and where they can find needed • Check for fuel leaks from the tank, • Cross and attach the trailer safety chains to equipment. The discussion should include carburetor, engine compartment, and the tow vehicle in an “X” pattern. Trailer safe- information on the location and proper fuel lines. ty chains should not drag (required by law). use of life jackets (PFDs), fire extinguish- • Check hose connections for leaks or cracks • Make sure your lights work with your vehi- ers, visual distress equipment, and first-aid and make sure hose clamps are secure. cle (required by law). kit. Explain emergency procedures; rules • Examine the ignition safety switch and • Secure the winch, other tie down straps, prohibiting discharging waste overboard; basic operation of the marine radio (if one lanyard for wear and proper operation. and any loose items. is installed); other items such as boat opera- • Check for proper operation of steering and • Always carry a spare tire for your trailer. tion, weather and/or water conditions, other controls. anchoring procedures, docking and line • Drain the fuel tank at the end of handling, and the dangers of falling over- the season or use a fuel stabilizer. board and being struck by the propeller. Check for signs of wear and corrosion: • Check for cracks or leaks. • Check for firm hoses, free of leaks, and use double clamps. • Make sure the backfire arrestor is attached and serviceable. • Check belts, the battery for corrosion, and anything unusual.

Pennsylvania Fishing Summary/Boating Handbook www.fishandboat.com 47 BOAT OPERATION

Launching and Retrieving with the current, the boat must be going faster Also, consider approaching from another than the speed of the current to maintain control direction or selecting another dock. Plan Prepare your boat well away from the boat and maneuverability. Boats do not have brakes. for a no-escape situation: If you get into ramp, so you do not block ramp traffic. Before To reduce speed quickly, the motor should be put a situation from which escape is difficult, you launch, it is helpful to makesure you have in reverse and power applied. Stopping in this use spring lines with dock hands or fel- not missed any important points: manner requires practice to avoid water washing low boaters on the dock to help keep you • Put the plug in. in over the stern. Consult the owner’s manual for in control. • Raise the motor. proper procedures. 4. Approach slowly, docking is no place • Disconnect trailer wiring and tie-downs. for speed. Relax and stay focused. • Tie a line to the bow to maintain control of 5. Use only the power necessary to move the boat. Docking the boat and maintain control. Alternating • Slowly back your boat trailer into the water Docking is a difficult maneuver, especially for between idle speed in gear and drifting in and set the emergency brake. the new boater. Learning to dock also requires neutral is one way to slow your movement. • Disconnect and secure the winch and safe- practice with a capable teacher. When docking, a Apply brief bursts of power to help with ty chain from the bow. boater must keep in mind that the boat’s steering steering and then shift to neutral to limit • Push or motor the boat off the trailer while mechanism is located at the stern (back), which your speed. somebody holds the bow line. will move first, followed by the bow (front of the 6. Deploy boat fenders or other devices Retrieval is the opposite of launching. boat). Docking is similar to landing an airplane; to protect the hull. you must encounter a fixed object but do so 7. Use a boat hook to pull the boat closer softly without inflicting damage. At the same to dock. If someone is available, hand them time, environmental conditions such as current, a line. Do not jump from the boat to dock. wind, and waves can make your approach more complicated. Additional docking tips for specific Depending on the situation, docking proce- situations. dures vary. Fenders, mooring lines, a boat hook, With Wind or Current Ahead. Approach at Boarding and a heaving line should be ready. The approach a moderate angle (about 15 to 20 degrees) Stability is important when boarding a small to the dock should be planned. If possible, the slowly and with fenders and lines at the boat. Wearing a life jacket when boarding is a boat should be headed into the current and/or ready. As you touch the dock, reverse common sense safety precaution. Passengers wind to slow down and to more easily control power to halt your advance and hand a line should steady the boat from the dock or shore it. A common method when docking in current to a dock hand. If no dock hand is avail- while the operator boards. Maintain three points is to slip the boat sideways bit by bit toward the able, use a boat hook or have a crew mem- of contact when boarding and moving about dock, pier, or slip. When docking correctly, the ber step (not jump) from the boat to the a boat. Once in, the operator should steady the boat feels like it is moving in slow motion. After dock to secure the line. boat for others. When boarding, everyone should docking, a line should be secured from the dock keep his or her weight as low and as close to the With Wind or Current Behind. In this situ- to the bow of the boat. The current will hold the boat’s center as possible. Holding onto the gun- ation, your big concern is pin wheeling if boat against the dock while the remaining lines wales is the best way for boarders to keep steady. the wind or current takes the stern, so do Equipment and gear should be loaded onto the are tied off. not tie the bow first. Slow your approach boat one item at a time, handing it to someone A docking light is a flood or spotlight type by throttling back. Your angle should be a already on board. The load should be evenly dis- of light permanently installed or permanently slight 5 to 10 degrees—coming alongside tributed and secured, so it doesn’t shift. mounted on a motorboat that is used to illumi- the pier. Reverse throttle slightly to still nate a boat’s forward course of travel. For specific your approach; tie an aft quarter spring line. information on illegal use of docking lights, see Then, tie your bow; tie remaining lines. Boat Trim page 44. With Wind or Current Off the Pier. This Boat trim (the way a boat floats) is vital in a is more challenging. You will need to small boat. Weight should be distributed in the DOCKING TECHNIQUES increase the angle of your approach and boat to keep the bow light. Keep the boat from Although there are subtle docking differences use just enough power to reach and hold listing (leaning to one side) by distributing between propulsion systems and watercraft, the dock. Have a crew member toss the weight equally from side to side. Sudden, sharp the following guidelines apply to most docking line to a dock hand or carefully step on the turns should be avoided and the boat’s capacity conditions: dock to secure the line. You will be using must never be exceeded. 1. Survey the dock: Look for moving power against a spring line to pull the boat boats and traffic, available hands, and the parallel to the dock and hold it until you Boat Handling locations of cleats or pilings. are secured by lines. All boats handle differently, and inexperienced 2. Visualize your approach: Determine With Wind or Current Toward the Pier. operators need hands-on practice with a capable which side is better. Identify what lines you Line up next to the pier, and let the wind teacher to become proficient in handling their intend to use and who will do what. take you in. boat. A motorboat is most easily maneuvered 3. Plan an exit strategy: If things don’t go going against the current or wind. When moving according to plan, back out and try again rather than continue a flawed approach.

48 www.fishandboat.com Pennsylvania Fishing Summary/Boating Handbook BOAT OPERATION

Departing situations is also a part of maintaining a proper • Nun buoys: These are cone-shaped lookout. Passengers should be asked to assist. red buoys with even numbers and When departing, your boat will naturally mark the edge of a channel on a 8 point into the current or wind—whichever is AIDS TO NAVIGATION (ATON) boaters starboard (right) side when dominant. If the current is strong, be prepared entering from the open sea or head- The closest things to signs to counter it, especially if there are boats astern ing upstream. of you. on the water are aids to navi- • Can buoys: These are cylindrical- Untie the line and toss it from the bow, mak- gation (ATON). The purpose shaped green buoys with odd ing sure the line is far enough away that it won’t of ATON is to help boaters numbers and mark the edge of the 9 foul the propeller. It’s easiest if a member of your avoid problems on the water channel on your port (left) side crew does this for you, because you may need to and for navigation when used when entering from the open sea apply some power in forward gear to maintain in combination with a nau- or heading upstream. your position. If you have to do this yourself, get tical chart. ATON includes Information and regulatory mark- to the helm quickly to take control. Do not apply buoys and daymarks (or ers are used to alert boaters of various warnings and regulatory matters. These regulatory propulsion and leave the helm to go to the bow. dayboards). The U.S. Aids to Once you’re free, drift backward until you markers are white can buoys with orange shapes and Navigation System has been black lettering. have clearance. Apply light forward throttle adopted by the Commission while also turning to go around rather than over for use on all Commonwealth SAFE SPEED the mooring line. Once you’ve moved to the side, waters. Boaters should learn this system and pre- power away. A boater’s speed of operation will vary accord- sume nothing. Navigational aids are often moved ing to the weather, water conditions, time of day or by the Coast Guard, the PFBC, storms, heavy cur- night, other boat traffic, and individual boat char- Boat Navigation Rules rents, or vandals. acteristics. Safe speed allows the operator to be in The navigation rules contained in this hand- In the U.S. Aids to Navigation System, markers control and take correct action to avoid a collision. book are a summary for which a boat operator designate the edges of a channel and the direc- is responsible on inland waterways and Lake tion of open water. The colors of these markers RISK OF COLLISION Erie. Additional and more in-depth rules apply are important. Red markers indicate that boat- A risk of collision exists when there is the regarding various types of waterways (such as ers should navigate with the markers on their possibility that two boats will arrive at the same International Waters and Western Rivers) and starboard (right) side when traveling upstream. point on the water at the same time. The first operation in relation to commercial vessels and Remember the slogan “Red, Right Return,” to indication of a risk of collision is when one operator other watercraft. It is the responsibility of a boat find your way home to port. Green markers notices that another boat has a constant bearing (or operator to know and follow navigation rules. indicate that boaters should navigate with the constant relative position) and a decreasing range In states where Inland Rules do not apply, the markers on their port (left) side when traveling (the other boat is getting closer). When this occurs, equivalent International, Western Rivers, or upstream. Red markers have even numbers, and the Rules of the Road make one boat either a stand- on (privileged) vessel or a give-way (burdened) Great Lakes rule(s) may be substituted. For a green markers have odd numbers. complete listing of the navigation rules, refer to vessel (explanation follows). The risk of collision To aid visibility, these buoys may also have ends when both boats have avoided the collision by the document “Navigation Rules” published by lights that match their color. Further distinction the USCG (COMDTINST 16672.2 Series). This is proper action under the rules and are moving safely between buoys is recognized by their shape: away from each other. available through the U.S. Government printing office or online at www.navcen.uscg.gov. Refer to the state laws where you intend to boat for state-specific navigation requirements. The purpose of the navigation rules (rules of the road) is to prevent collisions. Since there are no traffic lines and few signs on the water, boat operators must make choices. Common sense is required, but boaters must also know the rules of BOATS KEEP OUT! DANGER! CONTROLLED AREA! INFORMATION the road. Operators are responsible for: Nature of danger may Nature of danger may Area as indicated in Tells directions, distances, • The safety of all passengers in the boat. be placed outside be indicated inside the circle such as speed limit, places, food, repairs, supplies, • The boat’s wake and any damage caused crossed diamond diamond shape such as no shing, no anchoring, and other non-regulatory such as dams, rocks, shoals, dams, ski only, slow-no wake, messages. by it. swim areas, or rapids. construction, or stumps. no prop boats, or no ski. • Maintaining a proper lookout and operat- ing at a safe speed for the conditions. • Using good seamanship, which is the foun- dation of the navigation rules.

PROPER LOOKOUT Boat operators must maintain a proper look- out at all times when operating a boat. Collisions MOORING BUOY CHANNEL CHANNEL MID CHANNEL and other types of accidents can be avoided by White with reectorized Lateral System. Lateral System. Lateral System. scanning all around the boat for swimmers, other blue band. May have Buoy on port side Buoy on starboard Pass close on boats, and obstructions. Listening for dangerous white light or reector. facing upstream. side facing upstream. either side.

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STAND-ON AND GIVE-WAY VESSEL OVERTAKING (PASSING) SITUATIONS Under the Rules, the stand-on vessel is required The boat being passed is the stand-on vessel. It must maintain its course and speed while the to maintain its course and speed. The give-way ves- overtaking (give-way) vessel passes by. The overtaking boat is always the give-way vessel, and it sel is required to stop or slow down or, when over- may pass on either side. taking, to pass the other vessel in a safe manner. Under no circumstances should the stand-on vessel assume that the give-way vessel is going to take the action required to avoid a collision. Both operators STAND-ON are required to avoid a collision in any situation. GIVE-WAY VESSEL PORT VESSEL PORT 300 YARDS 1350 100 YARDS STARBOARD STARBOARD 3300 3300

CROSSING SITUATION CONSTANT BEARING - DECREASING RANGE All boats have a danger zone from dead ahead (12 o’clock) to 4 o’clock (112.5 degrees) starboard (the right). In a crossing situation, the boat in the danger zone (ahead and to the right) is the stand-on vessel. The give-way vessel must stop or slow down and let the stand-on vessel continue on. If the give-way vessel does not take the required action in this or any of the other situations, then the stand-on vessel 400 YARDS operator must be prepared to take action to avoid a collision. 100 YARDS

3300 0100

STAND-ON VESSEL CHANGE IN BEARING - DECREASING RANGE

"DANGER ZONE" Rules for Power-driven Vessels GIVE- FROM DEAD AHEAD Underway WAY TO 112.50 or 22 1/20 VESSEL ABAFT THE HEAD-ON (MEETING) SITUATION STARBOARD BEAM When two boats meet head-on, both boats are required to turn starboard (to the right)to avoid the other. At night, a head-on situation exists SOUND SIGNALS when both the red and the green running lights are seen at the same time. Lights required on boats Sound signals should be made when are explained previously in this handbook. Sound within hearing distance of another ves- signals used when maneuvering are explained on sel to indicate your intentions when meeting, crossing, or overtaking another vessel. Your signal should receive this page. a response signal from the other vessel indicating their 1 BLAST agreement or disagreement with your intentions. Short Blast- 1-second duration STARBOARD Prolonged Blast- 4 to 6 seconds duration PORT 1 Short Blast- I intend to leave you on my port side (boat turns right). GIVE-WAY 2 Short Blasts- I intend to leave you on my starboard GIVE-WAY VESSEL side (boat turns left). VESSEL 3 Short Blasts- I am operating in reverse (astern PORT propulsion). STARBOARD 5 or More Short Blasts- Doubt or danger (danger signal used when the other vessel’s intentions are 1 BLAST not understood or where the other vessel’s indi- cated course is dangerous).

50 www.fishandboat.com Pennsylvania Fishing Summary/Boating Handbook BOAT OPERATION

Other Important Rules of 6 intership safety communications only 9 commercial and non-commercial intership, the Road ship to coast and alternate calling channel • A power-driven vessel must give way to any 13 ocean-going vessels, bridge tenders, tugs while towing, locks sailing vessel that is under sail only (no aux- 16 distress safety and calling, call Coast Guard, establish general contact iliary power propulsion). 24-28, 84-88 public telephone calls (to call the marine operator) Exceptions: • When a sailboat is overtaking a 68, 69, 71, and 78 non-commercial intership and ship to coast (recreational boat working channels) power-driven vessel (power-driven 72 non-commercial intership only vessel is the stand-on vessel and main- tains course and speed while being Marine weather (WX-1, WX-2, WX-3) sta- The holding power of an anchor increases overtaken). tions broadcast the latest available weather as the scope ratio increases. A ratio of 7:1 is • When a sailboat is approaching a boat information from the National Weather Service standard; 10:1 is better in rough water. For at anchor (the power-driven vessel continually. Forecasts are updated every 6 example, if boating in 8 feet of water and remains anchored). hours or more often as conditions require. the bow is 2 feet above the waterline, 70 feet • In narrow channels, recreational vessels under 65 feet long must not hamper the of rode is recommended. Boaters should operation of large vessels that cannot oper- Anchoring carry at least two anchors. A smaller, lighter ate outside the channel. Boats should oper- It is essential that every boater becomes anchor is good for use in calm weather and ate as near to the outer limit of the channel proficient in anchoring. Some anchoring for positioning a boat, and a larger anchor that lies on its starboard (right) side as is considerations include: is best for bad weather or when anchoring safe and practicable. • Type and weight of the boat. overnight. Never anchor from the stern, • Vessels restricted in their ability to maneu- especially in current or waves. The anchor ver, such as tugs with barges, ferryboats, • Character of the bottom in the area you line should be tied to the bow. The end of the commercial fishing boats with nets or lines are boating (rocky, sandy). out, or boats at anchor, are stand-on vessels. • Average depth of the water. anchor rode (called the bitter end) must be • Vessels not under command (usually • Strength of the wind and current. secured to the boat because of mechanical problems and are • Diameter of the anchor line. To anchor, the boat should be headed unable to steer) or constrained by their There are different types of anchors: kedge into the wind or current. The engine is then draft are stand-on vessels. for rocks and heavy grasses, burying for sand reversed, or the boat is allowed to back off. • On a river, a boat operating upriver (against and mud, mushroom for permanent moor- When the boat begins to drift backward, the current) gives way to a boat operating ings. The two questions boaters should ask lower the anchor from the bow (front of the downriver (with the current). A boat oper- boat). No one should be standing on any part ating across the current gives way to boats themselves about anchoring are: which type of the anchor line. When about a third of the operating both upriver and downriver. of anchor will they need, and how much rode (the length of the anchor rode is out, the rode is tied off to a forward PORT STARBOARD line) is necessary. cleat to make the anchor dig into the bottom. Anchors hold best Once the anchor digs in, the remaining rode when the pull of the rode is let out. A sight bearing is then taken on some stationary objects to make certain that GIVE-WAY STARBOARD PORT STAND-ON on the anchor is as near VESSEL VESSEL to horizontal as possible. the anchor is not dragging on the bottom. (powerboat) (sailboat)

BOW ABOVE WATERLINE 2 FT. SCOPE 7 : 1

VHF Radio R OD E= A VHF (very 7 X 10 DEPTH FT high frequency) OF WATER . radio is used to 8 FT. communicate with other boaters, the Coast Guard, commercial RODE IS THE LENGTH OF THE ANCHOR LINE AND CHAIN. SCOPE IS THE RATIO OF LENGTH OF ANCHOR RODE IN USE TO THE VERTICAL DISTANCE vessels, draw bridge tenders, and lock operators. FROM THE BOW OF THE VESSEL TO THE BOTTOM OF THE WATER. A VHF is not required to be USCG approved.

Recreational boaters are not required to carry RING MUSHROOM VHF radios, but they are highly recommended HEAD

on larger waters such as Lake Erie. The Federal STOCK PLOW TYPE Communications Commission (FCC) regulates their use. Recreational boats less than 20 meters in length are NOT required to have a station license to operate a VHF radio unless they travel SHANK to foreign ports or transmit to foreign stations. FLUKES Use of a VHF radio is enforced by the USCG. DANFORTH There are many channels on the VHF, but rec- KEDGE reational boaters are given access to only a few. CROWN

Pennsylvania Fishing Summary/Boating Handbook www.fishandboat.com 51 BOAT OPERATION

Anchors can also be used as safety devices in an TYPICAL FIXED-CREST DAM emergency situation. The operator may drop the anchor quickly to avoid running aground in the event the boat loses power. Make sure the anchor and line are stored in an easily accessible place. Exercise caution when “weighing” (pulling up) anchor. The combination of anchor pull, current, and weight can swamp a small boat. The anchor ENTER should be lifted as vertically as possible. As it is LOCK BUOYS DURING lifted, it can be washed. Take care that it does not hit the side of the boat. RECREATION SEASON RESTRICTED AREA Locks and Dams DAM In Pennsylvania, locks and dams are locat- ed on the three rivers in and near Pittsburgh (Monongahela, Allegheny, and Ohio rivers). The dams provide a navigable channel for river traf- RESTRICTED AREA fic. Locks are a means of passing vessels through the dams. The locks in Pennsylvania are built and maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. ENTER BUOYS At locks, the lockmaster is in control and will sig- LOCK nal your boat to enter with a horn or a light system. There are priorities (of boats) set for safe and efficient passage: LIGHT SYSTEM • military craft • mail boats THE ONE THAT IS FLASHING IS THE LIGHT TO OBEY. • commercial passenger craft 1. Red - Stand clear, do not enter. • commercial tows 2. Amber - Approach the • commercial fishermen lock under full control. • pleasure boats 3. Green - Enter the lock. Before entering a lock, the boat should stop at 4. Amber/Green - least 100 yards from the lock entrance. The lock- Enter the lock with caution. master can be signaled by the boater with a long and short blast of the horn, on the marine radio (channel 13), or with a signaling device on the lock wall. Once the lockmaster has been signaled, BOAT AND MOTOR THEFT the boat must stay clear of the lock chamber until Boat Theft signaled to enter. Fenders and mooring lines (mini- Small boats are vulnerable to theft. Titled boats PREVENTION CHECKLIST mum of 75 feet) should be ready. Once inside the are easier to identify and much more difficult to  Secure it. Store your boat and motor in a chamber, the lock lines are adjusted with the water sell illegally. Boat dealers and other purchasers are secure location. Use a hitch lock to secure levels. The boat must not be tied fast to the lock more certain that someone offering a titled boat your boat trailer. Lock your outboard wall. Life jackets should always be worn. for sale has the legal right to do so. motor to your boat with a motor lock or chain and padlock. 1. Gate Open UPSTREAM  Mark it. Use an engraving tool to mark your boat, motor, and marine equipment with a DOWNSTREAM unique identification (driver’s license number, 2. Boats Enter 3. Gate Closed etc.). Hide your engraved identification in a CURRENT location where it is not easily found.  Record it. Keep a record of your boat and motor’s make, model, and serial numbers.  Report it. Immediately report any theft to your local police and to the Pennsylvania HOW LOCK SYSTEMS OPERATE–REVERSE PROCEDURE Fish and Boat Commission, Division of FOR DOWNSTREAM LOCKAGE UPSTREAM Licensing and Registration, in Harrisburg, 4. Gate Closed 7. Boats Exit at 1-(866) 262-8734. Reporting your loss to the police and the PFBC may lead to its DOWNSTREAM recovery in the event someone attempts to 5. Lock filled to higher level 6. Gate Open sell or register it. CURRENT

52 www.fishandboat.com Pennsylvania Fishing Summary/Boating Handbook