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APPENDIX

Using an Appendix Explain to students that an Appendix is additional material found at the end of a book. Have stu- dents look at the table of con- tents on page 900. Ask students to identify the materials found in the Appendix. Skills Handbook ...... XXX Review the descriptions of each SkillBuilder Handbook ...... 902 Appendix item from the infor- Historical Documents ...... XXX mation on page 901. After Standardized Test Practice ...... 920 students have read the descrip- Primary Source Library...... XXX tions of each item, have them Primary Sources Library ...... 930 turn to the page where this Gazetteer ...... 783 item is found, using the page Suggested Readings ...... 944 number references from the Glossary ...... 791 table of contents. Ask students Glossary ...... 947 to describe what information is Spanish Glossary ...... 799 found on the pages and how it Spanish Glossary ...... 955 can help them as they read Index...... 808 their textbooks. Gazetteer ...... 965 Acknowledgments ...... 827 Index ...... 977

Acknowledgements ...... 1006

900 Appendix (bkgd)CORBIS, (r)Sylvain Grandadam/Getty Images, (l)Picture Finders Ltd./eStock

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APPENDIX An appendix is the additional material you often find at the end of books. The following information will help you learn how to use the Appendix in Journey Across Time. Have students complete the Test Yourself questions on SkillBuilder Handbook important to bilingual students, or those page 901. As students answer The SkillBuilder Handbook offers you Spanish-speaking students who are learning the questions, have them iden- the English language. information and practice using critical thinking tify where in the Appendix and social studies skills. Mastering these skills will they found the answers. help you in all your courses. Gazetteer The Gazetteer (GA•zuh•TIHR) is a geographical Have students write on a sheet of paper five questions similar Standardized Test Preparation dictionary. It lists some of the world’s largest countries, cities, and several important geographic to those on page 901, with the The skills you need to do well on standardized features. Each entry also includes a page number answers written on the back of tests are practiced in the Standardized Test telling where this place is talked about in your Practice section of this Appendix. the paper. Have students textbook. exchange their questions with another student. Students Primary Sources Library Index should answer the questions The Primary Sources Library provides additional The Index is an alphabetical listing that includes using the Appendix and iden- first-person accounts of historical events. Primary the subjects of the book and the page numbers tify where they found each sources are often narratives by a person who where those subjects can be found. The index in answer. actually experienced what is being described. this book also lets you know that certain pages contain maps, graphs, photos, or paintings about Have students review different the subject. books to see what other types Suggested Readings of information can be placed in The Suggested Readings list suggests the titles an Appendix. Have students of fiction and non-fiction books you might be Acknowledgements and Photo Credits use the Appendix throughout interested in reading. These books deal with the This section lists photo credits and/or literary same topics that are covered in each chapter. credits for the book. You can look at this section their study of the textbook. to find out where the publisher obtained the permission to use a photograph or to use excerpts Glossary from other books. The Glossary is a list of important or difficult terms found in a textbook. Since words sometimes have other meanings, you may wish to consult a dictionary to find other Find the answers to these questions by using uses for the term. The glossary gives a definition the Appendix on the following pages. of each term as it is used in the book. The glossary also includes page numbers telling 1. What does dynasty mean? you where in the textbook the term is used. 2. What is the topic of the first Unit 3 Primary Source reading? The Spanish Glossary 3. On what page can I find out about Julius Caesar? The Spanish Glossary contains everything that 4. Where exactly is Rome located? an English glossary does, but it is written in 5. What is one of the Suggested Readings for Unit 3? Spanish. A Spanish glossary is especially

Appendix 901 CORBIS

TESTTEST YOURSELFYOURSELF ANSWERSANSWERS 1. A dynasty is a line of rulers the Byzantine Empire over to 4. Rome, the capital of Italy, is from the same family his mother, Anna Dalassena. located at 41°N 12°E. 2. A Woman on the Throne is 3. Information on Julius Caesar 5. Answers should match read- about how Emperor Alexius I can be found on pages ings from the Suggested turned the government of 280–282, 284–285. Readings list for Unit 3.

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INTRODUCTION The following SkillBuilder Handbook offers practice of individual critical thinking skills and research skills. Finding the Main Idea ...... 903 Students can benefit in several Taking Notes and Outlining ...... 904 ways from completing the les- sons. First, being equipped Reading a Time Line ...... 905 with these skills makes stu- Sequencing and Categorizing dents’ reading more meaning- Information ...... 906 ful and supports the content of the text. Second, the lessons Recognizing Point of View ...... 907 give students practice in using Distinguishing Fact From Opinion ...... 908 skills they will need to success- fully complete the section and Analyzing Library and Research chapter assessments included Resources ...... 909 in the text. Finally, the lessons help prepare students for stan- Analyzing Primary Source Documents . . .910 dardized test taking since Building a Database ...... 911 many of these skills are assessed on standardized tests. Summarizing ...... 912 The lessons are written to be Evaluating a Web Site ...... 913 used at any point in the text Understanding Cause and Effect ...... 914 and in any order you choose. They also can be revisited as Making Comparisons ...... 915 review lessons for students Making Predictions ...... 916 who need extra practice. Drawing Inferences and Conclusions . . . . .917 Recognizing Economic Indicators ...... 918 Interpreting Political Cartoons ...... 919

902 SkillBuilder Handbook

902 902-919_SKLBLDR_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 8:52 PM Page 903 SkillBuilder Handbook Finding the Main Idea

Why Learn This Skill? Cultural diffusion has increased as a Understanding the main idea allows result of technology. Cultural diffusion is the Finding the Main Idea Help stu- you to grasp the whole picture and get process by which a culture spreads its dents to understand that the an overall understanding of what you knowledge and skills from one area to main idea of a paragraph is the are reading. Historical details, such as another. Years ago, trade—the way people names, dates, and events, are easier to shared goods and ideas—resulted in cultural single most important idea. remember when they are connected to a diffusion. Today communication technology, Details are finer points that main idea. such as television and the Internet, links offer more information about people throughout the world. the main idea. Have students look again at the paragraph under Practicing the Skill. Ask: What are some other Follow these steps when trying to detail detail detail find the main idea: kinds of details the writer could have included that • Read the material and ask, “Why was main idea this written? What is its purpose?” would provide more support for the main idea of the para- • Read the first sentence of the first para- graph? (examples of ways these graph. The main idea of a paragraph is 1. What is the main idea of this paragraph? technologies have increased often found in the topic sentence. The 2. What are some details that support that cultural diffusion, more types of main idea of a large section of text is main idea? technologies) L1 often found in a topic paragraph. 3. Do you agree or disagree with the main idea • Identify details that support the main presented above? Explain. ideas. 4. Practice the skill by reading three paragraphs • Keep the main idea clearly in your in your textbook and identifying their main mind as you read. ideas. Glencoe Skillbuilder Interactive Workbook CD-ROM, Level 1 This interactive CD-ROM Read the paragraph at the top of the reinforces student mastery of next column that describes how the cul- Bring a newspaper or magazine essential social studies skills. ture of the world is changing. Answer to class. With a partner, identify the the questions, and then complete the main ideas in three different articles. activity that follows. If you have trouble, Then describe how other sentences or use the graphic organizer to help you. paragraphs in the article support the main idea.

SkillBuilder Handbook 903

PRACTICINGPRACTICING THETHE SKILLSKILL ANSWERSANSWERS 1. The process of cultural diffusion has increased look for details as a way of determining the because of changes in technology. main idea. 2. Technologies such as TV and the Internet link 4. Most students will agree, citing the wide- people throughout the world; to some extent, spread influence of the new technologies in these new technologies have replaced trade as most parts of the world. the main instrument of cultural diffusion. Applying the Skill Students’ analyses of their 3. Students should begin by identifying the topic articles should follow the basic process described sentence of each paragraph they chose, then on this page. 903 902-919_SKLBLDR_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 8:57 PM Page 904

Taking Notes and Outlining

You also may find it helpful to use an Why Learn This Skill? outline when writing notes. Outlining can If you asked someone for his or her Taking Notes and Outlining Before help you organize your notes in a clear phone number or e-mail address, how having students read the skill SkillBuilder Handbook and orderly way. would you best remember it? Most peo- First read the material to identify the page, ask a student to present a ple would write it down. Making a note main ideas. In this textbook, section head- short oral report on a topic dis- of it helps you remember. The same is ings and subheadings provide clues to the cussed in Chapter 2, “Ancient true for remembering what you read in a main ideas. Supporting details can then Egypt.” Ask students to write textbook. be placed under each heading. Each level down the most important of an outline must contain at least two points of the oral presentation. items. The basic pattern for outlines is as Then have volunteers share follows: what they have written. Taking notes as you read your textbook Main Topic Tell students that they should will help you remember the information. I. First idea or item have noted the topic of the oral As you read, identify and summarize the II. Second idea or item report. Under that, they should main ideas and details and write them in your notes. Do not copy material directly A. first detail have listed important points. from the text. B. second detail Remind them that the first sen- Using note cards—that you can 1. subdetail tence of an oral report, like the reorder later—can also help. First write 2. subdetail topic sentence of a paragraph, the main topic or main idea at the top of III. Third idea or item usually states the topic. Details the note card. Then write the details that that support the topic follow. A. first detail support or describe that topic. Number B. second detail Remind students that, when the cards to help you keep them in order. taking notes, only the most important details should be recorded. L2 the Middle Ages 3 Schools in Look back at Chapter 2, Section 1. • Catholic church set up Outline the main ideas of the section as cathedral schools. shown above.

• Only sons of nobles could go to these schools. Use the outline that you created in step 2 to write a paragraph with a main idea and at least three supporting details.

904 SkillBuilder Handbook

PRACTICINGPRACTICING THETHE SKILLSKILL ANSWERANSWER Students’ outlines should reflect the information Applying the Skill Students’ paragraphs should highlighted by the section headings and subhead- accurately use the information outlined from ings in the text about the Nile Valley. Chapter 2, Section 1.

904 902-919_SKLBLDR_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 8:58 PM Page 905 SkillBuilder Handbook Reading a Time Line Why Learn This Skill? Have you ever had to remember Reading a Time Line To gain prac- events and their dates in the order in Examine the time line below. It tice in placing dates on a time which they happened? A time line is an shows major events in the history of easy way to make sense of the flow of early Egypt. Then answer the questions line, ask students to make a dates and events. It is a simple diagram and complete the activity that follows. personal time line of events that shows how dates and events relate with which they are familiar. to one another. On most time lines, years They might want to choose this are evenly spaced. Events on time lines 1. When does the time line begin? When does school or calendar year, a are placed beside the date they occurred. it end? sports team’s current or past 2. What major event happened around season, the events of a movie, 1550 B.C.? or another defined chronologi- 3. How long did the Hyksos rule Egypt? cal period. Review the charac- To read a time line, follow these teristics of a time line discussed 4. What happened to Egypt around steps: on this page. Remind students 1670 B.C.? • Find the dates on the opposite ends of that the scale of the time line the time line. They show the period of will need to be adjusted based time that the time line covers. on the time period they choose to represent. They may have to • Note the equal spacing between dates calibrate it by months or even on the time line. List 10 key events found in Unit 1 and days or hours. Ask volunteers • Study the order of events. the dates on which these events took to reproduce their time lines on • Look to see how the events relate to place. Write the events in the order in the board. L2 each other. which they occurred on a time line.

Ancient Egypt Glencoe Skillbuilder Great Pyramid of Khufu built Interactive Workbook Upper and c. 2540 B.C. The Hyksos are CD-ROM, Level 1 Lower Egypt unite overthrown 3100 B.C. c. 1550 B.C. This interactive CD-ROM Egypt reinforces student mastery of 3000 B.C. 2500 B.C. 2000 B.C. 1500 B.C. 1000 B.C. 500 B.C. A.D. 1 A.D. 500 A.D. 1000 A.D. 1500 essential social studies skills. The Hyksos Egypt is conquered conquer Egypt by Assyrians 1670 B.C. 670 B.C.

SkillBuilder Handbook 905

PRACTICINGPRACTICING THETHE SKILLSKILL ANSWERSANSWERS

1. 3100 B.C.; A.D. 1500 Applying the Skill Events students choose 2. The Hyksos are overthrown. should be accurately dated, placed in proper 3. about 250 years order, and focus on the topic Early Civilizations. The time line should also be correctly dated for 4. It became part of the Greek Empire. the events chosen.

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Sequencing and Categorizing Information Why Learn This Skill? Sequencing and Categorizing Sequencing means placing facts in the order in which they happened. Read the paragraph below and then Information To show the impor- SkillBuilder Handbook Categorizing means organizing informa- answer the questions that follow. tance of proper sequencing, tion into groups of related facts and write the following three steps ideas. Both actions help you deal with Buddhism started in India about 500 B.C. on the board: large quantities of information in an but was mostly driven out by 300 B.C. The understandable way. • Put two slices of bread religion of Islam also influenced India’s his- together. tory. In the A.D. 700s, Muslims from south- • Spread peanut butter on one west Asia brought Islam to India. In the 1500s, they founded the Mogul empire and slice. Follow these steps to learn sequenc- ruled India for the next 200 years. • Spread jelly on the other ing and categorizing skills: slice. • Look for dates or clue words that pro- 1. Ask students to explain the vide you with a chronological order: in What information can be organized by sequencing? problem with this sequence. 2004, the late 1990s, first, then, finally, 2. (The slices should not be put after the Great Depression, and so on. What categories can you use to organize the together until the peanut butter information? What facts could be placed • Sequencing can be seen in unit and under each category? and jelly are spread on them.) chapter time lines or on graphs where To help explain categorizing, information covers several years. ask students to categorize their • If the sequence of events is not impor- favorite musical groups and tant, you may want to categorize the singers. Suggest that they information instead. To categorize infor- include such categories as pop, mation, look for topics and facts that Look at the Geographic Dictionary on rock, rap, jazz, country, and are grouped together or have similar pages GH14 and GH15. Record any terms others. Point out that some per- characteristics. If the information is that would fit into the category “bodies of formers may fit into more than about farming, one category might be water.” Also, find two newspaper or mag- azine articles about an important local one category and that the same tools of farming. issue. Sequence or categorize the informa- is true when categorizing his- • List these categories, or characteristics, tion on note cards or in a chart. torical information. L1 as the headings on a chart. • As you read, look for details. Fill in these details under the proper cate- gories on the chart.

906 SkillBuilder Handbook

PRACTICINGPRACTICING THETHE SKILLSKILL ANSWERSANSWERS 1. the order in which the dated events happened Applying the Skill Bodies of water such as the 2. Information could be sorted by religion: following should be listed: ocean, sea, bay, gulf, Buddhism (started in India about 500 B.C.; was river, sound, channel, mouth, strait, tributary, and mostly driven out by 300 B.C.) and Islam lake; for the newspaper articles, sequencing and (brought to India by Muslims from southwest categorizing should be accurate and appropriate. Asia in A.D. 700s; Muslims founded the Mogul empire and ruled India from about A.D. 1500 to 1700). 906 902-919_SKLBLDR_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 9:01 PM Page 907 SkillBuilder Handbook Recognizing Point of View Why Learn This Skill? If you say, “Cats make better pets Recognizing Point of View than dogs,” you are expressing a point of Read the following statement about Distribute copies of two view. You are giving your personal opin- wildlife in Africa, and answer the ques- ion. Knowing when someone is giving tions below. reviews of the same movie, his or her personal point of view can book, television show, or music CD. After students have read help you judge the truth of what is Mountain gorillas live in the misty both, ask them what the being said. mountain forests of East Africa. Logging and mining, however, are destroying the reviews reveal about the two forests. Unless the forests are protected, all critics’ different points of view. of the gorillas will lose their homes and dis- Have them identify words and Most people have feelings and ideas appear forever. As a concerned African nat- sentences that reveal the writ- that affect their point of view. A person’s uralist, I must emphasize that this will be ers’ points of view. Then have point of view is often influenced by one of the worst events in Africa’s history. students read the skills lesson his or her age, background, or position in and complete the practice a situation. questions and activity. L1 1. To recognize point of view, follow What problem is the speaker addressing? these steps: 2. What reasons does the speaker give for the loss of the forests? • Identify the speaker or writer and 3. examine his or her views on an issue. What is the speaker’s point of view about Think about his or her position in life the problem facing the gorillas in East Glencoe Skillbuilder and relationship to the issue. Africa? Interactive Workbook CD-ROM, Level 1 • Look for language that shows an emo- tion or an opinion. Look for words such This interactive CD-ROM as all, never, best, worst, might, or should. reinforces student mastery of • Examine the speech or writing for essential social studies skills. imbalances. Does it have only one view- Choose a “Letter to the Editor” from a point? Does it fail to provide equal cov- newspaper. Summarize the issue being erage of other viewpoints? discussed and the writer’s point of view about that issue. State what an opposing • Identify statements of fact. Factual point of view to the issue might be. statements usually answer the Who? Describe who might hold this other view- What? When? and Where? questions. point in terms of their age, occupation, • Determine how the person’s point of and background. view is reflected in his or her state- ments or writing.

SkillBuilder Handbook 907

PRACTICINGPRACTICING THETHE SKILLSKILL ANSWERSANSWERS 1. the destruction of the gorillas’ forest habitat Applying the Skill Summaries and analyses of 2. Logging and mining are destroying the forests. point of view should accurately reflect the letters 3. He or she is very troubled by it. chosen.

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Distinguishing Fact From Opinion Why Learn This Skill? Distinguishing Fact From Opinion Suppose a friend says, “Our school’s basketball team is awesome. That’s a Read each statement below. Tell Point out that students are con- SkillBuilder Handbook fact.” Actually, it is not a fact; it is an whether each is a fact or an opinion, and fronted with facts and opinions opinion. Knowing how to tell the differ- explain how you arrived at your answer. every day in the media. ence between a fact and an opinion can Remind them to watch out for help you analyze the accuracy of politi- (1) The Han dynasty ruled China from key clue words, as they will cal claims, advertisements, and many 202 B.C. to A.D. 220. read about on this page. Ask other kinds of statements. where they would look for (2) The Han dynasty was a much better opinions. (editorial pages of dynasty than the Qin dynasty. newspapers, signed columns in (3) The Han divided the country into dis- magazines, web logs on the A fact answers a specific question tricts to be better able to manage such Internet, movie and book reviews) such as: What happened? Who did it? a large area. Where would they look for When and where did it happen? Why did (4) The government should not have facts? Remind them that facts it happen? Statements of fact can be encouraged support for arts and are things that can be meas- checked for accuracy and proven. inventions. ured or tied to specific data. An opinion, on the other hand, (news and sports stories, weather expresses beliefs, feelings, and judgments. (5) The Han kept very good records of everything they did, which helps his- reports of the previous day, stock It may reflect someone’s thoughts, but it torians today learn about them. market reports) Ask students to cannot be proven. An opinion often bring to class examples of both begins with a phrase such as I believe, (6) Han rulers chose government officials facts and opinions from media I think, probably, it seems to me, or in my on the basis of merit rather than birth. opinion. sources of their choosing. Have (7) No other ruling family in the world students check each other’s To distinguish between facts and can compare with the Han dynasty of samples to see if facts and opinions, ask yourself these questions: China. opinions are correctly identi- (8) Han rulers should have defended the fied and key words underlined. • Does this statement give specific infor- mation about an event? poor farmers against the harsh actions L2 of wealthy landowners. • Can I check the accuracy of this statement? • Does this statement express someone’s feelings, beliefs, or judgment? • Does it include phrases such as I believe, Read one newspaper article that superlatives, or judgment words? describes a political event. Find three statements of fact and three opinions expressed in the article.

908 SkillBuilder Handbook

PRACTICINGPRACTICING THETHE SKILLSKILL ANSWERSANSWERS 1. fact; dates 6. fact; a recorded detail 2. opinion; judgment words much better 7. opinion; cannot be measured 3. fact; a recorded detail 8. opinion; judgment words should have, harsh 4. opinion, judgment words should not Applying the Skill Remind students to refer to 5. includes facts and opinions; very good is not the methods listed on this page for distinguishing measurable, but that they kept records that between facts and opinions, including the use of help historians today is a fact phrases such as I believe and superlatives.

908 902-919_SKLBLDR_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 9:04 PM Page 909 SkillBuilder Handbook Analyzing Library and Research Resources

Why Learn This Skill? (1) A travel guide to Italy today Imagine that your teacher has sent (2) A guide to early Roman art and Analyzing Library and Research you to the library to write a report on the history of ancient Rome. Knowing how architecture Resources Ask: How do you to choose good sources for your research (3) A children’s storybook about ancient find a phone number? (look in will help you save time in the library Europe the phone book or on the Internet, and write a better report. call directory assistance) How do (4) A history of ancient Greece you find out what is going to (5) A study of the rise and fall of the be on television tonight? Roman Empire (check the listings in the newspa- Not all sources will be useful for your (6) A book on modern republican ideas per or other guide or use an on- report on Rome. Even some sources that screen listing feature) Tell (7) A biographical dictionary of ancient students that knowing where involve topics about Rome will not always rulers of the world provide the information you want. In ana- to find the information they lyzing sources for your research project, (8) An atlas of the world need is an important skill, one choose items that are nonfiction and that that can save them lots of time contain the most information about your and frustration. Learning topic. where to look for historical When choosing research resources information is critical in learn- ask these questions: Go to your local library or use the ing about history. Ask students Internet to create a bibliography of what source they usually go to • Is the information up-to-date? sources you might use to write a report for information or a report. • Does the index have several pages on the history of ancient Rome. List at (Students often say encyclopedias listed for the topic? least five sources. or the Internet.) Remind stu- • Is the resource written in a way that dents to try not to always rely is easy to understand? on the same resource. L1 • Are there helpful illustrations and photos?

Glencoe Skillbuilder Interactive Workbook Look at the following list of sources. CD-ROM, Level 1 Which would be most helpful in writing a report on the history of ancient Rome? This interactive CD-ROM Explain your choices. reinforces student mastery of essential social studies skills.

Roman mosaic showing gladiators in battle

SkillBuilder Handbook 909 Pierre Belzeaux/Photo Researchers

PRACTICINGPRACTICING THETHE SKILLSKILL ANSWERSANSWERS The most helpful would probably be 5, followed Applying the Skill You may have to define by 2 and 7, because they deal specifically with bibliography for students. Students might include ancient Rome. Others either deal with modern reference works like encyclopedias and historical Rome or Italy or current ideas based on Roman atlases, articles, excerpts from general history ones (1, 6), might be written at too low a level works, and others. (3), focus on another civilization (4), or are maps of today’s world (8).

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Analyzing Primary Source Documents

Why Learn This Skill? Once upon a time, the different parts Analyzing Primary Source Historians determine what happened of the human body were not all in agree- in the past by combing through bits of Documents There are primary SkillBuilder Handbook ment....And it seemed very unfair to the evidence to reconstruct events. These other parts of the body that they should source quotes and excerpts types of evidence—both written and throughout the textbook. Tell worry and sweat away to look after the illustrated—are called primary sources. belly. After all, the belly just sat there . . . students that primary sources Examining primary sources can help doing nothing, enjoying all the nice things are a cornerstone of history, but you understand history. that came along. So they hatched a plot. that it is important to be able to The hands weren’t going to take food to analyze their reliability. Ask the mouth; even if they did, the mouth students to contribute to a class wasn’t going to accept it....They went list of questions to ask about a Primary sources are sources that were into a sulk and waited for the belly to cry written primary source docu- created in the historical era being studied. for help. But while they waited, one by ment to help them determine They can include letters, diaries, photo- one all the parts of the body got weaker its reliability. (Questions might graphs and pictures, news articles, legal and weaker. The moral of this story? The include who wrote it, when it was documents, stories, literature, and belly too has its job to do. It has to be fed, written, what was the relationship artwork. but it also does feeding of its own. of the author to the event, what To analyze primary sources, ask Excerpt from Stories of Rome, biases the author may have had, yourself the following questions: Livy, c. 20 B.C. what the author’s purpose was in • What is the item? writing the document, and so on.) Then ask students if they can • Who created it? 1. What is the main topic? list items other than written • Where did it come from? 2. Who did the hands and mouth think was documents that could be con- lazy? sidered primary sources. • When was it created? 3. What did the hands and mouth do about it? (Students should be able to name • What does it reveal about the topic 4. one of the following: photos, paint- I am studying? What was the moral—or lesson—of the ings, songs, cartoons, and others.) story? L2

The primary source that follows comes from Stories of Rome by Livy. Livy was a Roman historian who lived Find a primary source from your from 59 B.C. to A.D. 17. Here he has writ- past—a photo or newspaper clipping. ten a story with a moral, or lesson to be Explain to the class what it shows about learned. Read the story, and then answer that time in your life. the questions that follow.

910 SkillBuilder Handbook

PRACTICINGPRACTICING THETHE SKILLSKILL ANSWERSANSWERS 1. the way the parts of the human body work Applying the Skill Make sure students know together for the common good that they will share their primary source with 2. the belly the class on a voluntary basis. Students should 3. They decided not to allow food to reach the be able to clearly explain the significance of the belly. primary source to their lives. 4. The belly needs to be fed, but it also feeds the other parts of the body. Everyone needs to do his or her share of the work. 910 902-919_SKLBLDR_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 9:09 PM Page 911 SkillBuilder Handbook Building a Database Why Learn This Skill? A database is a collection of informa- Building a Database Ask if any tion stored in a computer or on diskette On a separate sheet of paper, answer students have worked with files. It runs on software that organizes the following questions referring to the large amounts of information in a way database on this page. database software. Have volun- that makes it easy to search and make teers explain what kinds of information they were using, any changes. It often takes the form of a 1. What type of information does the database chart or table. You might build databases contain? how it was organized, how to store information related to a class at they sorted or could sort the 2. What related fields of information does it school or your weekly schedule. information, and whether they show? felt that using the software 3. The author learns that Canada also exports made working with the infor- clothing, beverages, and art to the United mation easier. States. Is it necessary to create a new data- To create a database using word- base? Explain. processing software, follow these steps: Next, ask students to con- tribute to a class list of different • Enter a title identifying the type of fields, or major sortable cate- information in your document and file gories, they might want to names. include in a database of their • Determine the set of specific points of Build a database to help you keep music collections. (Possible fields information you wish to include. As track of your school assignments. Work are artist, title, type of music, date the database example on this page with four fields: Subject, Assignment acquired, similar CDs, cross- shows, you might want to record data Description, Due Date, and Completed references to other CDs, etc.) L2 on the imports and exports of specific Assignments. Be sure to keep your data- countries. base up-to-date. • Enter the information categories along

with country names as headings in a U.S. International Commerce columned chart. Each column makes up Country Japan United Kingdom Canada Dairy products, Glencoe Skillbuilder Engines, rubber Wheat, minerals, Exports beverages, a field, which is the basic unit for infor- goods, cars, paper, mining to U.S. petroleum Interactive Workbook trucks, buses machines mation stored in a database. products, art CD-ROM, Level 1 Value of • Enter data you have collected into the Exports $128 billion $35.2 billion $232.6 billion to U.S. This interactive CD-ROM cells, or individual spaces, on your reinforces student mastery of Imports Meat, fish, Fruit, tobacco, chart. Fish, sugar, from sugar, tobacco, electrical metals, clothing essential social studies skills. U.S. coffee equipment • Use your computer’s sorting feature to Value of organize the data. For example, you Imports from $67.3 billion $42.8 billion $199.6 billion might alphabetize by country name. U.S. • Add, delete, or update information as needed. Database software automatically adjusts the cells in the chart.

SkillBuilder Handbook 911

PRACTICINGPRACTICING THETHE SKILLSKILL ANSWERSANSWERS 1. types of products imported from and Applying the Skill To complete this activity, exported to the United States students will need equal access to a database 2. country, major exports to the U.S., value of software program. Students’ databases should be exports, major imports from the U.S., value of correctly formatted and contain accurate imports information. 3. No; this information can be added to the cor- rect cell.

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Summarizing Why Learn This Skill? Imagine you have been assigned a Summarizing Remind students long chapter to read. How can you To practice the skill, read the para- that when they prepare a SkillBuilder Handbook remember the important information? graph below. Then answer the questions report they summarize— Summarizing information—reducing that follow. condense—all the research large amounts of information to a few information they uncovered. key phrases—can help you remember The Ming dynasty that followed the They cannot include every the main ideas and important facts. Mongols tried to rid the country of Mongol detail. Before students read the influence. The Ming leaders believed that SkillBuilder activity, hand out China could become a great empire. They copies of a newspaper edito- expanded Chinese control over parts of rial. Ask students which sen- East Asia, including Korea, Vietnam, and tences best communicate the To summarize information, follow these guidelines when you read: Myanmar (Burma). To re-establish the subject of the editorial. Ask importance of Chinese culture, they them what this sentence is • Separate the main ideas from the sup- encouraged the practices of older Chinese called. (topic sentence) Have porting details. Use the main ideas in a traditions, especially in the arts. Chinese lit- them restate the idea expressed summary. erature during the Ming era followed the in the topic sentence in their • Use your own words to describe the styles of ancient Chinese writers. Some of own words. Then have them main ideas. Do not copy the selection the finest Chinese paintings and pottery identify the sentences that give word for word. were created during this period. Ming rulers also built the Forbidden City. details that support the main • If the summary is almost as long as the idea. Ask students to list, in as reading selection, you are including too few words as possible, these much information. The summary 1. What are the main ideas of this paragraph? supporting points. L3 should be very short. 2. What are the supporting details? 3. Write a brief summary of two or three sen- tences that will help you remember what the paragraph is about.

Read a newspaper or short magazine article. Summarize the article in one or two sentences.

912 SkillBuilder Handbook

PRACTICINGPRACTICING THETHE SKILLSKILL ANSWERSANSWERS 1. Ming leaders wanted to lessen Mongol influ- other parts of South Asia. They also reestab- ences. Ming leaders expanded China’s empire lished Chinese culture by looking back at over East Asia. They tried to reestablish older traditional models in the arts such as litera- Chinese culture and traditions in the arts. ture, painting, and pottery. 2. expanding into Korea, Vietnam, and Myanmar; Applying the Skill Students’ summaries should following older models in literature, paintings, reflect understanding of the article and of the and pottery; building the Forbidden City summarizing methods discussed and modeled in 3. Ming leaders expanded China’s empire into this activity. 912 902-919_SKLBLDR_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 10:14 PM Page 913 SkillBuilder Handbook Evaluating a Web Site Why Learn This Skill? The Internet has grown to become a Evaluating a Web Site Before necessary household and business tool To practice the skill, find three Web reading the SkillBuilder, ask as more people use it. With so many sites on the shoguns or samurai of Japan. Web sites available, how do you know Follow these steps and write your students to discuss ways that which one will be the most helpful to explanation. researching on the Internet is you? You must look at the details, so you different from using books or do not waste valuable time in Web 1. Evaluate how useful these sites would be if other printed material. searches. you were writing a report on the topic. (Information on the Internet may be easier to find, but it is more dif- 2. Choose which one is the most helpful. ficult to evaluate its reliability.) 3. Explain why you chose that site. Then ask them to suggest ways The Internet is a valuable research that they could assess the trust- tool. It is easy to use, and it often pro- worthiness of information they vides fast, up-to-date information. The find on the Internet and in most common use of the Internet by stu- books. Create a class list of cri- If your school had a Web site, what dents is in doing research. However, some teria that could be used to test kind of information would be on it? Write Web site information is not really accurate a Web site that can be dis- a paragraph describing this site. or reliable. played and amended by stu- When using the Internet to do dents. (Many students may research, you must evaluate the informa- recognize that information pub- tion very carefully. When evaluating the lished in books undergoes fact Web site, ask yourself the following checking and other editorial pro- questions: cessing, while data in Web sites often do not.) L2 • Do the facts on the site seem accurate? • Who is the author or sponsor of the site, and what is that person’s or organiza- tion’s reason for maintaining it? • Does the site information explore a Glencoe Skillbuilder subject in-depth? Interactive Workbook • Does the site contain links to other CD-ROM, Level 1 useful resources? This interactive CD-ROM • Is the information easy to read and reinforces student mastery of access? essential social studies skills. A Japanese samurai warrior

SkillBuilder Handbook 913

PRACTICINGPRACTICING THETHE SKILLSKILL ANSWERSANSWERS 1. Evaluations should reflect understanding of Applying the Skill Possible answers include the site content as well as the methods for class and other academic news; profiles of stu- evaluating Web sites discussed in this activity. dents and faculty members; and information 2. Answers will vary but should be supported by about sports teams, clubs, music performances, reasonable support details. art shows, and volunteer activities. 3. Answers should reflect understanding of the evaluation methods suggested in this activity.

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Understanding Cause and Effect Why Learn This Skill? Understanding Cause and Effect You know if you watch television instead of completing your homework, SkillBuilder Handbook As you read the following passage, Explain the cause-and-effect you probably will not get a good grade. record cause-and-effect connections in a relationship by asking students The cause—not doing homework—leads chart or graphic organizer. to write down an interesting or to the effect—not getting a good grade. unexpected thing that hap- pened to them recently. Then Around 200 B.C., Mesopotamians have them write a sentence were among the first in the world to blend explaining why the thing hap- copper and tin to make bronze. pened. Have volunteers share A cause is any person, event, or condi- Bronze brought many changes to life in their sentences. Explain that tion that makes something happen. What Mesopotamia. For one thing, bronze was the first event is the effect, happens as a result is known as an effect. much harder than the copper products that were used until that time. Because it was while the reason it happened is These guidelines will help you harder, bronze made better tools and sharp- the cause. Point out that causes identify cause and effect. er weapons. This improvement in technolo- and effects, in history as in • Identify two or more events. gy was a help to farmers, craftworkers, and everyday life, are not always • Ask questions about why events occur. soldiers alike. clear-cut. In addition, remind Molten [melted] bronze was also easier students that causes can have • Look for “clue words” that alert you to to pour than the metals used earlier. many effects and that effects cause and effect, such as because, led to, Craftworkers were able to make finer can have many different brought about, produced, and therefore. arrows, ax-heads, statues, bowls, and other causes. L1 • Identify the outcome of events. objects.

Look again at the chapter you are currently reading. Choose a major event that is described and list its causes.

The Royal Banner of Ur

914 SkillBuilder Handbook Michael Holford

PRACTICINGPRACTICING THETHE SKILLSKILL ANSWERSANSWERS Charts might highlight such causes and Applying the Skill Lists should reflect under- effects as: standing of the chapter content as well as of the • Making bronze led to changes for cause-and-effect discussion in this SkillBuilder. Mesopotamians. • Bronze tools helped farmers. • Bronze weapons helped soldiers. • Molten bronze led to finer crafts.

914 902-919_SKLBLDR_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 10:18 PM Page 915 SkillBuilder Handbook Making Comparisons

• Determine which characteristics you Why Learn This Skill? will use to compare them. Suppose you want to buy a portable Making Comparisons Begin this CD player, and you must choose among • Identify similarities and differences in three models. To make this decision, you these characteristics. SkillBuilder by writing the would probably compare various fea- words cat and dog on the tures of the three models, such as price, board. Ask students to name sound quality, size, and so on. By mak- ways the two animals are simi- ing comparisons, you will figure out lar. (Both are mammals, have fur which model is best for you. In the study To practice the skill, analyze the and four legs, and are popular of world history, you often compare peo- information on the chart at the bottom of pets.) Then have students iden- this page. Then answer these questions. ple or events from one time period with tify differences. (Cats meow, those from a different time period. 1. What items are being compared? dogs bark; cats climb trees, dogs do not; cats are felines, dogs are 2. What characteristics are being used to compare them? canines; cats are often solitary, dogs like to live in packs or with 3. In what ways were the Phoenicians and people.) When making comparisons, you Israelites similar? In what ways were they examine and identify two or more groups, different? Point out that students have situations, events, or documents. Then 4. Suppose you wanted to compare the two just practiced the important you identify any similarities (ways they peoples in more detail. What are some of skill of making comparisons. are alike) and differences (ways they are the characteristics you might use? This includes identifying how different). For example, the chart on this things are alike and different page compares the characteristics of two from one another. Ask them to ancient civilizations. brainstorm some things that When making comparisons, apply historians might want to the following steps: Think about two sports that are compare. (nations, regions, • Decide what items will be compared. played at your school. Make a chart leaders, important events, cul- Clue words such as also, as well as, like, comparing such things as: where the tures, methods of government, and same as, and similar to can help you games are played, who plays them, what so on.) Then have students read identify things that are being compared. equipment is used, and other details. the skills lesson and answer the questions. L2 Phoenician and Israelite Civilizations Cultural Characteristic Phoenicians Israelites Homeland Canaan Canaan Political Organization city-states 12 tribes; later, kingdom Glencoe Skillbuilder Method of Rule kings/merchant councils kings/council of elders Interactive Workbook Main Occupations artisans, traders, shippers herders, farmers, traders CD-ROM, Level 1 Religion belief in many gods and goddesses belief in one, all-powerful god This interactive CD-ROM Main Contribution spread of an alphabet principles of social justice reinforces student mastery of essential social studies skills. SkillBuilder Handbook 915

PRACTICINGPRACTICING THETHE SKILLSKILL ANSWERSANSWERS 1. the Phoenician and Israelite civilizations and shippers vs. herders and farmers, belief in 2. homeland, political organization, method of many gods vs. monotheism, contribution of an rule, main occupations, religion, and main alphabet vs. principles of social justice contribution 4. language, famous people, position of women, 3. similar: homeland, rule by kings, trading; dif- everyday life, architecture, art, literature ferent: organized by city-states vs. tribes/ Applying the Skill Answers should show under- kingdom, ruled by merchant council vs. standing of the dynamics of compare/contrast council of elders, occupations of artisans analysis and of the two chosen sports. 915 902-919_SKLBLDR_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 10:19 PM Page 916

Making Predictions Why Learn This Skill? In history you read about people Making Predictions Introduce the making difficult decisions based on what To practice the skill, read the follow- lesson by asking students what SkillBuilder Handbook they think might happen. By making ing paragraph about the Aztec Empire. they think would probably predictions yourself, you can get a better Then answer the questions. happen if they watch a movie understanding of the choices people make. the evening before an impor- The Aztec of ancient Mexico built the tant test instead of studying. strongest empire of any Native American Why do they think this out- group. They mined gold, silver, and other come is likely? On what factors As you read a paragraph or section in goods for trade. In building their empire, are they basing their predic- your book, think about what might come they conquered many other Native American tions? (prior experience, experi- next. What you think will happen is your groups. The Aztec fought their enemies ences of others, common sense) prediction. A prediction does not have a using wooden weapons with stone blades. Point out that predicting conse- correct or incorrect answer. Making pre- In the 1500s, a Spanish army seeking quences is an important ele- dictions helps you to carefully consider gold heard about the Aztec and their riches. ment in making good what you are reading. Led by Hernán Cortés, the Spaniards were helped by enemies of the Aztec. Armed with decisions, and that people To make a prediction, ask yourself: steel swords, muskets, and cannons, the make predictions all the time • What happened in this paragraph or Spaniards moved towards the Aztec capital. based on these and other fac- section? tors. In reading history, they • What prior knowledge do I have about can make predictions about 1. the events in the text? Choose the outcome below that is most likely what they read based on the to occur between the Aztec and Spaniards. • What similar situations do I know of? same, and other, factors. a. The Spaniards will avoid the Aztec Ask when—in reading his- • What do I think might happen next? altogether. tory—they think making pre- • Test your prediction: read further to see b. The two groups will become friends. dictions would naturally occur. if you were correct. c. The Spaniards will conquer the Aztec. (Students might say predicting the d. The Aztec will conquer the Spaniards. outcome of a war, an exploration, 2. Explain why you chose the answer you did. or a migration.) L3

Watch a television show or a movie. Halfway through the show, write your prediction of how it will end on a piece of paper. At the end of the show, check your Aztec prediction. shield

916 SkillBuilder Handbook Museum of Ethnology, Vienna

PRACTICINGPRACTICING THETHE SKILLSKILL ANSWERSANSWERS 1. c Applying the Skill Answers will vary; students 2. The Spanish are seeking gold, which the Aztec should be able to explain the basis for their have; the Spanish were helped by enemies of predictions. the Aztec; the Spanish have much more pow- erful weapons than the Aztec.

916 902-919_SKLBLDR_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 10:20 PM Page 917 SkillBuilder Handbook Drawing Inferences and Conclusions Why Learn This Skill? Suppose your teacher brought Drawing Inferences and Conclusions an artifact to class and a classmate Read the passage below and answer Open the lesson by sharing this exclaimed, “That came from Greece, the questions. didn’t it?” You might infer that your scenario with students: You walk into your home’s living classmate had an interest in Greece. Many Greek temples were decorated room late at night. The TV is with sculpture. Greek sculpture, like Greek on, and your sister is asleep on architecture, was used to express Greek ideas. The favorite subject of Greek artists the couch. There is popcorn all over the floor. Ask: What do To infer means to evaluate information was the human body. Greek sculptors did and arrive at a conclusion. Social studies not copy their subjects exactly, flaws and you think happened? (The sis- writers do not always spell out every- all. Instead, they tried to show their ideal ter fell asleep watching TV, and thing in the text. When you make infer- version of perfection and beauty. the popcorn spilled onto the floor.) ences you “read between the lines.” You Explain that students have just must then use the available facts and your drawn a conclusion, based on 1. What topic is the writer describing? own knowledge of social studies to draw several inferences they made a conclusion. 2. What facts are given? about the situation. The infer- Use the following steps to help draw 3. What can you infer about Greek cities from ences are based on evidence in inferences and make conclusions: the information? the room. Tell them that they • Read carefully for stated facts and 4. What conclusions can you draw about how will use the same skills when ideas. the Greeks felt about sculptures? they read about events in history. L1 • Summarize the information and list the important facts. • Apply related information that you may already know to make inferences. Read one of the biographies in this • Use your knowledge and insight to text. What can you infer about the life of Glencoe Skillbuilder develop some conclusions about these the person described? Draw a conclusion Interactive Workbook about whether or not you would like to facts. CD-ROM, Level 1 meet this person. This interactive CD-ROM reinforces student mastery of Ancient Greek essential social studies skills. sculptures of Socrates (far left), Plato (middle), and Aristotle (left)

SkillBuilder Handbook 917 (c)Museo Capitolino, Rome/E.T. Archives, London/SuperStock, (others)Scala/Art Resource, NY

PRACTICINGPRACTICING THETHE SKILLSKILL ANSWERSANSWERS 1. Greek sculpture Applying the Skill Answers should reflect an 2. Statues decorated temples, sculpture understanding of the basic facts in the biography expressed Greek ideas, the human body was as well as of how to correctly make inferences the favorite subject for statues, sculptors tried and draw conclusions, as discussed in this to capture ideal beauty, not reality. SkillBuilder. 3. They were probably beautiful, with many sculptures and buildings. 4. Sculptures were very important to them. 917 902-919_SKLBLDR_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 10:21 PM Page 918

Recognizing Economic Indicators Why Learn This Skill? Recognizing Economic Indicators Every day, business and government leaders are faced with the challenge of Have volunteers define eco- SkillBuilder Handbook trying to predict what will happen to the nomic (having to do with the economy in the coming months and years. production, distribution, and con- To help these leaders in making decisions, sumption of goods or services) economists, or scientists who study the and indicator (a sign or number) economy, have developed ways to meas- for the class. Post these defini- ure an economy’s performance. These tions on the board for student ways are called economic indicators. reference. Economic indicators, along with all kinds of statis- tics, are useful and important Prices on the stock market often rise or fall tools of the historian and econ- Economic indicators are statistics, or based on changes in economic indicators. omist. Display the business numbers, that tell how well the economy section of a newspaper and is doing and how well the economy is point out to students some going to do in the future. They include indicators listed there. Ask stu- the number of jobless, the rate at which dents to contribute to a class prices rise over a period of time, and the list of economic statistics they amount of goods and services that are Start an Economics Handbook. Using have heard or read about. In produced and sold. Each month, the U.S. a dictionary, look up each economic term listed on this chart. Write a definition for what context did they hear Department of Commerce gathers data each term in your Economics Handbook. about them? Were the reports for 78 economic indicators covering all positive or negative? Why did aspects of the state of the United States the people citing the statistics economy. The chart below lists some com- think they were significant? L3 mon terms for economic indicators that you may read about. Think about one of the countries you Economic Indicators have read about in this text that has Term Definition grown to be wealthy. Using the terms that Saving you just defined, write a paragraph Income describing that country’s wealth. Expenditure Consumption Inflation Debt Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Interest Rates Credit Export Import

918 SkillBuilder Handbook Tim Flach/Getty Images

PRACTICINGPRACTICING THETHE SKILLSKILL ANSWERSANSWERS saving: money not spent; income: amount Applying the Skill Paragraphs should show earned; expenditure: amount spent; consumption: understanding of the historical information as use of goods and services by consumers; infla- well as of the terms discussed in this SkillBuilder. tion: rise in prices over time; debt: amount owed; GDP: total value of goods and services produced in a country; interest rates: amount charged to borrow money; credit: borrowed money; export: send goods out of a country; import: bring goods into a country 918 902-919_SKLBLDR_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 10:22 PM Page 919 SkillBuilder Handbook Interpreting Political Cartoons

• Identify the cartoonist’s purpose. What Why Learn This Skill? statement or idea is he or she trying to Political cartoonists use art to express get across? Decide if the cartoonist Interpreting Political Cartoons political opinions. Their work appears wants to persuade, criticize, or just Bring several political cartoons in newspapers, magazines, books, and make people think. on the Internet. Political cartoons are to class. Good sources are drawings that express an opinion. They weekly newsmagazines like usually focus on public figures, political Newsweek and Time. Before the events, or economic or social conditions. class reads this SkillBuilder, A political cartoon can give you a sum- On a separate sheet of paper, answer distribute copies of the car- mary of an event or circumstance and these questions about the political car- toons. Have pairs of students the artist’s opinion in a quick and enter- toon below. analyze the cartoons and taining manner. decide their message. Also 1. What is the subject of the cartoon? have them discuss how they 2. What words give clues as to the meaning of determined the message. What the cartoon? techniques did the cartoonist To interpret a political cartoon, fol- use? You may also want to cre- 3. What item seems out of place? low these steps: ate a bulletin board with con- 4. What message do you think the cartoonist is • Read the title, caption, or conversation tributed political cartoons. trying to send? balloons. Most cartoons will carry at Then have students complete least one of these elements. They help the page. L2 you identify the subject of the cartoon. • Identify the characters or people shown. They may be caricatures, or unrealistic Bring a news magazine to class. With a drawings that exaggerate the characters’ partner, analyze the message in each physical features. political cartoon that you find. Glencoe Skillbuilder • Identify any symbols shown. Interactive Workbook Symbols are things that CD-ROM, Level 1 stand for something else. An This interactive CD-ROM example is the American flag reinforces student mastery of that is a symbol of our coun- essential social studies skills. try. Commonly recognized symbols may not be labeled. Unusual symbolism will be labeled. • Examine the actions in the cartoon—what is happening and why?

SkillBuilder Handbook 919 Jerry Barnett

PRACTICINGPRACTICING THETHE SKILLSKILL ANSWERSANSWERS 1. television violence Applying the Skill Students should apply critical 2. the name of the museum, the signs under the thinking and other skills to correctly interpret the exhibits message of the cartoon. 3. the TV set 4. Television communicates violent messages and may even be as responsible for violence as the weapons shown in the other exhibits.

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Standardized tests are one way educators measure what you have learned. This handbook is designed to help you prepare for standardized tests in social studies. On the pages that follow, you will find a review of the Standardized Test Practice Have major social studies critical thinking skills that you students write down every- will need to master to be successful when taking tests. thing they associate with the word test. Ask them to list helpful hints for taking tests. Lead a class discussion on suc- cessful test-taking strategies. For example, suggest that Interpreting a Map ...... 921 when taking tests, students look for clues in the question that support their answers, Interpreting a Political Map ...... 922 eliminate answers that do not make sense, and read the titles Interpreting Charts ...... 923 or keys of any graphics pre- sented (graphs, charts, time Making Comparisons ...... 924 lines, maps). L1/ EL Interpreting Primary Sources ...... 925

Interpreting a Political Cartoon ...... 926

Interpreting a Circle Graph ...... 927

Drawing Inferences and Conclusions . . . . .928

Comparing Data ...... 929

920 Standardized Test Practice

ADDITIONALADDITIONAL GLENCOEGLENCOE TESTTEST PRACTICEPRACTICE RESOURCESRESOURCES The following materials are available for further Quizzes, Tests, and Authentic Assessment test practice: (with Rubrics) Glencoe Skillbuilder Interactive Workbook Critical Thinking Skills Activities CD-ROM, Level 1 Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook ExamView® Pro Testmaker CD-ROM Daily Focus Skills Transparencies Reading Essentials and Study Guide MindJogger Videoquiz 920 920-929_STD_TEST_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 10:25 PM Page 921

Interpreting a Map The Columbian Exchange

60 Standardized Test Practice

°

N E Before 1492, people living in CL CIR ARCTIC Europe in the Eastern Hemisphere EUROPE

30

had no idea that the continents of T Interpreting a Map Write the fol- °

N

North America and South America in H es lowing on the board or on an as E ise the Western Hemisphere existed. That C te, D orn, Beans, Chocola s overhead transparency: “In s, se was the year Christopher Columbus A se ea or is H D fourteen hundred and ninety- M e, t, T tl a first reached the Americas. His voyage ROP at he IC O C two, Columbus sailed the E F C W AFRICA ANCER of exploration paved the way for other R 0 ocean blue.” Ask students to ° N European voyages to the Western I C analyze the verse. Ask: What is W ople Hemisphere. The voyages of the E A Enslaved Pe R the significance of 1492? What S S ATO early explorers brought together two EQU 0° century is represented by that worlds. Previously these parts of the 90°W 60°W 30°W date? Who was Columbus? To globe had no contact with each other. which ocean does the verse Trade between the hemispheres refer? changed life for people on both 5. What did the Americas acquire from sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The trade Review the steps of reading Europe? between the peoples of the Eastern Hemi- a map with students. (1. Read sphere and the Western Hemisphere is 6. What people were brought from Africa all the map labels; 2. Identify each referred to as the Columbian Exchange. to the Americas? symbol and color shown in the 7. In what direction is Europe from the map key and locate these on the Skills Practice Americas? map; 3. Use this information to Although globes are the best, most accu- look for similarities and differences rate way to show places on the round earth, in the regions shown on the map.) people can more easily use maps to represent L1/ EL places. A map is made by taking data from a round globe and placing it on a flat surface. Standardized Skills Practice Answers: To read a map, first read the title to determine Test Practice 1. the Columbian Exchange the subject of the map. Then read the map key DIRECTIONS: Use the map and your or the labels on the map to find out what the knowledge of social studies to answer 2. trade routes between colors and symbols on the map mean. Use the the following question on a separate continents or hemispheres sheet of paper. compass rose to identify the four cardinal 3. North America, South directions of north, south, east, and west. 1. Which of the following statements about America, Europe, Africa Study the map of the Columbian Exchange the Columbian Exchange is true? 4. corn, beans, chocolate and answer the questions that follow on a A Food products were traded only separate sheet of paper. between Africa and the Americas. 5. cattle, horses, wheat, B Europeans acquired cattle from the diseases 1. What is the subject of the map? Americas. 6. enslaved people 2. What do the arrows represent? C Europeans introduced corn, tomatoes, and beans to Native Americans. 7. east and northeast 3. What continents are shown on the map? D Enslaved Africans were brought to the 4. What foods did Europeans acquire Americas. from the Americas?

Standardized Test Practice 921

STANDARDIZEDSTANDARDIZED TESTTEST PRACTICEPRACTICE ANSWERANSWER 1. D They should then eliminate answers they know Test-Taking Strategy: Have students study the are incorrect or do not make sense. map carefully before answering the question.

921 920-929_STD_TEST_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/0410:26PMPage922 various partsofthemapto Remind studentstousethe escape debt.) trade, forpoliticalfreedom, andto religious freedom, forprofit, for were foundedandpopulatedfor explain thatthevariouscolonies land. dangerous voyagetoanew someone mightwanttogoona discuss themanyreasons why North America? live intheBritishcolonies Ask: Interpreting aPolitical Map 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Skills Practice Answers: labels, andcompassrose. map partsincludethekey, help theminterpret it.These 922 in SouthCarolina in theSouthernColonies; Atlantic Ocean Georgia New York New York,Delaware New Jersey, Pennsylvania, of Massachusetts Connecticut; Mainewaspart Island, NewHampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Why didpeoplecometo (Students shouldbeableto Have students L2 Middle Colony north. is farthest Then determinewhich the MiddleColonies. Test-Taking Strategy: 2. their answer. the New EnglandColonies before they choose Test-Taking Strategy: 1.

G C Standardized Test Practice 922 Skills Practice Interpreting aPolitical Map the map.Lookatmapkeyforadditional Identify thecoloniesorotherpoliticalunitson geographic area andtimeperioditcovers. map, read themaptitletodeterminewhat between politicalareas. To interpret apolitical boundaries. Linesrepresent theboundaries other politicalunits.Thesedivisionsare called territories suchasnations,states,colonies,or colonists. the American rulers living3,000milesawaymadelawsfor Parliament ofGreat Britain.Thatmeantthat in America were ruled bythemonarchy and rulers inanotherplace.TheBritishcolonists ple livinginoneplacewhoare governedby colonyisagroup ofpeo- North America. A century, there were 13Britishcoloniesin 0 projection Lambert Equal-Area 0 Political mapsillustratedivisionsbetween By 1750,orthemiddleofeighteenth 200 kilometers STANDARDIZEDPRACTICE ANSWERS TEST STANDARDIZEDPRACTICE ANSWERS TEST

Savannah L Charles Town a k 200 miles e GA. E r i Standardized TestPractice

Tell students tofirst locate e Be sure studentsidentify S.C. Colonies The Thirteen St. Mary's Philadelphia 60 Ontario Lake ° N.C. VA. W New Haven PA. Hartford Jamestown N.Y. MD. DEL. Boston New York City N.J. 1750 New EnglandColonies Middle Colonies Southern Colonies Town orCity N.H.

30 (part of CONN. Mass.) ATLaNTIC W ° ME.

N R.I.

N Salem OCEaN Plymouth

S

E MASS. 70 40 which choice matches their answer. matches which choice question before reviewing tosee thechoices Test-Taking Strategy: 3. ° ° W N B sheet ofpaper. answer thequestionsthatfollowonaseparate information. Studythemaponthispageand 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 3. 2. 1. Where wasCharlesTown located? the easternborder ofthecolonies. Name thebodyofwaterthatformed British colony? Which wasthesouthernmostearly Pennsylvania tothenorth? Which MiddleColonybordered Which were theMiddleColonies? List theNewEnglandColonies. sheet ofpaper. the following questionsonaseparate knowledge ofsocialstudiestoanswer Use themapandyour DIRECTIONS: D C B A The settlementofPlymouth was located J H G F the present-day stateof The MiddleColony northernmost is D C B A largest landarea was The New EnglandColony thatcovered the in Virginia. in theSouthernColonies. in Massachusetts. near Jamestown. Pennsylvania. Massachusetts. New York. Maryland. New Hampshire. Massachusetts. Pennsylvania. Virginia. Standardized Test Practice Have students answer the 920-929_STD_TEST_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 10:27 PM Page 923

Interpreting Charts

Government is a necessary part of every Skills Practice Standardized Test Practice nation. It gives citizens stability and pro- Charts are visual graphics that categorize vides services that many of us take for information. When reading a chart, be sure to granted. However, governments can some- look at all the headings and labels. Study the Interpreting Charts Ask how times have too much power. charts on this page and answer the questions many students play a sport. The United States was founded on the that follow on a separate sheet of paper. Ask volunteers to list the principle of limited government. Limited 1. What do the charts compare? sports on the board. Then tell governments require all people to follow the students that information like laws. Even the rulers must obey rules set for 2. Which political systems are forms of this could be explained in text the society. A democracy is a form of limited limited government? form, but placing the informa- government. Not all forms of government 3. Which form of government often uses tion or statistics in a table or have limits. In unlimited governments, military rule? power belongs to the ruler. No laws exist to chart would present the infor- limit what the ruler may do. A dictatorship 4. In which political system does the king mation in a more concise and is an example of an unlimited government. or queen have complete power? easily interpreted format. Have students practice analyzing a chart by reading the informa- Limited Governments Standardized tion and answering the ques- tions that follow. L1/ EL Representative Constitutional Test Practice Democracy Monarchy DIRECTIONS: Use the charts and your Skills Practice Answers: knowledge of social studies to answer People elect leaders King or queen’s the following questions on a separate to rule power is limited 1. types of government or sheet of paper. limited versus unlimited Individual rights Individual rights important important 1. Information found in the charts shows governments that the most restrictive form of govern- More than one More than one ment is a 2. representative democracy, political party political party A dictatorship. constitutional monarchy People give consent People elect B representative democracy. 3. dictatorship to be governed governing body C absolute monarchy. 4. absolute monarchy D constitutional monarchy. Unlimited Governments 2. Under which type of government do citi- zens have the most power? Dictatorship Absolute F unlimited government Monarchy G limited government One person or King or queen H absolute monarchy small group rules inherits power J dictatorship Few personal Usually some 3. An example of an unlimited government is freedoms freedoms A the United States in the 1960s. Rule by force, Officials are appointed B Libya in the 1970s. often military by king or queen C the United Kingdom in the 1980s. Ruler does not Monarch has D Mexico in the 1990s. have to obey rules complete authority

Standardized Test Practice 923

STANDARDIZEDSTANDARDIZED TESTTEST PRACTICEPRACTICE ANSWERSANSWERS 1. A 3. B Test-Taking Strategy: Make sure students have a Test-Taking Strategy: Students clear understanding of the meaning of key words can narrow the answer choices by eliminating in the question. The most restrictive government choices they know are incorrect. For example, is the one with the fewest freedoms. the United States and the United Kingdom have 2. G been limited governments for centuries. Students may need a little help with Libya and Mexico, Test-Taking Strategy: Tell students to be sure to depending on your curriculum. read all the headings on the chart. 923 920-929_STD_TEST_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/0410:28PMPage924 L1/ two entertainers,andsoon. two professional sportsteams, class, acomparisonchartof You maywishtocreate, asa comparison. they havehadtomakea of recent situationsinwhich ing volunteersgiveexamples that weuseeverydaybyhav- comparisons isalsoalifeskill students realize thatmaking skill inallacademicareas. Help comparisons isanimportant Making Comparisons 3. 2. 1. Skills Practice Answers: 924 serve longerterms. experienced, becausethey Senators are probably more state heorsherepresents. U.S. citizen,andliveinthe an agerequirement, bea house), apersonmustmeet U.S. Congress (ineither To becomeamemberofthe Senate. Representatives andthe Congress—the Houseof houses oftheUnitedStates The chartcompares thetwo EL Making sented inthechart. answer withinformation each choice pre-Check on your memory alonetoanswer thequestion. Test-Taking Strategy: 1.

B Standardized Test Practice 924 Making Comparisons bers willbechosen. house willbeorganized andhowitsmem- the U.S.Constitutiondescribeshoweach the HouseofRepresentatives. Article Iof the UnitedStatesincludesSenateand bicameral. ThebicameralCongress of bodies withtwohousesare saidtobe bers, oftheU.S.Congress. Legislative the nation.There are twohouses,orcham- function ofCongress istomakelawsfor representatives toCongress. Themajor islature, orlawmakingbody, in America. House ofBurgesses. Thisbecamethefirstleg- Virginia were chosenasrepresentatives tothe to dealwiththeseproblems. Citizensof Later, colonistsformedtheHouseofBurgesses As thecolonydeveloped,problems arose. colony ofJamestowninpresent-day Virginia. nial times.In1607Englishsettlersfoundedthe the UnitedStatescanbetracedbacktocolo- Two-year terms Terms ofOffice: state population per stateisbasedon number ofrepresentatives 435 totalrepresentatives; Representatives: Number of they represent Must live inthestate for 7+years Must beU.S. citizen Must be25years old Qualifications: Today citizensoftheUnitedStateselect The roots ofrepresentative democracyin Representatives STANDARDIZEDPRACTICE ANSWERS TEST STANDARDIZEDPRACTICE ANSWERS TEST House of The U.S. Congress The U.S. Congress Standardized TestPractice elsuet:Donotrely Tell students: Six-year terms Terms ofOffice: of statepopulation from stateregardless each two senators elected 100 totalsenators; Representatives: Number of they represent Must live inthestate for 9+years Must beU.S. citizen Must be30years old Qualifications: Senate mine thenumberofmembers? Island? Which houseuses populationtodeter- about thepopulationsof Texas andRhode Ask: Test-Taking Strategy: 2. G Skills Practice that followonaseparatesheetofpaper. chart onthispageandanswerthequestions items. Studytheinformationpresented onthe any similaritiesanddifferences betweenthe tions, events,ordocuments.Thenyouidentify tify andexaminetwoormore groups, situa- 3. 2. 1. When youmakeacomparison,iden- 1. 2. probably more experienced?Why? The membersofwhichhouseare house oftheU.S.Congress similar? How are thequalificationsforeach What twothingsdoesthechartcompare? Which ofthefollowing statementsbest sheet ofpaper. the following questionsonaseparate knowledge ofsocialstudiestoanswer andyour Usethechart DIRECTIONS: J H G F information isthat shown onthechart One inference thatcanbemadefrom D C B A reflects information shown inthechart? Rhode Island. Texas electsfewer Housemembers than Island. Texas electsfewer senators thanRhode Rhode Island. Texas elects more Housemembers than Island. Texas electsmore senators thanRhode number ofsenators. A state’s populationdeterminesits their statesfor atleast9years. House members must beresidents of elected totwo-year terms. Representatives totheHouseare House ofRepresentatives. The Senatehasmore members thanthe Standardized Test Practice What do you know 920-929_STD_TEST_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 10:29 PM Page 925

Interpreting Primary Sources

When Thomas Jefferson wrote the 3. Which right allows citizens to publish a Standardized Test Practice Declaration of Independence, he used the pamphlet that is critical of the president? term “unalienable rights.” Jefferson was 4. What is the Bill of Rights? referring to the natural rights that belong to Interpreting Primary Sources humans. He and the other Founders of our Have students explain the nation believed that government could not Rights Protected by phrase “Founders of our take away the rights of the people. the First Amendment nation.” Ask: What does the Skills Practice phrase mean? Who were the Founders of the United States? Primary sources are records of events What did they do? Have stu- made by the people who witnessed them. A Freedom of Religion dents speculate as to why the historical document such as the Declaration Every person can worship freely. No national religion will be established. term Founders is capitalized. of Independence is an example of a primary source. Read the passage below and answer Freedom of Speech People may speak their opinions without Tell students that Thomas the questions that follow on a separate fear of punishment by the government. Jefferson was one of the most sheet of paper. Freedom of the Press famous of the Founders of our Americans can express themselves in printed publications without government interference. nation because he wrote the Declaration of Independence. “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men Freedom of Assembly Citizens can meet in groups as long as Ask students to recall the coun- are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator the meetings are peaceful and lawful. try from which Americans with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Right to Petition were declaring independence. Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness . . .” Americans can make requests that express their ideas to the government. Have students locate Great —Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 Britain on a map before they read this page. L1/ EL 1. What does the document say about the equality of men? Skills Practice Answers: 2. List the three natural, or unalienable, 1. All men are created equal. rights to which the document refers. Standardized 2. life, liberty, and the pursuit After gaining independence, American of happiness leaders wrote the U.S. Constitution in Test Practice 1787. The Bill of Rights includes the DIRECTIONS: Use the chart and your 1. freedom of speech first 10 amendments, or additions, to the knowledge of social studies to answer the following question on a separate 2. freedom of religion Constitution. The First Amendment pro- sheet of paper. tects five basic rights of all American citi- 3. freedom of the press zens. Study the chart on this page and 1. Which First Amendment right protects cit- 4. The Bill of Rights includes izens who are staging a protest outside a answer the questions that follow. government building? the first 10 amendments 1. Which right allows Americans to A freedom of speech to the United States express themselves without fear of B freedom of the press Constitution. These amend- punishment by the government? C freedom of assembly ments protect basic liberties D freedom of religion and rights. 2. Which right allows people to worship as they please?

Standardized Test Practice 925

STANDARDIZEDSTANDARDIZED TESTTEST PRACTICEPRACTICE ANSWERANSWER 1. C Words in the question may not exactly match Test-Taking Strategy: Have students information in the chart. Encourage students to check each answer choice against the look for synonyms to support their answers. information presented in the chart.

925 920-929_STD_TEST_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/0410:30PMPage926 1. Skills Practice Answers: represents aconcept. symbolisadrawingthat A istic drawingofareal person. caricature isanunreal- bols. A often usecaricatures andsym- stand thatpoliticalcartoonists of action.Helpstudentsunder- sometimes, tosuggestacourse comment onasituationand, pose ofpoliticalcartoonsisto Point outthatthemainpur- Interpreting aPolitical Cartoon 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 926 many people. order inasocietyofso limits are necessarytokeep of anotherperson.These cannot interfere intherights restricted sothatoneperson Americans’ rightsare limits tothem. freedoms andrightsthe create abalancebetween nation’s Foundershadto They suggestthatthe writing theBillofRights Constitution orBillofRights possibly awriteroftheU.S. a Founderofournation, not toomuch/many freedom, liberty, rights,but grant to Americans ing aboutwhichfreedoms to a mansittingatdeskwrit- L1/ EL anrsrcin,orlimitedrights. tain restrictions, that themanistryingtogrant rights withcer- Words found show inthecartoon look for clues. Test-Taking Strategy: 1.

C Standardized Test Practice 926 Skills Practice Interpreting aPolitical Cartoon and captionsthatprovide cluesaboutthe a politicalcartoon,lookforsymbols,labels, the publicaboutacertaintopic.To interpret toonists are tryingtoinformandinfluence on politicalissues.Sometimesthesecar- often usehumortoexpress their opinions reputation. statements thathurtanother’s include allowingapersontomakefalse For example,thefreedom ofspeechdoesnot from interferingwiththerightsofanother. be restricted toprevent oneperson’srights moral standards ofacommunity. Rightscan rights toprotect thehealth,safety, security, or ernment canestablishlawstolimitcertain order inasocietyofsomanypeople.Thegov- ers. Limitsonfreedoms are necessarytokeep do whatevertheypleasewithoutregard tooth- ment wasnotintendedtoallow Americans to Americans alsohavelimits.TheFirst Amend- is limitedinitspowers,freedoms extendedto message ofthecartoonist. Analyze these The artistswhocreate politicalcartoons Just asthegovernmentofUnitedStates STANDARDIZEDPRACTICE ANSWERS TEST STANDARDIZEDPRACTICE ANSWERS TEST Standardized TestPractice Encourage studentsto Constitution. Declaration ofIndependence andtheU.S. basedonthe Our government isalimitedone, dents tounderstand thesources ofour rights. Test-Taking Strategy: 2. F a separatesheetofpaper. and answerthequestionsthatfollowon Study thepoliticalcartoononthispage elements anddrawsomeconclusions. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 2. 1. rights limited? Amendment rights?Whyare these What limitsare placedonFirst government? involved inplanningthenewnation’s gest aboutthetaskfacedbythose What dothesubject’sthoughtssug- What isthepersondoing? represent? Whom doesthepersonincartoon meaning ofthecartoon? What words provide cluesastothe What isthesubjectofcartoon? J H G F following? United Statescomefrom which ofthe The sources ofourrights ascitizensofthe D C B A is cartoon The mostappropriate titlefor the arate sheet ofpaper. answer thefollowing questionsonasep- and your knowledge ofsocialstudiesto Usethepoliticalcartoon DIRECTIONS: the UnitedNationscharter unwritten customsandtraditions the willofpresident Constitution the U.S. the Declaration ofIndependence and Unlimited Government. Limiting Rights. Parliament at Work. Limits onGovernment. Standardized Test Practice This question requires stu- 927 Ask L1 cultural borrowing. ethnic groups in the United in the ethnic groups States White Native American/Inuit 12.1 percent Native American/Inuit Interpreting a Circle Graph Interpreting Answers: Skills Practice 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. students to name a custom students to name States practiced in the United another that originated in include cele- Examples country. food, music, brations, types of prac- dance, or other cultural focus- tices. Lead a discussion cultural ing on the diverse Americans. heritages of that the Explain to students the cul- practice of adopting is tural traits of another group called Explain to students that a circle graph is like a sliced pie; often, it is even called a pie chart. graphs show proportions Circle rather than absolute amounts. when the used They often are information being compared totals 100 percent.

Standardized Test Practice 927 To answer this question, answer To Standardized Test Practice Test Standardized Test Practice Test Standardized F African American African White American/Inuit Native Other American African than the It is greater population. It is the smallest segment of the United States population. African It is less than half the size of the population. American African less than the It is slightly population. American 2. Strategy: Test-Taking slices of the total two compare students must circle. the following questions on a separate the following sheet of paper. population is about three group’s Which Asians? of than the number times greater A B C D population compare does the Hispanic How population of the American African to the United States? F G H J DIRECTIONS: and your Use the graph of social studies to answer knowledge 1. 2. U.S. Ethnic Groups Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000. Bureau, Census U.S. Source: Native American/Inuit American/Inuit Native 0.7% Other 1.9% 12.5% Hispanic 69.2% White African American American African 12.1% Asian 3.6% Remind students to elimi- Remind STANDARDIZED TEST ANSWERS PRACTICE STANDARDIZED STANDARDIZED TEST ANSWERS PRACTICE STANDARDIZED A

The smallest ethnic group has lived in The smallest ethnic group the United States the longest. What is this ethnic group? What information does this circle What information does this circle graph present? includes the largest Which ethnic group Americans? of percentage less than 1 per- represent Which groups cent of the people in the United States? States of the United What percentage African by population is represented Americans? dents should multiply the percentage of Asians of the percentage dents should multiply answer, to find the correct three by will be which the closest number. 1. Strategy: Test-Taking sense. make that do not nate answers stu- Then

A of a total graph shows percentages circle Groups of people who of people Groups “E pluribus unum” is a “E pluribus 5. 3. 4. 1. 2. the circle graph and answer the questions that graph and answer the the circle follow on a separate sheet of paper. quantity. Each part, or slice, of the graph rep- quantity. a read To a part of the total quantity. resents the title. Then study the graph, first read circle labels to find out what each part represents. slices. Study the sizes of the circle Compare guage, or history are referred guage, or history are American to as ethnic groups. ethnic include many different neighborhoods on this page shows graph The circle groups. United States. in the the major ethnic groups immigrants.” Unless you are immigrants.” Unless your American, a Native America ancestors came to years. within the last 500 lan- culture, a common share Latin phrase found on Latin phrase coins. It United States one.” means “Out of many, some- The United States is of times called a “nation Skills Practice Skills Practice Interpreting a Interpreting Graph Circle 920-929_STD_TEST_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 10:31 PM Page 927 Page PM 10:31 9/22/04 920-929_STD_TEST_MSWHTE_869371 920-929_STD_TEST_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/0410:32PMPage928 season.) since theHawkshadasuccessful infer thatithasbeenalongtime the headline. the teamtheycandrawfrom dents whatinformationabout stu- Playoffs Again!”Ask the Futility—Hawks FailtoMake board: “Another Year of ing sportspageheadlineonthe conclusions, writethefollow- ences anddrawing fortable withmakinginfer- To helpstudentsbecomecom- Drawing Inferences andConclusions 4. 3. 2. 1. Skills Practice Answers: ences andconclusions. have justbeendrawinginfer- Then pointoutthatstudents writer seemsupsetorfrustrated.) (Students maysuggestthatthe feel aboutthesituation. suggest howthewritermight 928 to thiscountry. the U.S.thatpulledpeople U.S. andopportunitiesin of theirhomelandstothe tors thatpushedpeopleout Students maymentionfac- Students’ answerswillvary. number ofimmigrants years (from 1820to1860) States from 1820to1860 immigration totheUnited Then havestudents (Most studentswill L1/ EL the year of the peak. the linethatrepresents Germany andestimate Test-Taking Strategy: 2. nate wrong answers. answer againsteach choice thegraph toelimi- Test-Taking Strategy: 1.

H B Standardized Test Practice 928 Skills Practice and Conclusions Drawing Inferences quantities ofarelated topic.To analyzealine more thanoneline.Thelinesshowdifferent changes overtime.Sometimesagraphhas bers visually. Theyare oftenusedtocompare judgment oropinionaboutthematerial. own knowledgeofsocialstudiestoforma You mustusetheavailablefactsandyour inferences, you“read betweenthelines.” and arriveataconclusion.Whenyoumake was noteasyfortheseimmigrants. seeking newopportunities.Life,however, Germany andIreland traveledto America People from European countriessuchas immigration totheUnitedStatesincreased. U.S. Immigration, 1820–1860 Number of immigrants U.S. Immigration, 1820–1860 Line graphsare awayofshowingnum- To infermeanstoevaluateinformation During themid-nineteenthcentury, 230,000 130,000 150,000 190,000 210,000 170,000 110,000 30,000 50,000 90,000 70,000 10,000 STANDARDIZEDPRACTICE ANSWERS TEST STANDARDIZEDPRACTICE ANSWERS TEST Source: 1820 HistoricalStatisticsoftheUnitedStates:ColonialTimes to1970. 1825 Standardized TestPractice Students must first find Remind studentstocheck

1830 Germany Ireland Great Britain Germany Ireland Great Britain 1835

Year 1840

1845

1850

1855

1860 Ireland toleave theircountry? inference. Test-Taking Strategy: 3. A that followonaseparatesheetofpaper. graph onthispageandanswerthequestions information todrawconclusions.Studythe the horizontalandverticalaxes.Usethis graph read thetitleandinformationon Ask: 4. 3. 2. 1. 1. 3. 2. came totheUnitedStates? Why doyouthinktheseimmigrants vertical axis? What informationisshownonthe horizontal axis? What informationisshownonthe What isthesubjectoflinegraph? A years 1820 and1860was grants totheUnitedStates between the The countrythatprovided themostimmi- separate sheet ofpaper. answer thefollowing questionsona your knowledge ofsocialstudiesto Use thelinegraph and DIRECTIONS: D C B A increased inthe mid-1800s becauseof Irish migration totheUnitedStates J H G F reach apeak? German immigrants tothe UnitedStates In aboutwhat year didthenumber of D C B What would force peoplefrom Great Britain. jobs. the availability oflow-paying factory the nativistmovement. 1848. the failure ofaGermanrevolution in a terrible potatofamine inIreland. 1860 1855 1852 1845 France. Germany. Ireland. Standardized Test Practice Students must make an 920-929_STD_TEST_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 10:33 PM Page 929

Comparing Data Population of Five Largest U.S. Cities, 1790 The world’s earliest civilizations developed City Number of People Standardized Test Practice more than 6,000 years ago. The discovery of farming led to the rise of ancient cities in New York City 33,131 Philadelphia 28,522 Mesopotamia and the Nile River valley. These Boston 18,320 Comparing Data Tell students early cities shared one important characteris- Charleston 16,359 that determining populations is tic—they each arose near waterways. Since Baltimore 13,503 necessary for many reasons. water was the easiest way to transport goods, For example, it is important to the settlements became centers of trade. know the number of students Since then cities have grown all over Population of Five Largest in schools and school districts. the world. Every 10 years, the United States U.S. Cities, 2000* The student population in each Census Bureau collects data to determine City Number of People school helps officials decide the population of the United States. (A New York City 8,008,278 census is an official count of people living how many teachers to hire. It Los Angeles 3,694,820 in an area.) The first census was conducted also determines the amount of Chicago 2,896,016 money districts receive. in 1790. At that time, there were 3.9 million Houston 1,953,631 people in the 13 original states. The most Philadelphia 1,517,550 Have the class find the total recent census occurred in 2000. The results *Numbers do not include metropolitan areas. population of students in your of that census showed that more than school. What percentage of 280 million people reside in the 50 states total students makes up each that make up our nation. Standardized grade level? Have each student create a circle graph that shows Skills Practice Test Practice this information. (Students The charts on this page show popula- DIRECTIONS: Use the charts and your should find the number of tions of the five most populous cities in the knowledge of social studies to answer students in each grade and con- United States during different time periods. the following questions on a separate vert those numbers into percent- sheet of paper. When comparing information on charts be ages before drawing slices of the sure to read the titles and headings to define 1. One inference that can be made from the circle graph. Check graphs for the data being compared. Study the charts charts is that the most populous cities in accuracy.) L2 and answer the questions below on a sepa- the United States rate sheet of paper. A have good weather. Skills Practice Answers: B were founded early in our nation’s 1. Which U.S. city had the greatest popu- history. 1. New York City lation in 1790? C are port cities. 2. New York City 2. Which U.S. city had the greatest popu- D are in the eastern United States. lation in 2000? 2. In 1790 the major cities of the United 3. 28,522 States were all 4. 1,517,550 3. What was the population of Philadelphia F larger than 20,000 people. 5. New York City, Philadelphia in 1790? G located in the East. 4. What was Philadelphia’s population H Northern cities. in 2000? J founded for religious reasons. 5. Which cities are on both lists?

Standardized Test Practice 929

STANDARDIZEDSTANDARDIZED TESTTEST PRACTICEPRACTICE ANSWERSANSWERS 1. C 2. G Test-Taking Strategy: To answer this question Test-Taking Strategy: To answer this question students must make an inference, or “read students must think of the location of each city between the lines.” Encourage students to read and then eliminate incorrect answer choices. each answer choice, eliminating ones that do not make sense.

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INTRODUCTION Have volunteers read and dis- Working With Getty Images cuss the introduction to the Primary Sources Library. Have Primary Sources students complete the activities uppose that you have been asked to write a that follow to familiarize them- report on changes in your community over Checking Your Sources selves with the types of pri- the past 25 years. Where would you get the When you read primary or secondary S sources, you should analyze them to figure out mary sources. information you need to begin writing? You would draw upon two types of information— if they are dependable or reliable. Historians primary sources and secondary sources. usually prefer primary sources to secondary PRINTED PUBLICATIONS sources, but both can be reliable or unreliable, depending on the following factors. To help students analyze Definitions printed publications, instruct Primary sources are often first-person Time Span them to read the first two para- accounts by someone who actually saw or lived With primary sources, it is important to con- graphs of the Preamble to the through what is being described. In other words, sider how long after the event occurred the pri- Declaration of Independence. if you see a fire or live through a great storm and mary source was written. Chances are the Ask: What is the subject of then write about your experiences, you are creat- longer the time span between the event and the these paragraphs? What do ing a primary source. Diaries, journals, photo- account, the less reliable the account is. As time they tell you about the beliefs graphs, and eyewitness reports are examples of passes, people often forget details and fill in of the people who wrote and primary sources. Secondary sources are second- gaps with events that never took place. signed this document? L2 hand accounts. For instance, if your friend expe- Although we like to think we remember things riences the fire or storm and tells you about it, or exactly as they happened, the fact is we often if you read about the fire or storm in the newspa- remember them as we wanted them to occur. SONGS AND POEMS per, and then you write about it, you are creating a secondary source. Textbooks, biographies, and Reliability Ask students to write a poem histories are secondary sources. Another factor to consider when evaluating a about an important event in primary source is the writer's background and their lives. Suggest that the reliability. First, try to determine how this person poem be in a standard form knows about what he or she is writing. How such as a limerick or other spe- much does he or she know? Is the writer being cific rhyme scheme. L2 truthful? Is the account convincing? Opinions ARTIFACTS AND When evaluating a primary source, you VISUAL MATERIALS should also decide To help students analyze arti- whether the account facts and visual materials, pro- has been influenced by emotion, opinion, vide the following instructions: or exaggeration. Writ- Bring to class a primary source ers can have reasons from your past—a photograph, to distort the truth to piece of original art, and so on. Explain why you kept it and what it shows about the time The Roman Colosseum from which the item comes. L1

TEACHERTEACHER NOTESNOTES Through the study of the selections in the Primary Sources Library and their accompanying ques- tions and activities, students should be able to: • find the main idea in the selections. • analyze information in a variety of writings in order to make inferences and generalizations. • provide an interpretation of the material in their own words.

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blockade–compromise suit their personal purposes. Ask yourself: Why • Reread the document. did the person write the account? Do any key Difficult ideas are not always easily under- words or expressions reveal the author’s emo- stood on the first reading. tions or opinions? Compare the account with • Use a variety of resources. ORAL HISTORIES one written by another witness to the event. If Form the habit of using the dictionary, the Work together with an English they differ, ask yourself why they differ and encyclopedia, and maps. These resources are or language arts teacher to help which is more accurate. tools to help you discover new ideas and students complete the follow- knowledge and double-check other sources. Primary Sources Library Interpreting Primary Sources ing oral history activity. Provide the following guide- To help you analyze a primary source, use the lines to students: Interview a following steps: King Tut’s relative or friend who is much • Examine the origins of the document. Mask older than you. Your aim is to You need to determine if it is a primary source. find out how much his or her • Find the main ideas. life differed from yours. Devise Read the document and summarize the main a list of interview questions, ideas in your own words. These ideas may such as: What did you study in be fairly easy to identify in newspapers and school? How did you and your journals, for example, but are much more friends spend your free time? difficult to find in poetry. What are some of the biggest changes you have seen in your lifetime? What was the most Classifying Primary Sources pressing world problem when you Primary sources fall into different categories: were my age? Ask students to provide a tran- script, or written record, of the interview. If a tape recorder or Printed publications include books such as Oral histories are chronicles, memoirs, myths, video recorder is available, you autobiographies. Printed publications also and legends that are passed along from one include newspapers and magazines. generation to another by word of mouth. Inter- may want to have students views are another form of oral history. record the interview. Have stu- dents discuss their findings in class. L2 Songs and poems include works that express the personal thoughts and feelings or political Personal records are accounts of events kept by or religious beliefs of the writer, often using an individual who is a participant in, or witness PERSONAL RECORDS rhyming and rhythmic language. to, these events. Personal records include Tell students that a journal is a diaries, journals, and letters. daily record of events, thoughts, and feelings kept by an individual who is a partici- Visual materials include a wide range of forms: original paintings, drawings, sculptures, photo- Artifacts are objects such as tools or ornaments. pant or witness to these events. graphs, film, and maps. Artifacts present information about a particular Ask students to keep a journal culture or a stage of technological development. of interesting events they observe during a week’s time. Encourage them to personalize the events by recording their own opinions or feelings about Primary Sources Library 931 Egyptian National Museum, Cairo/SuperStock what they have witnessed. L1

TEACHERTEACHER NOTESNOTES After studying the introduction to the Primary Sources Library, students should be able to meet the following objectives: • explain the difference between primary sources and secondary sources. • identify the different types of primary sources. • understand that primary sources offer a unique view of people and events in a particular era.

931 930-943_PSL_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/0410:38PMPage932 and readers overtime. of lastingimportancetowriters these themeshaveproven tobe these samethemes. Ask why ries, andpoemsthataddress describe favoritenovels,sto- and fears) ing challenges,personaldoubts ing. to listsomethemesoftheread- are quitesimilar. Ask students jects andthemesofliterature Gilgamesh immensely sincethe writing styleshavechanged 932 Printed Publications B pas ofSouthAmerica.) Russia andUkraine,thepam- United States,large areas of include theGreat Plainsofthe are steppes. name placesintheworldthat selections. Ask studentsto before theybeginreading the stand anyunfamiliarterms students tobesure theyunder- Dictionary Review the R “Early Civilizations.” accompany studyofUnit1, tions onpages932–933to Use theprimarysource selec- U ACKGROUND EINFORCING NIT (friendship, death,overcom- L INK Then havethem was written,thesub- on page932with Reader’s (Possible answers V I NFORMATION OCABULARY Although Epic of L2 L1 rq This person reigned sometimeinthefirst halfofthe2000s Iraq. The ruins oftheancientcitystillstandtoday insoutheastern real kingoftheSumerian cityofUruk. A Real Superhero? h kainlnug,while others are inSumerian. the Akkadian language, Somesources are in Gilgamesh comefrom several different civilizationsspeakingdifferent languages. Primary Sources Library Scala/Art Resource, NY 932 Bull ofHeaven: Canaan: reproach: steppe: Humbaba: were learned. of societywhere valuesandjustice today, thefamilywasbasicunit sense ofjusticeandsetsvalues.As formed societies.Thesesocietieshada Syrian Desert Enkidu travel forest throughwhichGilgameshand the godstokillGilgameshandEnkidu The peopleofearlycivilizations language inwhichthe writing,the with cuneiform This Sumerian tabletiscovered Gilgamesh Civilizations wide, rolling, grassy plain wide, rolling,grassy an ancientlandthatlayalongthe Reader’s Dictionary Historians believe thatthelegendary hero of the fault evil spiritwhoguardsthecedar Primary Sources Library For usewithUnit1 Early mythical creature sentby mythical was written. EXTENDING THE CONTENT EXTENDING THE EXTENDING THE CONTENT EXTENDING THE Epic of T In fearofdeathIroam thewilderness.Thecaseof Then Iwasafraid. until awormfelloutofhisnose. Six daysandsevennightsIweptoverhim The fateofmankindovertookhim. my friendwhomIlovedearlyunderwentwith entering themountaingatesweslewlions; never againtomove? Me, shallInotliedownlikehim, The friendIlovedhasturnedtoclay. Enkidu,the How canIkeepstill?besilent? On alongjourneyIwanderthe On aremote path Iroam thewilderness.Thecase brought captured the We overcame everything:climbedthemountain, journeys withhisbestfriend,Enkidu. this passage,Gilgameshdescribeshisadventures and my friendliesheavyinme. me allhardships. cedar forest; friend Ilove,hasturnedtoclay. of myfriendEnkiduliesheavyinme. he is oneofthemostwell-knownancienttales.In The Epic ofGilgamesh— B . Humbaba C The sources for thetalesof . Epic ofGilgamesh Bull ofHeaven Epic ofGilgamesh Epic to grief,wholivesinthe written c.2500 and killedhim, steppe. is basedona B . C .— 933 World Music: World and L1 Primary Source Primary Document Library CD-ROM World History World LTERNATIVE LTERNATIVE SSESSMENT SSESSMENT AA AA A Cultural Legacy Legacy A Cultural World Music:World Cultural Traditions Use the CD-ROM to access to access Use the CD-ROM documents. source primary programs music Use the world to enhance the readings. Point out to students that peo- Point out advice on ple have been giving values to how to live, what and other important life honor, the earliest information since Ask students to reread times. the advice of the Egyptian Then have them write father. for their own set of suggestions or sister. a younger brother suggestions Have them include the most they believe are important for a young person Ask volunteers to to learn. their advice. Discuss the share suggestions.

Primary Sources Library 933 SuperStock Primary Sources Library Sources Primary God told Abraham to leave his home and go to leave Abraham God told to Canaan. do this, would Abraham If God and his descendants a Abraham make would nation. great An ancient scroll ancient An the Jewish from Torah Ancient Israelites Israelites Ancient Ancient 4. uch of the history of the ancient Israelites uch of the history Bible tells in the Bible. The is recorded When Abraham arrived in Canaan, the Bible The Lord said to [Abraham], ‘Leave your said to [Abraham], The Lord had as the Lord [Abraham] . . . set out his brother’s son Lot, and all the possessions they departed for . . . and they had gathered Canaan. says that God made a covenant, or special agree- by the Jewish ment, with him. It is considered people to be the beginning of their history. [Abraham] went on When they arrived there, . . . When the Lord as far as the sanctuary. to him and said, ‘I am giving this appeared land to your descendants,’ [Abraham] built who had appeared to the Lord an altar there to him. about a man named Abraham and his wife Sarah: about a man named Abraham father’s your kin, and your own country, that I will show house, and go to a country nation; I into a great you. I shall make you shall bless you. . . .’ his wife [Sarah], bidden him. . . . He took MM Justice is According to the Bible, what did the Lord tell Abraham to do, and why? tell Abraham According to the Bible, what did the Lord What is shown tablet? on the Sumerian Does any part of the Egyptian advice have value today for sons or father’s daughters? Be specific and support your answer. What happened to the friend of Gilgamesh? 4. 1. 2. 3. reproach. . C . B

Advice to His Son Son His His to to Advice Advice He died. writing cuneiform Yes, much of it does. example, For the advice is timeless, knowledge to respect and the haughtiness and mean- to avoid suggestions echoed in are ness and to teach his son well other sources. many An Egyptian Father’s Father’s An Egyptian An Egyptian pper-class Egyptians enjoyed collecting pper-class Egyptians enjoyed for lead- guidance wise sayings to provide

3. 1. 2. If you are powerful, respect knowledge powerful, respect If you are If you are a wise man, bring up a son who If you are If you have, as leader, to decide on the con- If you have, as leader, around 2450 around ing an upright and successful life. This excerpt ing an upright and successful Ptah-hotep dates from Vizier of instructions from to direct; to be absolute is to run into evil. to be absolute is to run to direct; neither let it Let not your heart be haughty, be mean. . . . Separate not your heart from him. . . . Separate not your heart from and calmness of language. Command only conduct to your way and occupies himself as is right, do to him all the with your affairs good you can; he is your son, a person attached to you whom your own self has begotten. disturbed since the age of Ptah. . . . shall be pleasing to Ptah. If he conforms his perfect manner of doing so that your own perfect manner of doing conduct may be without it has not been invariable, and assured; great, duct of a great number of men, seek the most number of duct of a great UU 930-943_PSL_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 10:39 PM Page 933 Page PM 10:39 9/22/04 930-943_PSL_MSWHTE_869371 930-943_PSL_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/0410:41PMPage934 934 Songs andPoems B L1/ your schoolmustfollow. some regulations students at selections. Havestudentslist before theybeginreading the stand anyunfamiliarterms students tobesure theyunder- Dictionary Review the R World.”“The Ancient accompany studyofUnit2, tions onpages934–935to Use theprimarysource selec- U poems. images infavoritesongsor how languageisusedtocreate have themshare examplesof the manyeyesofnight.) Veda. (Forexample,thestarsare created bythewriterof students topointoutanimage guage topaintpictures. Ask the poems, liketheselectionfrom ACKGROUND EINFORCING NIT Rig Veda, EL L L1 INK on page934with Reader’s often uselan- V I Songs and NFORMATION OCABULARY Then Rig nin osdrdtems efc fallnugs The Indians considered themost perfect ofalllanguages. religious servicestoday. of the Althoughtheancientreligion andrain. winds, thesun, who often represented natural forces like fire, Many are inpraise of different gods andgoddesses, that were usedintheancientreligious rituals. The

Vedas Primary Sources Library Vedas Vanni/Art Resource, NY 934 palpable: immortal: nurture: regulations: refinements: The word The AncientWorld a vle nomdr idim theancient scriptures are stillhonored andusedin has evolved intomodernHinduism, ideas are timeless. ideas westillexpress today. These phers andreligious leadersformed ancient world.Importantphiloso- modern civilizationcamefrom the Some ofthegreatest thoughtsin upbringing Reader’s Dictionary obvious never dying veda rules Primary Sources Library improvements For usewithUnit2 en kolde”I oe rmteSnki agae which ancient Itcomesfrom theSanskrit language, means “knowledge.” EXTENDING THE CONTENT EXTENDING THE EXTENDING THE CONTENT EXTENDING THE Vedas A ment: “Whatqualifiesonetoparticipatein certainpupilasked Confuciusaboutgovern- A trustworthy, peoplewillnotdare tobedishonest.” will notdare tobe[ungovernable].Ifleadersare dare tobedisrespectful. Ifleaders are just,people “If leadersare courteous,theirpeoplewillnot do that,thenstudyliterature.” near tohumanity. Ifyouhaveextraenergy asyou creet andtrustworthy, loveallpeople,anddraw “Be dutifulathome,brotherly inpublic;bedis- is calledamistake.” “If youmakeamistakeanddonotcorrect it,this Confucius said,“Honorfive government?” philosopher Confuciusinc.400 without beingfierce.” [proud]; theyare dignified at easewithoutbeing out beinggreedy; theyare resentful; they desire with- working withoutbeing wasteful; theyare hard are generous withoutbeing Confucius said,“Goodpeople five refinements?” The pupilasked,“Whatare the Then youcanparticipateingovernment.” The n analectisaselectedthoughtorsaying.The sayings belowwere writtenbytheChinese r otyhms og,andpoems songs, are mostly hymns, Statue ofConfucius Analects of Confucius refinements B . C . . 935 World Music: World and Primary Source Primary Document Library CD-ROM World History World LTERNATIVE LTERNATIVE SSESSMENT SSESSMENT AA AA L3 World Music:World Cultural Traditions Legacy A Cultural Use the CD-ROM to access to access Use the CD-ROM documents. source primary programs music Use the world to enhance the readings. issue. Ask volunteers to read or Ask volunteers to read issue. perform their dialogues for the class. The dialogues in which Plato The dialogues his philosophy are presents often lively and amusing, the dry worlds apart from believe essays students may to be. One of most philosophy is techniques his most effective ques- the use of slow-witted the tioners who give Socrates their igno- chance to trump Ask students to write rance. their own dialogues on a sub- ject of their choice. Have them like a philosopher, create Plato’s Socrates, and have their character discuss with another character the philosophical

Primary Sources Library 935 . Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Art Resource, NY & Victoria C . B Rig VedaRig Veda goddess has filled the wide goddess has filled the A representation of A representation god Siva the Hindu Primary Sources Library Sources Primary palpable, The The having the same kind of upbringing and the same kind of upbringing having education the twilight banish it immortal 2. 3. 4. he Vedas, written in ancient India, are the in ancient India, are written he Vedas, This Hindu religion. oldest writings of the The goddess Night has drawn near, looking drawn near, The goddess Night has The Ward off the she-wolf and off Ward Darkness— The goddess has drawn near, pushing aside near, The goddess has drawn we turned As you came near to us today, People who live in villages have gone home song was written c. 1100 song was written c. 1100 with her eyes. She has about on many sides put on all her glories. black, and painted—has come upon me. O Dawn, banish it like a debt. her sister the twilight. Darkness, too, will give her sister the twilight. way. go to their home in as birds to rest, homeward a tree. and animals with feet, and animals to rest, with wings, even the ever- hawks. searching the thief. off the wolf; ward O night full of waves, be over. easy for us to cross space, the depths and the heights. She stems space, the depths and her light. the tide of darkness with TT and nurture What are the five refinements according to Confucius? What does Plato think will help make men and women more equal? Who is the sister to the goddess Night in the last reading? What does the song say Dawn should do about Darkness? 1. 2. 3. 4. [as men]; . . . , Plato presents his ideas on a , Plato presents regulations

Republic being generous without being wasteful;being generous being being resentful; without hardworking desiring without being greedy; being at ease without being proud; without and being dignified being fierce The Rights of Women Women of of The Rights The Rights

1. Yes. You cannot. You to have the same duties Then, if women are But can you use different animals for the But can you use different No, he said, they share alike; the only dif- No, he said, they share What I mean may be put into the form of a What I mean may be put into the form of What do you mean? Let us further suppose the birth and educa- Let us further suppose n the of dialogues, or imagi- just society in the form as men, they must have the same education? same way? ference between them is that the males are ference and the females weaker. stronger [raised] in the same purpose, unless they are the bearing and [feeding of] their puppies is the bearing and [feeding of] their puppies labour enough for them? and in keeping watch and in the other duties of and in keeping watch and in the other duties to the males the dogs? [O]r do we entrust of the flocks, while we and exclusive care entire that leave the females at home, under the idea question, I said: Are dogs divided into hes and Are question, I said: equally in hunting shes, or do they both share tion of our women to be subject to similar or tion of our women to nearly similar Athenian government. He surprises his student Athenian government. of women. by turning to the subject nary conversations, between Socrates and his nary conversations, between Socrates has just fin- students. In this dialogue, student about the type of ished questioning his the best “watchdogs” of men who might make II 930-943_PSL_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 10:45 PM Page 935 Page PM 10:45 9/22/04 930-943_PSL_MSWHTE_869371 930-943_PSL_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/0410:47PMPage936 936 Personal Records B word selections. Ask themtousethe before theybeginreading the stand anyunfamiliarterms students tobesure theyunder- Dictionary Review the R Faiths.” “New Empires andNew accompany studyofUnit3, tions onpages936–937to Use theprimarysource selec- U what happened. and importantaccountsof provide themostinteresting tions totheevent,whocould kinds ofpeople,andtheirrela- also addtoeacheventthe of Pliny’sletter. Havethem one towriteaboutinthestyle sonal records, andthenchoose lifetimes thatmostmeritper- a classlistofeventsfrom their example. Ask studentstomake the deathofhisuncleisagood tant events.Pliny’sletterabout compelling accountsofimpor- records canbeamongthemost ACKGROUND EINFORCING NIT trifling L INK on page936with Reader’s in asentence. V I Personal NFORMATION L2 OCABULARY L1 the mannerdescribed by his nephew. Hewent ashore toreassureMount thefrightened people—and there hediedin Vesuvius haderupted. henoticedastrange cloudformation. withthecharge tocapture pirates, commander southofRome, While servingasanaval hebecameoneoftheRoman Empire’s greatest scientists. In hisspare time, healsoserved Rome asalawyer anddistrict governor.After gaining successasacavalry commander, Wearing Many Hats Primary Sources Library Scala/Art Resource, NY 936 incurred: allay: posterity: trifling: cognizant: continued toformnewideas. great leadersandheroes. Newfaiths that gavepeoplethechancetobe came great change.Eventsoccurred New Empires and church in theshapeofa the Byzantine Empire Incense from burner With thegrowth ofnewempires calm insignificant Reader’s Dictionary New Faiths brought upononeself future time aware ln h le,who lived from Pliny theElder, Primary Sources Library For usewithUnit3 EXTENDING THE CONTENT EXTENDING THE EXTENDING THE CONTENT EXTENDING THE A . D 23to . I times toohewouldsayopenlythatwithouther her apartnerintheadministrationofaffairs, some- trifling fore inalldaily businesshedidnothing,notevena actually leavethepalace[foraconvent]..There- ing thatifshebecame he hadconcealedthisdesign[plan]from her, fear- himself shouldtakethehelmofstate,butsofar over tohismotherAnnaDalassena. describing Alexius’s decisiontoturnthegovernment pieces. brain andjudgementtheEmpire wouldgoto (uh the storyofhisreign inabookcalled from invaders.Hisdaughter, AnnaComnena,retold he defendedtheByzantineEmpire againstattacks captured Constantinople.AsEmperor AlexiusI, n 1081anablegeneralnamedAlexiusCommenus He really longedthathismotherratherthan . shewasperhaps more devotedtoherson • A Woman ontheThrone lehk A . D thing, without her advise . . . and made . . . thing, withoutheradvise than mostwomen. And soshewishedto 9 was a manofmany talents. 79, . • se ee • the Emperor, herson,andattimes uhd) help herson..Sheruled .with even tookthereins aloneand . Shebeginsheraccountby drove thechariot ofEmpire a kingdom. mind, capableofgoverning had inverytruth akingly without harmormishap. For besidesbeingclevershe cognizant of it,shemight h Alexiad The 937 World Music: World and L3 Primary Source Primary Document Library CD-ROM World History World LTERNATIVE LTERNATIVE SSESSMENT SSESSMENT AA AA World Music:World Cultural Traditions Legacy A Cultural Use the CD-ROM to access Use the CD-ROM documents. source primary programs music Use the world to enhance the readings. Have students choose either Have students by the descriptive account Pliny the Anna Comnena or Then have students Younger. a mock inter- plan and conduct the main fig- view with one of account or with a in the ures them Have fictional bystander. and write possible questions answers in an inter- provide view format.

Primary Sources Library 937 Your wrath or Your incurred Primary Sources Library Sources Primary The Quran The Quran The Quran Probably; to pre- the letter in order he writes posterity, memory for his uncle’s serve and he how,describes the chance by offered when the helmsman to escape to safety, his uncle refused. Allah 3. 4. he Quran is the holy book of Islam. The verses 1, verses 2–7. Chapter below come from . . . A. . . for the ground on sheet was spread Only You do we worship, and only You do we worship, and only You Only for help. do we implore Lead us to the right path, have favoured You The path of those Not those who have have gone astray. Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, of the Worlds, Allah, the Lord Praise be to The Compassionate, the Merciful, Master of the Day of Judgement, TT for the buildings were now shaking with vio- now shaking were buildings for the . . . and seemed to be swaying. lent shocks, repeatedly to lie down, and he him [uncle] the flames water to drink. Then asked for cold warning of of sulphur which gave and smell to take the others drove fire the approaching . . and then suddenly col- flight. . . . He stood . the dense fumes lapsed, I imagine because . . . When daylight choked his breathing. after the last on the 26th—two days returned body was found. . . . day he had seen—his ; . . . the fears of posterity Why did Alexius conceal his plans to turn the government over to his mother? Why did Pliny the Elder sail to Mt. Vesuvius? consider his uncle a hero? Why or why not? Does Pliny the Younger praising? Who is the quote from the Quran allay 1. 2. 3. 4. uncle’s death so that you can uncle’s death so that

He was afraid she might want to reject the to reject she might want afraid He was in a convent. live and go responsibility the people threatened to rescue He wanted eruption. the volcano’s by

liny the Elder—a Roman admiral and well- Roman admiral liny the Elder—a attempt- known author and scientist—died 1. 2. Meanwhile on Mount Vesuvius broad sheets broad Meanwhile on Mount Vesuvius As he was leaving the house he was

Thank you for asking me to send you a Thank you for asking A Heroic Rescue Attempt Attempt Rescue Rescue A Heroic A Heroic was able to bring his ship in. and leaping flames blazed at several of fire points. . . . My uncle tried to and implored him to rescue her. . . . Ashes . . . her. him to rescue and implored falling, hotter and thicker as the already were . . . For a moment my uncle near. ships drew whether to turn back, but when the wondered telling him helmsman advised this he refused, . This that Fortune stood by the courageous. . . and he wind was . . . in my uncle’s favour, handed a message from Rectina, . . . whose handed a message from that house was at the foot of the mountain, so escape was impossible except by boat. She her was terrified by the danger threatening his companions. . . . They debated whether to his companions. . . . They debated whether stay indoors or take their chance in the open, description of my of it for leave an accurate account Pliny the Younger, recorded his uncle’s death in his uncle’s recorded Pliny the Younger, historian named a letter written to a Roman account The letter forms an eyewitness Tacitus. Roman views of of the eruption and expresses courage and duty. ing to rescue people trapped at the foot of ing to rescue His nephew, when it erupted. Mt. Vesuvius PP 930-943_PSL_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 10:48 PM Page 937 Page PM 10:48 9/22/04 930-943_PSL_MSWHTE_869371 930-943_PSL_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/0410:50PMPage938 men.) tions are extendedonlytofree cases theMagnaCarta’s protec- (Students maygraspthatinmost expressed intheMagnaCarta. ples differ from theideas in whichournation’sprinci- have thempointoutanyways influenced byEngland.Then society, whichwasstrongly important principlesinour which oneshavebecome the statementsanddecide example. Ask studentstoread The MagnaCartaisagood and lastingeffect onsociety. ments havehadapowerful 938 Printed Publications B Gettysburg Address) have heard theterm famous American speechthey selections. Ask theminwhat before theybeginreading the stand anyunfamiliarterms students tobesure theyunder- Dictionary Review the R “The Middle Ages.” accompany studyofUnit4, tions onpages938–939to Use theprimarysource selec- U ACKGROUND EINFORCING NIT L3 L INK on page938with Reader’s V I NFORMATION OCABULARY Many docu- L1 score. (the reflection oftheBuddhistbeliefthateverything inthisworld isvanity andillusion. a itgrows more sombertoward itsend, However, describes life. thedelightsofnature andcourt Murasaki Shikibu’s storyoftheyoung prince through aconnectedseries ofevents andcharacters. invented prose narrative abouthuman experiences thattellsitsstory Anovel isalong, written. The First Novel? Primary Sources Library Giraudon/Art Resource, NY 938 abject: heirs: mitqal: score: ebony: Drawing ofMansa Musa status andhowtheywouldlive. cially startedtohaveavoiceintheir demand theirrights.Women espe- when thecommonpeoplebeganto good, somebad.Butitbecameatime There were stillstrong leaders—some we knowtheminmoderntimes. tions begantodevelopbemore as The MiddleAges During theMiddleAges,civiliza- descendants twenty low a hard,heavywood The Tale ofGenji an ancientunitofmeasure Reader’s Dictionary Primary Sources Library For usewithUnit4 EXTENDING THE CONTENT EXTENDING THE EXTENDING THE CONTENT EXTENDING THE is considered by someliterary historians tobethefirst novel ever A rows, onetothe rightandonetotheleft;beyond officers are seatedinacircle abouthim,intwo pages whichare boughtforhiminCairo. .His fine garmentsandmakinghiscitiesintocapitals. clothing. Heismuchconcernedwithgivingthem which thekingprovides themwithhorsesand fifty thousand among thegreatest ofthemreceive asmuch guard receive giftsoflandandpresents. Some having neitherhorsesnoranyothermounts.. horse-mounted cavalry:theothersare infantry men ofwhomthere are abouttenthousand way. Theirarmynumbersonehundred thousand this country, whospendconsiderablesumsinthis to ride. saddled andbridledhorsesincaseheshouldwish spread behind him. Before himtheykeeptwo this, andmakehimlaugh.Two bannersare Others dancebefore theirsovereign, whoenjoys them sitthechiefcommandersofhiscavalry. . there standabout a a kindwhichhealonemaywear. Behindhim trousers madeofabouttwentypieces[ofstuff] of lance, quiver, bowandarrows. Hewearswide arms standnearhim,beingallofgold,saber, by elephanttusksturnedtowards eachother. His large andtallperson:oneithersideitisflanked has aseatof palace onagreat balconycalled as Mansa Musainthe1330s.Herefers toMansaMusa The officers of this king,hissoldiersand Arab horsesare brought forsaletothekingsof The sultanofthiskingdompresides inhis sultan n ArabscholarnamedIbnFadlAllahalOmari describes theWest Africancourtandarmyof , theArabwordfor“king.” The Sultan of Mali ebony mitqals score that islikeathrone fitfora of goldayear, besides of Turkish orother bembe where he 939 EL World Music: World L1/ and Primary Source Primary Document Library CD-ROM World History World LTERNATIVE LTERNATIVE SSESSMENT SSESSMENT AA AA World Music:World Cultural Traditions Legacy A Cultural Use the CD-ROM to access to access Use the CD-ROM documents. source primary programs music Use the world to enhance the readings. Ask students to choose one of to choose one Ask students from the primary sources have them pages 938–939, and a drawing that repre- create of the selec- sents some aspect they might tion. For example, protections illustrate one of the by the Magna Carta, offered about the Genji’s conversation types of women, or the three Mansa Musa. fabulous court of Display the drawings as you study this unit.

Primary Sources Library 939 Mary Evans Picture Library . 1010. D Murasaki Shikibu Murasaki . A positions; while abject is the story of a young man is the story Primary Sources Library Sources Primary when he has been found guilty by his equals guilty by he has been found when of the land the law or by affected standing in society can be People’s their actions. by The Tale of Genji of Genji The TaleThe Tale 3. 4. he Tale of Genji he Tale life. It was for the meaning of searching [Genji said] “It will not always be so easy to [Genji said] “It will not written by Murasaki Shikibu in written by Murasaki Shikibu rank sink to the most rank sink to the most rise to . . . think them- others of common birth we to deal selves as good as anyone. How are with such cases?” Genji’s friend described three classes of women: three friend described Genji’s birth whose weak points those of high rank and class; and those concealed; those of the middle are reply. is part of Genji’s of the lower class. This classes a woman three know into which of the sometimes people of high ought to be put. For TT does not? What conclusions can about Mansa Musa’s power? you draw Why do you think Mansa Musa treated his soldiers so well? According to the Magna Carta, when can a man be imprisoned? What does Genji seem to realize about the social classes that his friend for ever, all the for ever, 1. 2. 3. 4. heirs

The Magna Carta Carta The Magna The Magna It was practically absolute, practically It was as backed as well force. military by that his power point out Students may depended on military force; have he may might do to him if his soldiers what feared became dissatisfied. they

for the first time gave common people some for the first time gave he Magna Carta, signed in England in 1215, signed in England he Magna Carta, 2. 1. have granted shall be observed in our kingdom. of trade. . . . All these customs and liberties that we All merchants may enter or leave England All merchants and may stay or unharmed and without fear, for purposes travel within it, by land or water, To no one will we sell, to no one deny or To delay right or justice. No free man shall be seized or imprisoned . . . No free or outlawed or exiled . . . except by the lawful judgement of his equals or by the law of the land. take horses or carts for transport from any free take horses or carts for transport from man, without his consent. . . . fined only in proportion to the degree of his to the degree fined only in proportion . . . offence. or other person shall official, royal No sheriff, marry, so long as she wishes to remain with- remain so long as she wishes to marry, out a husband. . . . man shall be a free For a trivial offence, liberties written out below. . . . below. liberties written out to [forced] No widow shall be compelled granted, for us and our granted, for us and our freedoms and protections. It also limited the It also and protections. freedoms power of King John. men of our kingdom we have also free all To TT 930-943_PSL_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 10:51 PM Page 939 Page PM 10:51 9/22/04 930-943_PSL_MSWHTE_869371 930-943_PSL_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/0410:52PMPage940 stand thepast. cuss howstorieshelpusunder- stories. Thenhavestudentsdis- unteers toshare theirfamily generation tothenext. Ask vol- ries, whichare passedfrom one form. Another isfamilyhisto- Queen Elizabeth’s,are one Famous speeches,suchas tion through theoraltradition. and otherimportantinforma- down theirculture, traditions, tory, manypeoplehavehanded 940 Oral Histories B gin as that probably hasthesameori- more commonEnglishword selections. Ask themtonamea before theybeginreading the stand anyunfamiliarterms students tobesure theyunder- Dictionary Review the R Changing World.” accompany studyofUnit5,“A tions onpages940–941to Use theprimarysource selec- U ACKGROUND EINFORCING NIT L tnh (stink) stench. INK on page940with Reader’s Throughout his- L2 V I NFORMATION OCABULARY L1 4 m ie More thanoneinevery tenprisoners died before reaching the Americas. (41 cm)wide. The average spacefor person each wasthe shipsthatthey 16inches couldnotturnover orstandup. People were packed like spoonssotightly intheholdsof The MiddlePassage itselfwas terrible. home. oftheirjourney while was thelast part from the totheirfinal Americankidnapping in port Africa, The first was their Itmarked oftheirjourney from themiddlepart freedom toenslavement. Passage. Journey ofHorror Primary Sources Library Biblioteca Colombina,Sevilla,Spain 940 Aztec andSpanishAztec soldiersinbattle scorn: stench: plunder: installed: finery: living inexplored lands,however. did notalwaysbenefitthepeoplealready undiscovered riches.Thisexploration among European countriestoclaim quer. There wasgreat competition countries lookedfornewlandstocon- World explorationexpandedas anger fancier clothesandjewelry a verybadsmell Reader’s Dictionary A Changing stolen goods,usuallyduringwar The journey ofthekidnapped Africans tothe Americas was known astheMiddle placed in Primary Sources Library For usewithUnit5 World EXTENDING THE CONTENT EXTENDING THE EXTENDING THE CONTENT EXTENDING THE A tezuma]? Are Are tezuma]? each one,Cortésaskedhim:“Are you[Mon- gifts ofwelcome. their necksandgavethempresents ofeverysortas preparing togooutmeetthem.. have comehere tositonyourthrone. ..” the earth. You havecometoyourcity, Mexico. You ney hastired you, butnowyouhavearrivedon these words: “Our lord, youare weary. Thejour- ward, bowedhis headlowandaddressed himin Then hestooduptowelcomeCortés;camefor- they hadreached theirgoal. Tenochititlan. Thatwastheendoftheirmarch, for Cortés. selection describesthemeetingofMontezumaand edited andtranslatedbyMiguelLeon-Portilla.This And thekingsaid:“Yes, Iam When . Thenhehungthegoldnecklacesaround When theSpaniards were [Montezuma] nowarrayedhimselfinhis The Spaniards arrived.neartheentranceto Arrival of theSpaniards in 1519are recorded in ztec accountsoftheSpanishconquestMexico were merely astroke ofgoodluck. they were theirown,asifthis king. .Theyseizedthesetreasures asif finery—everything thatbelongedtothe bells, theroyal crowns andalltheroyal with large stones, ankleringswithlittlegold were brought out:finebracelets,necklaces adise. . All of ures, itwasas if theyhadarrivedinPar- closely andthendemandedgold. city’s resources. .Theyquestionedhim palace, they . Whentheyentered thehalloftreas- [Montezuma] [Montezuma] you theking?..” asked [Montezuma’s] guided themtoit.. had givennecklacesto [Montezuma] The Broken Spears installed [Montezuma].” possessions plunder about the in the finery, , 941 World Music: World and Primary Source Primary Document Library CD-ROM World History World L2 LTERNATIVE LTERNATIVE SSESSMENT SSESSMENT AA AA World Music:World Cultural Traditions Legacy A Cultural Use the CD-ROM to access to access Use the CD-ROM documents. source primary programs music Use the world to enhance the readings. Ask students to write a story, Ask students creative poem, song, or other the selec- work about one of They pages 940–941. tions from the from might choose to write seeing Aztec perspective of an time, for the first the Spaniards the ocean African crossing an of Eliza- on the ship, or one the eve of beth’s soldiers on the battle. Have volunteers work with their creative share the class.

Primary Sources Library 941 that . . . any scorn (l)Art Resource, NY, (r)National Portrait Gallery, London/SuperStock (r)National Portrait Gallery, (l)Art Resource, NY, Primary Sources Library Sources Primary To Her Troops Her Troops To To She is encouraging them by saying that she is saying them by She is encouraging and a king. as a man and strong as brave She to die with the that she is prepared also says if necessary and that other kings soldiers risk. at their great her kingdom only invade 4. Let tyrants fear: I have so behaved myself Let tyrants fear: I have n 1588, a Spanish fleet, known as the Spanish n 1588, a Spanish fleet, England. Queen Armada, was sent to invade Queen Elizabeth’s Speech Speech Elizabeth’s Elizabeth’s Queen Queen prince of Europe should dare to invade the should dare prince of Europe of my realm. borders lay down for my God and for my kingdom lay down for my God honor and my blood and for my people mine but even in the dust. I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king and a king of England too—and take foul Elizabeth the battle. before I spoke to her troops placed my chiefest that under God I have hearts and in the loyal and safeguard strength I am Wherefore goodwill of my subjects. die amongst you all, to come . . . to live and II Queen Elizabeth I Elizabeth Queen Explain. What gifts did Montezuma give to Cortés? Why do you think Montezuma took Cortés to see his personal treasury? How from Africa did Equiano travel to the Americas? her troops? or discouraging In her speech, is Queen Elizabeth I encouraging 1. 2. 3. 4. far away,” another man far away,” Equiano Equiano and my crying I was so sick and very

gold necklaces gold demanded to see it. Spaniards The He might refusing. them by hoped not to offend have Africans in a ship with other enslaved stench The Life of Olaudah of Olaudah The LifeThe Life laudah Equiano was kidnapped from West from laudah Equiano was kidnapped as a slave. In to America Africa and brought

3. 1. 2. The crew took me down below decks, into took me down below The crew The first thing I saw was a vast ocean, and The first thing I saw them?” “They live explained. “They have a white people’s country,” the “They have a white people’s country,” man explained, “but it is far away.” “How can it be,” I asked, “that in our of whole country nobody ever heard them,” a man from Benin explained. them,” a man from I asked, “in “And do they only live here,” this hollow place, the ship?” That first day, among the poor chained men That first day, they going to do to us?” I asked. “What are taking us away to work for “They are the ship’s stinking hold. With the horribleness the ship’s stinking hold. With of the ishment that soon turned to fear. I was taken to fear. ishment that soon turned . . . on board! to the ship and carried a ship, riding at anchor, waiting for its cargo. a ship, riding at anchor, filled me with aston- The ocean and the ship 1789 he wrote an account of this frightening jour- an account of 1789 he wrote the first part of that trip. he describes Here ney. in the hold, I found some people of Benin. low that I couldn’t eat. I wanted to die. . . . low that I couldn’t eat. I wanted to die. . . OO Drawing of a slave ship Drawing of a slave 930-943_PSL_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 10:53 PM Page 941 Page PM 10:53 9/22/04 930-943_PSL_MSWHTE_869371 930-943_PSL_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/0410:54PMPage942 942 influenced bycrowd reaction) power, voice,andgestures, canbe affected bythespeaker’s rhetorical about theideas;“Live”:canbe review parts,canpauseandthink a film. with thoseofexperiencingitin effects ofreading thespeech Then askthemtocompare the film ofonethesespeeches. fying. Ask studentstoviewa ing alivespeechcanbeelectri- given, theexperienceofhear- printed formaftertheyare people read speechesin Visual Materials B Israel, andSudan.) Korea, SaudiArabia,Iran,Cuba, (Possible answersincludeNorth oppression occurstoday. the worldwhere theyfeel Ask studentstonameplacesin stand anyunfamiliarterms. students tobesure theyunder- Dictionary Review the R “Modern Times.” accompany studyofUnit6, tions onpages942–943to Use theprimarysource selec- U ACKGROUND EINFORCING NIT L (Reading: cangobackand INK on page942with Reader’s Although most V I NFORMATION OCABULARY L2 lto.Atrhsrlaefo rsn Mandelaworked for thepeaceful transition tomajority rule. After hisrelease from prison, ulation. early nonviolence inhiscareer supported astheway togain equalityfor South Africa’s nonwhite pop- NelsonMandela althoughhelatermodifiedhisbeliefinnonviolence, Finally, a human rights activist. anditwas there hebecame himself first metdiscrimination andracism while working inSouth Africa, Gandhi Gandhi’s influencealso spread toothercivilrights leaders andgroups. Mohandas Gandhi. hestudiedtheideasandnonviolent philosophy of King was aseminarystudent in Pennsylvania, Historical Connections Primary Sources Library J.A. Mills/AP/WideWorld Photos 942 Mohandas K.Gandhi oppression: dichotomy: Gentile: doctrine: been supportedbygreat leaders. States, andAfrica—thisthemehas over theworld—inIndia,United justice andequalityforallpeople.All world’s moderntimesisthethemeof One ofthemajorideas Modern Times a personwhoisnotJewish Reader’s Dictionary a principleorbelief having twosides cruel useofauthorityorpower Primary Sources Library For usewithUnit6 h oncin ewe h he rsdr o utc r tog When The connectionsbetween thethree crusaders for justiceare strong. EXTENDING THE CONTENT EXTENDING THE EXTENDING THE CONTENT EXTENDING THE M that violence,whateverenditmayservein trary, Ihavesaiditrepeatedly tomycountrymen wresting justice byviolentmeans.Onthecon- sense oftheterm,whatitdoesmean,namely, so longasthatrebellion meansintheordinary tutionality forarebellion successfulorotherwise, fectly constitutional..I [natural] rightofeveryhumanbeinganditisper- is ajustandreligious tional. Onthecontrary, Iholdthatnon-cooperation stitutional. Iventure todenythatitisunconstitu- the ruleofGreat BritainoverIndia. peaceful rebellion againstandnoncooperationwith 1920. Headdressed themabouthisphilosophyof trine andIshallclingtoitforever. . based onsacrificeofself..Iclingtothatdoc- earth isnotjusticebasedonviolencebut that theonetrue thingforanyhumanbeingon India aftercenturiesofexperiencehavefoundout India anditisbecauseIbelievetheancientsof ished. ItisbecauseIbelieveinamissionspecialto doctrine ofthesword, mylifeasanIndianisfin- non-cooperation. . As soonasIndiaadoptsthe Europe, willnever serveusinIndia. . IamaskingIndiatofollowthisnon-violent I havebeentoldthatnon-cooperationisuncon- Peaceful Noncooperation istic leader, spoketoover500,000peoplein ohandas K.Gandhi,thegreat Indiannational- doctrine; do notclaimanyconsti- it istheinherent L2 943 World Music: World and Primary Source Primary Document Library CD-ROM World History World LTERNATIVE LTERNATIVE SSESSMENT SSESSMENT AA AA World Music:World Cultural Traditions Legacy. A Cultural Use the CD-ROM to access to access Use the CD-ROM documents. source primary programs music Use the world to enhance the readings. explain their murals and dis- play them in the classroom. Have students choose one of choose one Have students research the speeches and tradi- events, cultural elements, persons tions, and important speech. For that influenced the King’s speech example, Dr. American African out of grew the civil rights move- slavery, religious ment, the Christian spirituals, tradition and Negro Have a group and U.S. history. a mural of students create about the speech. In the mural, have them include elements that help define the milieu which the speech was cre- from and present ated. Have groups

Primary Sources Library 943 Bettmann/CORBIS Primary Sources Library Sources Primary of war and peace, violence and of war and peace, violence repression and the impoverish- repression blacks and other non whites in South Africa in South blacks and other non whites Sample answer: can together people working injustice,overcome poverty, racism, and oppression 3. 4. I am also here today as a representative of today as a representative I am also here Because of their courage and persistence I extend my heartfelt thanks to the Norwe- I extend my heartfelt of the challenge of the here speak We than more today as nothing stand here We n 1993 Nelson Mandela of South Africa Mandela of South n 1993 Nelson Prize for his efforts accepted the Nobel Peace Nobel Peace Prize Winner Winner Prize Prize Peace Peace Nobel Nobel . . . we can, today, even set the dates when . . . we can, today, all humanity will join together to celebrate of one of the outstanding human victories our century. oppression and repression and liberty and and liberty and repression oppression want. from human rights, poverty and freedom of the millions of our people a representative to rise up against a social system who dared violence, racism, whose very essence is war, oppression, people. ment of an entire the globe, the the millions of people across anti-apartheid movement, the governments that joined us, not to fight and organizations Africa . . . but to oppose an against South inhuman system. . . . to end the unequal treatment of the black citizens to end the unequal treatment of South Africa. for elevating us to the gian Nobel Committee . . . Prize winner. status of a Nobel Peace dichotomies and human dignity, non-violence, racism II Gentiles, What is one belief each of these leaders seem to share? Explain. What does Gandhi believe about violent rebellion in India? King say is America’s most important creed? What does Dr. Nelson Mandela fought to end unequal treatment for what people in what country? 4. 1. 2. 3. I Have a Dream a Dream I Have I Have

It would be based on injustice and that it is It would India, for not appropriate it of how regardless is used in Europe. equal created that all people are Dr. King speaking Dr.

2. 1. . . . When we let freedom ring, when we let it . . . When we let freedom I have a dream that my four little children will that my four little children I have a dream I have a dream that one day on the red hills of that one day on the red I have a dream I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of my friends, I say to you today, n 1963 civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther Martin rights leader Dr. n 1963 civil than 200,000 people in a spoke to more King, Jr., hands and sing the words of the old Negro hands and sing the words at last! Thank God at last! Free spiritual: “Free at last!” free we are Almighty, speed up that day when all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and and Catholics, will be able to join Protestants ring from every village and every hamlet, from ring from we will be able to every state and every city, one day live in a nation where they will not be one day live in a nation where con- judged by the color of their skin but by the . . . tent of their character. Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of Georgia former slaveowners will be able to sit down . . . together at the table of brotherhood. day this nation will rise up and live out the true day this nation will rise to be hold these truths “We meaning of its creed: equal.” created men are self-evident, that all the difficulties and frustrations of the moment I and frustrations the difficulties that one a dream . . . I have still have a dream. peace march on Washington, D.C. He spoke about D.C. on Washington, peace march Americans and of African for the future his dreams the United States. II 930-943_PSL_MSWHTE_869371 9/22/04 10:55 PM Page 943 Page PM 10:55 9/22/04 930-943_PSL_MSWHTE_869371 944-946_EM_869371 9/23/04 4:09 PM Page 944

If you are interested in reading more about people and events in world history, the following list will help you. The book titles listed for each unit are fiction and nonfiction books you can read to learn more about that time period.

Unit 1: Wetwood, Jennifer. Gilgamesh, and Other Arnold, Caroline. Stone Age Farmers Beside the Babylonian Tales. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Sea. Clarion Books, 1997. A photo-essay describing 1970. Retells ancient tales of Sumer and Babylon. the prehistoric village of Skara Brae. Bunting, Eve. I Am the Mummy Heb-Nefert. Unit 2: Harcourt Brace, 1997. Fictional story of a mummy Chang, Richard F. Chinese Mythical Stories. Yale recalling her past life as the wife of the pharaoh’s Far Eastern Publications, 1990. Legends and myths brother. of China. Courlander, Harold. The King’s Drum, and Other Craft, Charlotte. King Midas and the Golden Touch. African Tales. Harcourt, 1962. Folktales taken from Morrow, 1999. The myth of King Midas and his Africa south of the Sahara. greed for gold. Deem, James M. Bodies from the Bog. Houghton Evslin, Bernard. Heroes and Monsters of Greek Mifflin, 1998. A photo-essay that looks at Myth. Scholastic, 1988. A collection of Greek myths. information from the well-preserved bodies found in a Danish bog. Fleischman, Paul. Dateline: Troy. Candlewick Press, 1996. Author uses modern wars (Persian Gulf, Gregory, Kristiana. Cleopatra VII: Daughter of the Vietnam) to better understand the Trojan War. Nile. Scholastic Inc., 1999. A fictional diary written by Cleopatra. Ganeri, Anita. Buddhism. NTC Publishing Group, 1997. Overview of Buddhist history and beliefs. Herrmann, Siegfried. A History of Israel in Old Testament Times. Fortress Press, 1975. The Old Ganeri, Anita. Hinduism. NTC Publishing Group, Testament as a history of early Israel, with 1996. Overview of Hindu history and beliefs. evidence from sources other than the Bible. Hamilton, Edith. The Greek Way. Norton, 1983. The Lattimore, Deborah Nourse. Winged Cat: A Tale of story of the Greek spirit and mind told by great Ancient Egypt. HarperCollins, 1995. A tale of a writers. servant girl and a High Priest using the Book of the Harris, Nathaniel. Alexander the Great and the Dead to investigate the death of the girl’s sacred cat. Greeks. Bookwright Press, 1986. Contributions Maltz, Fran. Keeping Faith in the Dust. Alef Design Alexander made to the Greeks. Group, 1998. Fictional account of a 16-year-old girl Homer and Geraldine McCaughrean. The Odyssey. whose family is forced to flee their home near the Oxford, 1999. Illustrated retelling of The Odyssey Dead Sea to the fortress of Masada, where Roman using modern language. forces are held off by the Jews for seven years. Ross, Stewart. The Original Olympic Games. NTC Morley, Jacquelin. Mark Bergin, and John James. Publishing Group, 1999. A history of the Olympics. An Egyptian Pyramid. Peter Bedrick, 1991. Explains how the pyramids were built and their purpose. Theule, Frederic. Alexander and His Times. Henry Holt and Co., 1996. A pictorial and historic account Perl, Lila. Mummies, Tombs, and Treasure: Secrets of the life of Alexander the Great. of Ancient Egypt. Clarion Books, 1990. An account of what ancient Egyptians believed about death and the afterlife. Unit 3: Travis, Lucille. Tirzah. Herald Press, 1991. Fictional Boyd, Anne. Life in a 15th-Century Monastery (A story of a 12-year-old boy who flees from Egypt Cambridge Topic Book). Lerner Publications, 1979. with Moses during the Exodus. An account of the daily life of monks in the monastery at Durham, England. Trumble, Kelly. Cat Mummies. Clarion Books, 1996. Reasons and background examining why Browning, Robert. The Byzantine Empire. Charles ancient Egyptians mummified thousands and Scribner’s Sons, 1980. The Byzantine world from thousands of cats. A.D. 500 to fall of Constantinople in 1453.

944 Suggested Readings 944-946_EM_869371 9/23/04 4:10 PM Page 945

Burrell, Roy. The Romans: Rebuilding the Past. Unit 5: Oxford University Press, 1991. A historical outline Cowie, Leonard W. Martin Luther: Leader of the of ancient Rome. Reformation (A Pathfinder Biography). Frederick Comte, Fernand. Sacred Writings of World Praeger, 1969. A detailed biography of Luther. Religions. Chambers, 1992. The history, beliefs, Davis, Burke. Black Heroes of the American and major figures of more than 20 religions, Revolution. Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1991. among them Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. Highlights achievements of African Americans Dillon, Eilis. Rome Under the Emperors. Tomas during the Revolution. Nelson, 1975. Views of Roman society and Hibbard, Howard. Michelangelo. Westview Press, family life in the time of Trajan, as seen by 1985. Biography of Michelangelo told through his young people of four different families and paintings, poems, and personal letters. social classes. Hooks, William H. The Legend of White Doe. Powell, Anton. The Rise of Islam. Warwick Press, Macmillan, 1998. Tale about Virginia Dare, the first 1980. An overview of Islamic culture. child of English settlers born in the Americas. Suggested Readings Tingay, Graham. Julius Caesar. Cambridge Lomask, Milton. Exploration: Great Lives. University Press, 1991. An account of the life Scribners, 1988. Biographies of explorers. and achievements of Julius Caesar. Mee, Charles L. Daily Life in the Renaissance. American Heritage, 1975. Works of art showing Unit 4: people in their daily lives. Giles, Frances and Joseph. Life in a Medieval O’Dell, Scott. The Hawk that Dare Not Hunt by Village. Harper Perennial, 1990. An illustrated Day. Houghton Mifflin, 1975. Novel about a boy look at the way most medieval people passed who helps the reformer Tyndale smuggle his their lives. translation of the Bible into England. Haugaard, Erik Christian. The Revenge of the Stuart, Gene S. America’s Ancient Cities. National Forty-Seven Samurai. Houghton Mifflin, 1995. Geographic Society, 1988. An illustrated collection The tale of Jiro, a young boy who must aid of essays on cultures of North America and 47 samurai who are attempting to avenge the Mesoamerica. unjust death of their lord. This historical novel provides a detailed look at Japanese feudal society. Unit 6 Heer, Friedrich. Charlemagne and His World. Alvarez, Julia. Before We Were Free. Knopf Books for Macmillan, 1975. Large, lavishly illustrated Young Readers, 2002. This story tells of a young girl description of the period. and her family trying to flee the dictatorship of the Dominican Republic in the 1960s. McKendrick, Meveena. Ferdinand and Isabella. American Heritage, 1968. Photographs and Ambrose, Stephen E. The Good Fight: How World contemporary paintings help re-create the period. War II Was Won. Atheneum Books for Young Readers, 2001. This book gives an account of Sanders, Tao Tao Liu. Dragons, Gods, and Spirits World War II based on personal anecdotes from from Chinese Mythology. NTC, 1997. Collection of soldiers. myths, legends, and folktales providing insight Blumberg, Rhoda. What’s the Deal? Jefferson, into the culture and historic development of Napoleon, and the Louisiana Purchase. National China. Geographic Society, 1998. This piece explores the Scott, Sir Walter. Ivanhoe. Longmans, Green, Louisiana Purchase as something more than a and Co., 1897. A twelfth-century story of hidden simple business deal. identity, intrigue, and romance among the English Chang, Jung. Wild Swans: Three Daughters of nobility. China. Doubleday, 1991. This fictional biography Wisniewski, David. Sundiata: Lion King of Mali. traces three generations of Chinese women as they Houghton Mifflin, 1999. Story about the ancient live through Chinese warlords, Mao and king of Mali and how he defeated his enemies to Communism, and the Tiananmen Square massacre become the ruler. of 1989.

Suggested Readings 945 944-946_EM_869371 9/23/04 4:12 PM Page 946

Connell, Kate. They Shall Be Heard: Susan B. Nordhoff, Charles and James N. Hall. Falcons of Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Steck- France. Little, Brown and Co., 1957. This novel Vaughn, 1993. This book discusses the work of tells of the Lafayette Flying Corps, an expert team Anthony and Stanton during the early years of of French fighter pilots in World War I. the struggle for woman suffrage. Rosenberg, Tina. The Haunted Land: Facing Falstein, Mark. Nelson Mandela. Globe Fearon, Europe’s Ghosts After Communism. Random 1994. This book tells the story of Mandela’s life, House, 1995. This book tells of countries that from being in prison for 27 years to becoming broke from communism in the 1900s and built president of South Africa in 1994. democracies. Holliday, Laurel. Children of Israel, Children of Savage, Katharine. The Story of the United Palestine: Our Own True Stories. Pocket Books, Nations. Henry Z. Walck, Inc., 1970. This book 1998. This book contains the stories of 36 men, details the creation of the UN and its early history. women, and children of Israeli and Palestinian Severance, John B. Gandhi: Great Soul. Clarion descent who reflect on their feelings on growing Books, 1997. This book details the life of up during such a turbulent time. Mohandas Gandhi and highlights his nonviolent Lewington, Anna. Mexico: A Study of an campaign for the independence of India. Economically Developing Country. Raintree Steck- Sommer, Robin Langley. Nien Cheng: Prisoner in Vaughn Publishers, 1996. This book explores the China. Blackbirch Press, Inc., 1992. This book tells history, geography, economy, and people of the story of Nien Cheng, a Chinese woman who Mexico in the modern world. spent six years in solitary confinement during the Marrin, Albert. Napoleon and the Napoleonic rule of Mao Zedong in China. Wars. Viking Penguin, 1991. This is a biography Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Bantam of Napoleon Bonaparte, highlighting his military Classics, 1983. This famous novel gives a fictional genius and goals for conquest. Suggested Readings Suggested account of the evils of slavery in the United States Marrin, Albert. Stalin: Russia’s Man of Steel. Viking in the mid-1800s. Penguin, Inc., 1988. This book tells how Joseph Veciana-Suarez, Ana. Flight to Freedom. Scholastic, Stalin used terror and an iron fist to transform 2004. This fictional biography tells the story of Russia from a backward country into a major world thirteen-year-old Yara and how her life changes as superpower in the first half of the 1900s. she leaves Communist Cuba for a new life and Moscow, Henry. Russia Under the Czars. American new challenges in Florida. Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., 1962. This story tells Zeinert, Karen. Those Incredible Women of World how the Russian czars withstood external invasion, War II. The Milbrook Press, 1994. This book only to fall to the revolutionaries led by Lenin. focuses on the contributions of women during Murphy, Jim. The Boys War: Confederate and World War II. Union Soldiers Talk About the Civil War. Houghton Mifflin, 1993. This book uses primary sources to detail the role of juvenile soldiers in the Civil War, as well as the effects that their experiences had in shaping the rest of their lives.

946 Suggested Readings 947-954_EM_869371 9/23/04 4:15 PM Page 947

abolitionism • civil disobedience

A B

abolitionism movement to end slavery (p. 753) barbarian uncivilized person (p. 435) absolutism system of rule in which monarchs held barter to exchange goods without using money total power and claimed to rule by the will of (p. 319) God (p. 686) bazaar marketplace (p. 389) acupuncture Chinese practice of easing pain blockade use of warships to stop goods and people by sticking thin needles into patients’ skin from leaving or entering an area (p. 787) (p. 246) bourgeoisie middle classes of society, including adobe sun-dried mud brick (p. 591) merchants, bankers, doctors, lawyers, teachers, agora in early Greek city-states, an open area that and other professional people (p. 715) served as both a market and a meeting place Brahman in Hinduism, the universal spirit of which (p. 122) all gods and goddesses are different parts alphabet group of letters that stand for sounds (p. 85) (p. 203) anatomy the study of body structure (p. 305) Buddhism religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha; taught that the way to find truth animism belief that all natural things are alive and was to give up all desires (p. 205) have their own spirits (p. 490) bureaucracy a group of appointed officials who are annul to cancel (p. 648) responsible for different areas of government anthropologist scientist who studies the physical (p. 229) Glossary characteristics and cultures of humans and their ancestors (p. 9) anti-Semitism hatred of Jews (p. 548) apartheid policy of racial segregation in the Republic C of South Africa from 1948–1991; Afrikaans for “apartness” or “separateness” (pp. 852, 872) caliph important Muslim political and religious leader (p. 380) apostle early Christian leader who helped set up churches and spread the message of Jesus calligraphy beautiful handwriting (p. 421); the art of (p. 348) producing beautiful handwriting (p. 501) appeasement idea that by giving in to another capital money available for investment in business government’s demands, war can be avoided (p. 726) (p. 814) caravan group of traveling merchants and animals aqueduct human-made channel built to carry water (pp. 30, 373) (p. 291) caste social group that a person is born into and archaeologist scientist who learns about past human cannot change (p. 199) life by studying fossils and artifacts (p. 9) cataract steep rapids formed by cliffs and boulders aristocrat noble whose wealth came from land in a river (p. 39) ownership (p. 227) caudillos strong leaders who mainly ruled by armistice agreement to end fighting; cease-fire military force, usually with the support of the (p. 790) rich and upper class (p. 751) artifact weapon, tool, or other item made by census a count of the number of people (p. 432) humans (p. 9) city-state independent state made up of a city and artisan skilled craftsperson (p. 20) the surrounding land and villages (p. 19) astronomer person who studies stars, planets, and civil disobedience refusal to obey unjust laws of a other heavenly bodies (pp. 30, 185) government (p. 843)

Glossary 947 947-954_EM_869371 9/23/04 4:17 PM Page 948

civilization • drama

civilization complex society with cities, organized government, art, religion, class divisions, and a D writing system (p. 17) daimyo powerful military lord in feudal Japan clan group of families related by blood or marriage (pp. 496, 777) (pp. 461, 487) Dao the proper way Chinese kings were expected to clergy religious officials, such as priests, given rule under the Mandate of Heaven (p. 230) authority to conduct religious services (pp. 355, 538) Daoism Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature collectivization system of combining small farms into and give up their worldly concerns (p. 238) large, factory-like farms run by the government (p. 810) D-Day June 6, 1944; the day in World War II when Allied forces invaded Normandy, France colony settlement in a new territory that keeps close (p. 828) ties with its homeland (pp. 121, 666, 763) deforestation clearing of forests (p. 890) comedy form of drama in which the story has a happy ending (p. 161) deism religious belief based on reason (p. 685) commerce the buying and selling of goods in large deity god or goddess (p. 49) amounts over long distances (p. 666) delta area of fertile soil at the mouth of a river (p. 39) concordat agreement between the pope and the ruler democracy government in which all citizens share in of a country (p. 521) running the government (p. 126) confederation a loose union of several groups or denomination an organized branch of Christianity states (p. 592) (p. 636) Confucianism system of beliefs introduced by the depression a period of low economic activity when Chinese thinker Confucius; taught that people many people lose their jobs (p. 806) needed to have a sense of duty to their family

Glossary and community in order to bring peace to détente policy promoting a relaxation of tensions society (p. 236) between nations (p. 881) conquistador Spanish conqueror or soldier in the dharma in Hinduism, the divine law that requires Americas (p. 595) people to perform the duties of their caste (p. 204) conscription enrollment into military service by dhow an Arab sailboat (p. 452) force; military draft (p. 782) Diaspora refers to the scattering of communities of constitution written plan of government (pp. 488, 694) Jews outside their homeland after the consul one of the two top government officials in Babylonian captivity (p. 96) ancient Rome (p. 269) dictator in ancient Rome, a person who ruled with containment U.S. policies that intended to prevent complete power temporarily during the spread of communism (p. 834) emergencies (p. 271) corporation business organization that is allowed to diplomacy the art of negotiating with other countries own property and sell shares to investors in (p. 615) order to raise money (p. 728) direct democracy system of government in which coup d’etat forced replacement of top government people gather at mass meetings to decide on leaders by a new group of leaders (p. 720) government matters (p. 139) covenant agreement (p. 82) disciple close follower of Jesus (p. 344) crier announcer who calls Muslim believers to doctrine official church teaching (p. 355) prayer five times a day (p. 394) domesticate to tame animals and plants for human cuneiform Sumerian system of writing made up of use (p. 13) wedge-shaped markings (p. 20) drama story told by actors who pretend to be currency system of money (p. 294) characters in the story (p. 160)

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duma • helot

duma Russian national assembly of elected feudalism political system based on bonds of loyalty lawmakers (p. 793) between lords and vassals (pp. 497, 523) dynasty line of rulers from the same family fief under feudalism, the land a lord granted to a (pp. 44, 210, 226) vassal in exchange for military service and loyalty (p. 524) filial piety children’s respect for their parents and E older relatives, an important part of Confucian beliefs (p. 234) economy organized way in which people produce, sell, and buy goods and services (p. 410) fjord steep-sided valley that is an inlet of the sea (p. 518) embalming process developed by the ancient Egyptians of preserving a person’s body after Forum open space in Rome that served as a death (p. 49) marketplace and public square (p. 306) embargo order that bans or restricts trade with fossil the trace or imprint of a plant or animal that another country (p. 863) has been preserved in rock (p. 9) empire group of territories or nations under a single ruler or government (pp. 23, 89) G entente understanding among nations that provides genocide the deliberate killing of a racial, political, for a common course of action (p. 782) or cultural group (p. 827) epic long poem that tells about legendary or heroic glacier huge sheet of ice (p. 573)

deeds (p. 157) Glossary gladiator in ancient Rome, person who fought Epicureanism philosophy founded by Epicurus in animals and other people as public Hellenistic Athens; taught that happiness through entertainment (p. 306) the pursuit of pleasure was the goal of life (p. 184) glasnost Mikhail Gorbachev’s Soviet policy that estates classes into which French people were permitted open discussion of political and social divided before the French Revolution: the ideas (p. 882) Catholic clergy (First Estate), the nobles (Second Estate), and the townspeople (Third Estate) globalism idea that every nation’s economy and (p. 715) politics are part of one worldwide system (p. 889) ethnic cleansing using force to remove an entire ethnic group from an area (p. 884) gospel (“good news”) one of the four accounts of Jesus’ life, teachings, and resurrection (p. 355) euro common currency shared by countries of the European Union since 1999 (p. 889) grand jury group that decides whether there is enough evidence to accuse a person of a crime excommunicate to declare that a person or group no (p. 537) longer belongs to a church (pp. 361, 521) griot storyteller (p. 449) exile period of forced absence from one’s country or home (p. 94) guild medieval business group formed by craftspeople and merchants (pp. 503, 530) export to sell to another country (pp. 666, 861) guru religious teacher and spiritual guide in extended family family group including several Hinduism (p. 201) generations as well as other relatives (p. 469) extraterritoriality legal practice of foreigners living in a country but not subject to the host country’s H laws (p. 772) Hellenistic Era period when the Greek language and Greek ideas spread to the non-Greek peoples of F southwest Asia (p. 178) helot person who was conquered and enslaved by fable short tale that teaches a lesson (p. 158) the ancient Spartans (p. 126)

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heresy • matrilineal

heresy belief that differs from or contradicts the accepted teachings of a religion (pp. 547, 643) K hierarchy organization with different levels of kaiser German for “emperor” (p. 748) authority (p. 355) karma in Hinduism, the good or bad energy a hieroglyphics system of writing made up of person builds up based upon whether he or thousands of picture symbols developed by she lives a good or bad life (p. 204) the ancient Egyptians (p. 42) knight in the Middle Ages, a noble warrior who Hinduism system of religion that grew out of fought on horseback (p. 524) the religion of the Aryans in ancient India (p. 203) historian person who studies and writes about the L human past (p. 9) labor union association of workers who unite to humanism Renaissance movement based on the improve worker rights, wages, benefits, and values of the ancient Greeks and Romans, such working conditions (p. 736) as that individuals and human society were important (p. 619) laity church members who are not clergy (p. 355) hypothesis proposed explanation of the facts latifundia large farming estates in ancient Rome (p. 679) (p. 278) legacy what a person leaves behind when he or she I dies (p. 178) Legalism icon Christian religious image or picture (p. 359) Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and iconoclast person who opposed the use of icons in therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws (p. 239) Byzantine churches, saying that icons legion encouraged the worship of idols (p. 360) smaller unit of the Roman army made up of Glossary about 6,000 soldiers (p. 266) ideograph a character that joins two or more liberalism pictographs to represent an idea (p. 228) political belief based on the ideas of the Enlightenment, which stress progress, the igloo dome-shaped home built by the Inuit (p. 590) essential goodness of humankind, and imperialism a nation’s direct or indirect control over individual freedom (p. 735) the government or economy of other usually limited government idea that a government may only smaller or weaker nations (p. 763) use the powers given to it by the people (p. 700) import to buy from another country (p. 666) incense material burned for its pleasant smell M (p. 62) indulgence pardon from the Church for a person’s mandate formal order (pp. 230, 792) sins (p. 634) Marshall Plan U.S.-sponsored program to provide industrialism economic system in which people rely economic aid to European countries after World more on the use of machinery and technology War II, from 1948–51; named after U.S. Secretary than on animal or human power (p. 725) of State George Marshall who proposed it to Congress (p. 834) inflation period of rapidly increasing prices (pp. 319, 806) martial arts sports, such as judo and karate, that involve combat and self-defense (p. 499) intifada armed uprising of Palestinians against Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza martyr person willing to die rather than give up his Strip (p. 878) or her beliefs (p. 353) invest to put money into a project (p. 667) mass Catholic worship service (p. 546) irrigation method of bringing water to a field from matrilineal refers to a group that traces descent another place to water crops (p. 18) through mothers rather than fathers (p. 469)

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meditation • pictograph

meditation practice of quiet reflection to clear the mind and find inner peace (p. 499) O mercantilism the idea that a country gains power oasis green area in a desert fed by underground by building up its supply of gold and silver water (p. 373) (p. 666) ode poem that expresses strong emotions about life messiah in Judaism, a deliverer sent by God (p. 304) (pp. 101, 344) oligarchy government in which a small group of militarism fascination with war and the military people holds power (p. 126) (p. 782) oracle sacred shrine where a priest or priestess minaret tower of a mosque from which the crier spoke for a god or goddess (p. 156) calls believers to prayer five times a day (p. 394) oral history the stories passed down from generation to generation (p. 470) missionary person who travels to carry the ideas of a religion to others (pp. 363, 520) mobilization assembly and movement of troops in order to prepare for action (p. 784) P monastery religious community where monks live Pan-Africanism movement to unite black Africans and work (pp. 362, 413) throughout the world and to establish monopoly control of all (or almost all) trade or independence for African nations (p. 852) production of a certain good (p. 576)

papyrus reed plant of the Nile Valley, used to make Glossary monotheism the belief in one god (p. 81) a form of paper (p. 42) monsoon in South Asia, a strong wind that blows parable story that used events from everyday life to one direction in winter and the opposite express spiritual ideas (p. 345) direction in summer (p. 195) partnership business owned by two or more people mosaic picture made from many bits of colored who agree to share the profits and losses (p. 728) glass, tile, or stone (p. 333) paterfamilias (“father of the family”) name for the mosque Muslim house of worship (p. 389) father as head of the household in ancient Rome (p. 307) mummy body that has been embalmed and wrapped in linen (p. 50) patrician wealthy landowner and member of the ruling class in ancient Rome (p. 269) myth traditional story describing gods or heroes or explaining natural events (p. 155) Pax Romana (“Roman Peace”) long era of peace and safety in the Roman Empire (p. 287) peninsula body of land with water on three sides (p. 117) N perestroika Mikhail Gorbachev’s plan to rebuild nationalize remove from private ownership and the Soviet Union’s government and economy place under government control (p. 865) (p. 882) natural law law that applies to everyone and can be persecute to mistreat a person because of his or her understood by reason (p. 681) beliefs (p. 353) nirvana in Buddhism, a state of wisdom and pharaoh all-powerful king in ancient Egypt (p. 48) freedom from the cycle of rebirth (p. 205) philosopher thinker who seeks wisdom and ponders nomad person who regularly moves from place to questions about life (pp. 140, 169) place (p. 10) philosophy study of the nature and meaning of life; novel long fictional story (p. 432) comes from the Greek word for “love of wisdom” (p. 169) nuclear proliferation spread of nuclear weapons (p. 890) pictograph a character that stands for an object (p. 228)

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pilgrim • salvation

pilgrim person who travels to go to a religious racial segregation separation or isolation of people to shrine or site (p. 213) specific residential areas, organizations, or institutions based upon their race (p. 840) plague disease that spreads quickly and kills many people (pp. 319, 554) raja prince who led an Aryan tribe in India (p. 199) plane geometry branch of mathematics that shows rationalism the belief that reason is the chief source how points, lines, angles, and surfaces relate to of knowledge (p. 678) one another (p. 185) rationing system of limiting the amounts of food plateau area of high flat land (p. 446) and materials in use (p. 786) plebeian member of the common people in ancient Reconquista (“reconquest”) Christian struggle to Rome (p. 269) take back the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims (p. 558) polis the early Greek city-state, made up of a city and the surrounding countryside and run like reform change that tries to bring about an an independent country (p. 122) improvement (pp. 320, 411) pope the bishop of Rome, later the head of the Reformation movement to reform the Catholic Roman Catholic Church (p. 356) Church; led to the creation of Protestantism (p. 634) popular sovereignty idea that a government receives its power from the people (p. 700) refugee person who flees to another country to escape persecution or disaster (p. 870) porcelain type of ceramic ware that is made of fine clay and baked at high temperatures (p. 418) regent person who acts as a temporary ruler (p. 334) praetor important government official in ancient reincarnation rebirth of the soul or spirit in different Rome (p. 270) bodies over time (p. 204) predestination belief that no matter what a person Renaissance (“rebirth”) period of renewed interest in does, the outcome of his or her life is already art and learning in Europe (p. 609) planned by God (p. 640) Glossary reparation payments made to the winner of a war propaganda controlled spread of biased information by a losing country to pay for damages; war to influence what people think (p. 786) damages (p. 791) prophet person who claims to be instructed by God representative democracy system of government in to share God’s words (p. 87) which citizens choose a smaller group to make laws and governmental decisions on their behalf protectorate small country ruled by and/or (p. 139) protected by a larger one (p. 763) representative government system of government in proverb wise saying (p. 89) which people elect leaders to make laws (p. 694) province political district (p. 28) republic form of government in which the leader is pyramid huge stone structure built by the ancient not a king or queen but a person elected by Egyptians to serve as a tomb (p. 50) citizens (p. 265) resurrection the act of rising from the dead (p. 347) Q rhetoric public speaking (p. 307)

quipu rope with knotted cords of different lengths and colors (p. 588) S Quran holy book of Islam (p. 377) Sabbath weekly day of worship and rest for Jews (p. 94) R saint Christian holy person (p. 333) rabbi Jewish leader and teacher of the Torah salvation the act of being saved from sin and (p. 101) allowed to enter heaven (p. 350)

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samurai • textile

samurai class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged Socratic method way of teaching developed by loyalty to a noble in return for land (p. 494) Socrates that used a question-and-answer format to force students to use their reason to Sanskrit written language developed by the Aryans see things for themselves (p. 170) (p. 199) solid geometry branch of mathematics that studies satire work that pokes fun at human weaknesses spheres and cylinders (p. 186) (p. 304) Sophist professional teacher in ancient Greece; satrap official who ruled a state in the Persian believed that people should use knowledge to Empire under Darius (p. 133) improve themselves and developed the art of satrapies the 20 states into which Darius divided the public speaking and debate (p. 169) Persian Empire (p. 133) soviet Russian committee or council made up of savanna grassy plain (p. 69) representatives from the workers, soldiers, and peasants (p. 794) schism separation (p. 361) specialization the development of different kinds of scholasticism medieval way of thinking that tried to jobs (p. 15) bring together reason and faith in studies of religion (p. 550) sphere of influence area in which an imperial or foreign power has exclusive rights and scientific method orderly way of collecting and privileges (p. 763) analyzing evidence (p. 679) steppe wide, rolling, grassy plain (p. 424) scribe record keeper (p. 20) Stoicism philosophy founded by Zeno in Hellenistic sect a smaller group with distinct beliefs within a Athens; taught that happiness came not from Glossary larger religious group (p. 499) following emotions, but from following reason secular interested in worldly rather than religious and doing one’s duty (p. 184) matters (p. 609) stupa Buddhist shrine that is shaped like a dome or seminary school for training and educating priests mound (p. 211) and ministers (p. 643) subcontinent large landmass that is part of a separation of powers equal division of power among continent but distinct from it (p. 195) the branches of government (p. 682) sultan military and political leader with absolute sepoy Indian soldier hired by the British East India authority over a Muslim country (pp. 383, 467) Company to protect the company’s interests in Sunni Muslim group that accepts descendants of the the region (p. 765) Umayyads as rightful rulers of Muslims (p. 382) serf peasant laborer bound by law to the lands of a Swahili refers to the culture and language of East noble (p. 524) Africa (p. 467) sheikh leader of an Arab tribe (p. 373) synagogue Jewish house of worship (p. 94) Shiite Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali as rightful rulers of Muslims (p. 382) T shogun military ruler of feudal Japan (p. 495) tanka Japan’s oldest form of poetry; an unrhymed shrine holy place (p. 490) poem of five lines (p. 501) social class group of people who share a similar technology tools and methods used to help humans position in society (p. 233) perform tasks (p. 11) terror social contract agreement between rulers and the violent actions that are meant to scare people people upon which a government is based (p. 682) into surrendering (p. 426) terrorism socialism social system based on shared or use of violence against citizens to achieve governmental ownership of businesses, political goals (p. 892) factories, land, and raw materials (p. 735) textile woven or knit cloth (p. 726)

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theocracy • Zoroastrianism

theocracy government headed by religious leaders (p. 208) U theology the study of religion and God (pp. 550, 640) urbanization movement of people from rural areas theory an explanation of how or why something to cities (p. 732) happens (p. 671) Torah the laws that, according to the Bible, Moses V received from God on Mount Sinai; these laws later became the first part of the Hebrew Bible vassal in feudalism, a noble who held land from (p. 82) and served a higher-ranking lord, and in return totalitarian state political state in which the was given protection (pp. 496, 523) government tries to totally control the way vault curved structure of stone or concrete forming citizens think and live (p. 808) a ceiling or roof (p. 303) tragedy form of drama in which a person struggles vernacular everyday language used in a country or to overcome difficulties but meets an unhappy region (pp. 552, 620) end (p. 160) veto to reject (p. 270) treason disloyalty to the government (pp. 431, 599) trial jury group that decided whether an accused person was innocent or guilty (p. 537) W tribe group of related families (pp. 81, 424) warlord military leader who runs a government tribute payment made by one group or nation to (p. 409) another to show obedience or to obtain peace or weapons of mass destruction nuclear, chemical, or protection (pp. 60, 89) biological weapons that can kill or destroy on a triumvirate in ancient Rome, a three-person ruling very large scale (p. 894) group (p. 280) Glossary Truman Doctrine U.S. policy to provide economic aid Z to Greece and Turkey after World War II; named after U.S. President Harry S Truman who Zoroastrianism Persian religion founded by created the plan (p. 834) Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom tyrant person who takes power by force and rules to choose between right and wrong, and that with total authority (p. 125) goodness would triumph in the end (p. 133)

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abolitionism / abolicionismo • capital / capital

aristocrat / aristócrata noble cuya riqueza provenía A de la propiedad de la tierra (pág. 227) abolitionism / abolicionismo movimiento para armistice / armisticio acuerdo para terminar las terminar con la esclavitud (pág. 753) hostilidades; cese al fuego (pág. 790) absolutism / absolutismo sistema de gobierno en artifact / artefacto arma, herramienta u otro artículo que los monarcas tiene poder absoluto y hecho por humanos (pág. 9) alegan gobernar según decreto divino artisan / artesano persona hábil artísticamente (pág. 686) (pág. 20) acupuncture / acupuntura práctica china para aliviar el astronomer / astrónomo persona que estudia las dolor clavando la piel de los pacientes con estrellas, a los planetas y a otros cuerpos agujas delgadas (pág. 246) celestiales (págs. 30, 185) adobe / adobe ladrillo de barro secado al sol (pág. 591) B agora / ágora en las primeras ciudades-estado griegas, un área abierta que servía tanto de barbarian / bárbaro persona incivilizada (pág. 435) mercado como de lugar de reunión (pág. 122) barter / trueque intercambiar bienes sin utilizar dinero (pág. 319) alphabet / alfabeto grupo de letras que representan sonidos (pág. 85) bazaar / bazar mercado (pág. 389) anatomy / anatomía estudio de la estructura corporal blockade / bloqueo uso de embarcaciones de guerra (pág. 305) para detener la entrada o salida de bienes y personas de un área (pág. 787) animism / animismo creencia de que todas las cosas naturales están vivas y tienen sus propios bourgeoisie / burguesía clase media de la sociedad. espíritus (pág. 490) Incluye comerciantes, banqueros, médicos, abogados, maestros y otros profesionales annul / anular el acto de invalidar (pág. 648) (pág. 715) anthropologist / antropólogo científico que estudia las Brahman / Brahman en el hinduismo, el espíritu características físicas y las culturas de los seres universal del que todos los dioses y diosas son humanos y sus antepasados (pág. 9) partes diferentes (pág. 203) anti-Semitism / antisemitismo odio hacia los judíos Buddhism / budismo religión fundada por (pág. 548) Siddhartha Gautama, Buda; enseñó que la apartheid / apartheid política de segregación racial manera de hallar la verdad era renunciar a establecida en Sudáfrica, que se aplicó de 1948 a todo deseo (pág. 205) 1991. Palabra en lengua afrikaans que significa bureaucracy / burocracia grupo de funcionarios separación (págs. 806, 872) designados que son responsables de diferentes apostle / apóstol nombre dado a líderes cristianos áreas del gobierno (pág. 229) que ayudaban a establecer iglesias y a difundir el mensaje de Jesucristo (pág. 348) C appeasement / conciliación evitar la guerra mediante la satisfacción de las demandas de un gobierno caliph / califa importante líder político y religioso extranjero (pág. 814) musulmán (pág. 380) aqueduct / acueducto canal construido por el hombre calligraphy / caligrafía hermosa escritura a mano para transportar agua (pág. 291) (pág. 421); el arte de producir tal hermosa archaeologist / arqueólogo científico que aprende escritura (pág. 501) acerca de la vida humana en el pasado capital / capital dinero disponible para invertir en estudiando fósiles y artefactos (pág. 9) negocios (pág. 726)

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caravan / caravana • deism / deísmo

caravan / caravana grupo itinerante de mercaderes y conquistador / conquistador soldado español en las animales (págs. 30, 373) Américas (pág. 595) caste / casta grupo social en el que una persona nace conscription / conscripción reclutamiento forzoso en el y que no puede cambiar (pág. 199) servicio militar; servicio militar (pág. 782) cataract / catarata rápidos empinados formados por constitution / constitución plan de gobierno precipicios y rocas erosionadas en un río (pág. 39) (págs. 488, 694) caudillos / caudillos líderes fuertes que gobernaron consul / cónsul uno de los dos altos funcionarios en mediante el uso de la fuerza militar. la Roma antigua (pág. 269) Generalmente contaban con el apoyo de los ricos containment / contención políticas de los Estados y la clase alta (pág. 751) Unidos diseñadas para evitar el avance del census / censo conteo del número de personas comunismo (pág. 834) (pág. 432) corporation / corporación organización empresarial, city-state / ciudad-estado estado independiente comercial o mercantil que puede poseer compuesto por una ciudad y la tierra y aldeas propiedades, así como obtener fondos circundantes (pág. 19) mediante la venta de acciones a inversionistas (pág. 728) civil disobedience / desobediencia civil rehusarse a obedecer leyes injustas de un gobierno (pág. 843) coup d’etat / golpe de estado sustitución forzada de los dirigentes de gobierno por otros dirigentes civilization / civilización sociedad compleja, con (pág. 720) ciudades, un gobierno organizado, arte, religión, divisiones de clase y un sistema de escritura covenant / pacto acuerdo (pág. 82) (pág. 17) crier / almuecín anunciador que llama a los clan / clan grupo de familias relacionadas por sangre creyentes musulmanes a orar cinco veces al día o casamiento (págs. 461, 487) (pág. 394) clergy / clero funcionarios religiosos, como los cuneiform / cuneiforme sistema sumerio de escritura sacerdotes, con autoridad concedida para llevar compuesto de símbolos con forma de cuña a cabo servicios religiosos (págs. 355, 538) (pág. 20) collectivization / colectivización sistema en el que se currency / moneda sistema monetario (pág. 294) unen numerosas parcelas, para formar grandes campos agrícolas que funcionan como fábricas y D son controladas por el estado (pág. 810) colony / colonia asentamiento en un territorio nuevo daimyo / daimyo poderoso señor militar en el Japón que mantiene lazos cercanos con su tierra natal feudal (págs. 496, 777) Spanish Glossary (págs. 121, 666, 763) Dao / Dao manera apropiada en que se esperaba que comedy / comedia forma de drama en el que la los reyes chinos gobernaran bajo el Mandato del historia tiene un final feliz (pág. 161) Cielo (pág. 230) commerce / comercio compra y venta de bienes en Daoism / Daoism filosofía china basada en las cantidades grandes y a través de largas enseñanzas de Laozi; enseñó que las personas distancias (pág. 666) debían volverse a la naturaleza y renunciar a sus preocupaciones terrenales (pág. 238) concordat / concordato acuerdo entre el Papa y el gobernante de un país (pág. 521) D-day / Día D 6 de junio de 1944. Día en que las fuerzas aliadas invadieron Normandía, confederation / confederación unión libre de varios Francia, durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial grupos o estados (pág. 592) (pág. 828) Confucianism / confucianismo sistema de creencias deforestation / deforestación tala de los bosques introducidas por el pensador chino Confucio; (pág. 890) enseñó que las personas necesitaban tener un sentido del deber hacia su familia y la comunidad deism / deísmo doctrina religiosa basada en la razón para llevar paz a la sociedad (pág. 236) (pág. 685)

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deity / deidad • fable / fábula

deity / deidad dios o diosa (pág. 49) embalming / embalsamado proceso desarrollado por los antiguos egipcios para la conservación del delta / delta área de tierra fértil en la boca de un río cuerpo de una persona después de muerta (pág. 39) (pág. 49) democracy / democracia forma de gobierno en la que todos los ciudadanos participan en la embargo / embargo ley que prohibe o limita el administración del gobierno (pág. 126) intercambio comercial con otro país (pág. 863) denomination / denominación rama organizada del cristianismo (pág. 636) empire / imperio grupo de territorios o naciones bajo un mismo mandatario o gobierno depression / depresión periodo de baja actividad (págs. 23, 89) económica en el que muchas personas quedan desempleadas (pág. 806) entente / pacto acuerdo entre naciones que permite realizar acciones comunes (pág. 782) détente / detente política que promueve el aliviamiento de las tensiones entre países (pág. 881) epic / epopeya poema largo que cuenta acerca de actos legendarios o heroicos (pág. 157) dharma / dharma en el hinduismo, la ley divina que llama a las personas a realizar los deberes de su Epicureanism / epicureísmo filosofía fundada por casta (pág. 204) Epicuro en la Atenas helenista; enseñó que la felicidad a través de la persecución del placer dhow / dhow velero árabe (pág. 452) era la meta de la vida (pág. 184) Diaspora / diáspora se refiere al esparcimiento de estates / estados clases en las cuales se dividían los las comunidades de judíos fuera de su tierra habitantes de Francia, antes de la Revolución: natal después del cautiverio babilónico (pág. 96) el clero católico (Primer estado), la nobleza dictator / dictador en la Roma antigua, una persona (Segundo estado) y los ciudadanos (Tercer que gobernaba temporalmente con poder estado) (pág. 715) absoluto durante emergencias (pág. 271) ethnic cleansing / limpieza étnica uso de la fuerza para Spanish Glossary diplomacy / diplomacia el arte de negociar con otros eliminar a un grupo étnico de una región países (pág. 615) determinada (pág. 884) direct democracy / democracia directa sistema de euro / euro moneda común de los países de la gobierno en el que las personas se congregan en Unión Europea desde 1999 (pág. 889) reuniones masivas para decidir sobre asuntos de gobierno (pág. 139) excommunicate / excomulgar declarar que una persona o grupo no pertenece más a la iglesia disciple / discípulo seguidor de Jesucristo (pág. 344) (págs. 361, 521) doctrine / doctrina enseñanza oficial de la iglesia exile / exilio período de ausencia forzada de una (pág. 355) persona de su país u hogar (pág. 94) domesticate / domesticar domar animales y plantas export / exportar vender a otro país (págs. 666, 861) para uso humano (pág. 13) extended family / familia extendida grupo familiar que drama / drama historia contada por actores que incluye a varias generaciones así como a otros pretenden ser personajes en la misma (pág. 160) parientes (pág. 469) duma / duma asamblea nacional rusa conformada extraterritoriality / extraterritorialidad por legisladores electos (pág. 793) práctica legal que se aplica a extranjeros que habitan en un dynasty / dinastía línea de gobernantes de la misma país, pero no son sujetos de sus leyes familia (págs. 44, 210, 226) (pág. 773)

E F economy / economía manera organizada en la que las personas producen, venden y compran bienes y fable / fábula cuento corto que enseña una lección servicios (pág. 410) (pág. 158)

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feudalism / feudalismo • indulgence / indulgencia

feudalism / feudalismo sistema político basado en lazos helot / ilota persona conquistada y esclavizada por de lealtad entre señores y vasallos (págs. 497, 523) los espartanos antiguos (pág. 126) fief / feudo bajo el feudalismo, la tierra que un señor heresy / herejía creencia que difiere de las otorgaba a un vasallo a cambio de su servicio enseñanzas aceptadas de una religión o que las militar y lealtad (pág. 524) contradice (págs. 547, 643) filial piety / piedad filial el respeto de los niños para hierarchy / jerarquía organización con diferentes sus padres y parientes mayores, una parte niveles de autoridad (pág. 355) importante de las creencias confucianas (pág. 234) hieroglyphics / jeroglíficos sistema de escritura fjord / fiordo valle de paredes abruptas que es una compuesto por miles de símbolos gráficos bahía del mar (pág. 518) desarrollados por los antiguos egipcios Forum / Foro espacio abierto en Roma que servía (pág. 42) como mercado y plaza pública (pág. 306) Hinduism / hinduismo sistema religioso que se originó fossil / fósil huella o impresión de una planta o a partir de la religión de los arios en la antigua animal que se ha conservado en piedra (pág. 9) India (pág. 203) historian / historiador persona que estudia y escribe G acerca del pasado humano (pág. 9) humanism / humanismo movimiento del renacimiento genocide / genocidio asesinato deliberado de un basado en las ideas y los valores de los antiguos grupo étnico, político o cultural (pág. 827) romanos y griegos, de tal manera que los glacier / glaciar masa inmensa de hielo (pág. 573) individuos y la sociedad humana eran importantes (pág. 619) gladiator / gladiador en la Roma antigua, persona que peleaba contra animales y otras personas como hypothesis / hipótesis explicación que se propone de entretenimiento público (pág. 306) los hechos (pág. 679) glasnost / glasnost política establecida por Mikhail Gorbachev en la Unión Soviética, que permitió la discución abierta de ideas políticas y sociales I (pág. 882) icon / icono imagen o retrato religioso cristiano globalism / globalismo noción de que la economía y (pág. 359) las politicas de todos los países forman parte de un sistema mundial único (pág. 889) iconoclast / iconoclasta persona que se oponía al uso de ídolos en las iglesias bizantinas, aludiendo gospel / evangelio (“buena nueva”) uno de los que los iconos alentaban el culto de ídolos cuatro relatos sobre la vida, enseñanzas y Spanish Glossary (pág. 360) resurrección de Jesucristo (pág. 355) ideograph / ideógrafo un carácter que une dos o grand jury / gran jurado grupo que decide si hay más pictografías para representar una idea suficiente evidencia para acusar a una persona (pág. 228) de un delito (pág. 537) igloo / iglú casa con forma de domo construida por griot / griot narrador en poblados africanos (pág. 449) los inuitas (pág. 590) guild / gremio grupo medieval de negocios formado imperialism / imperialismo ocurre cuando una nación por artesanos y mercaderes (págs. 503, 530) controla el gobierno o la economía de otras guru / gurú maestro religioso y guía espiritual en el naciones más pequeñas o más débiles hinduismo (pág. 201) (pág. 763) import / importar comprar de otro país (pág. 666) H incense / incienso material que al quemarse despide un olor agradable (pág. 62) Hellenistic Era / Era helenista período cuando el idioma y las ideas griegas se esparcieron a los habitantes indulgence / indulgencia perdonar la iglesia los no griegos del suroeste de Asia (pág. 178) pecados de una persona (pág. 634)

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Industrialism / industrialismo • mobilization / movilización

Industrialism / industrialismo sistema económico en el liberalism / liberalismo corriente política basada en cual las personas dependen más del uso de las ideas de la Ilustración, las cuales hacen maquinaria y tecnología, que del uso de fuerza énfasis en el progreso, la bondad intrínseca del animal o humana (pág. 725) ser humano y las libertades individuales (pág. 735) inflation / inflación período de incremento rápido de precios (págs. 319, 806) limited government / gobierno limitado idea de que un gobierno sólo puede usar los poderes cedidos intifada / intifada levantamiento armado de los por los ciudadanos (pág. 700) palestinos contra la ocupación israelí de la Franja de Gaza y la Ribera Occidental (pág. 878) invest / invertir poner dinero en un proyecto M (pág. 667) mandate / mandato orden formal (págs. 230, 792) irrigation / irrigación método para llevar agua de otro Marshall Plan / Plan Marshall programa patrocinado lugar a un campo para regar las cosechas por los Estados Unidos para proporcionar (pág. 18) ayuda a los países europeos después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, de 1948 a 1951. Fue nombrada así en honor a George Marshall, K entonces secretario de estado de los Estados Unidos, y quien la propuso al Congreso kaiser / káiser palabra alemana que significa (pág. 834) emperador (pág. 748) martial arts / artes marciales deportes, como el judo y el karate, que involucran combate y defensa karma / karma en el hinduismo, la energía buena o personal (pág. 499) mala que una persona desarrolla según si vive

una vida buena o mala (pág. 204) martyr / mártir persona dispuesta a morir antes que Spanish Glossary renunciar a sus creencias (pág. 353) knight / caballero en la Edad Media, un guerrero noble que peleaba a caballo (pág. 524) mass / misa servicio de culto Católico (pág. 546) matrilineal / matrilineal se refiere a un grupo de personas que busca su ascendencia a través de L las madres más que de los padres (pág. 469) meditation / meditación práctica de reflexión labor union / sindicato asociación de trabajadores que silenciosa para aclarar la mente y encontrar la se unen para mejorar los derechos, los salarios, paz interior (pág. 499) las prestaciones y las condiciones laborales de mercantilism / mercantilismo doctrina según la los trabajadores (pág. 736) cual un país obtiene poder al amasar un laity / laicado miembros de iglesia que no abastecimiento de oro y plata (pág. 666) constituyen el clero (pág. 355) messiah / mesías en el judaísmo, un salvador latifundia / latifundios grandes propiedades agrícolas mandado por Dios (págs. 101, 344) en la Roma antigua (pág. 278) militarism / militarismo fascinación con la guerra y legacy / legado lo que una persona deja cuando los asuntos militares (pág. 782) muere (pág. 178) minaret / minarete torre de una mezquita desde Legalism / legalismo filosofía china desarrollada donde el almuecín llama a los creyentes a la por Hanfeizi; enseñó que los humanos son oración cinco veces al día (pág. 394) naturalmente malos y por lo tanto necesitaban missionary / misionero persona que viaja para llevar ser gobernados por leyes duras (pág. 239) las ideas de una religión a otros (págs. 363, 520) legion / legión unidad más pequeña del ejército mobilization / movilización disposición y movimiento romano, compuesta por aproximadamente de tropas que se preparan para realizar acciones 6,000 soldados (pág. 266) militares (pág. 784)

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monastery / monasterio • pictograph / pictógrafo

monastery / monasterio comunidad religiosa donde oracle / oráculo templo sagrado en donde un los monjes viven y trabajan (págs. 362, 413) sacerdote o sacerdotisa hablaban a nombre de un dios o diosa (pág. 156) monopoly / monopolio el control de todo (o casi todo) el comercio o la producción de ciertos bienes oral history / historia oral historias transmitidas de (pág. 576) generación en generación (pág. 470) monotheism / monoteísmo la creencia en un solo dios (pág. 81) P monsoon / monzón en la Asia del sur, un viento fuerte que sopla en una dirección en el invierno Pan-Africanism / Panafricanismo movimiento para unir y en la dirección opuesta en el verano a los africanos de piel negra de todo el mundo, (pág. 195) con el fin de lograr la independencia de las naciones africanas (pág. 852) mosaic / mosaico figura hecha con muchos trozos de vidrios de colores, azulejo o piedra (pág. 333) papyrus / papiro planta de juncos del Valle de Nilo, empleada para hacer un tipo de papel mosque / mezquita casa de culto musulmana (pág. 42) (pág. 389) parable / parábola historia que usa acontecimientos mummy / momia cuerpo que se ha embalsamado y de la vida diaria para expresar ideas espirituales envuelto en lino (pág. 50) (pág. 345) myth / mito cuento tradicional que describe dioses o a héroes o explica eventos naturales partnership / sociedad compañía que es propiedad de (pág. 155) dos o más personas, quienes acuerdan compartir las ganancias y las pérdidas (pág. 728) N paterfamilias / paterfamilias (“padre de la familia”) nombre dado al padre como cabeza de la casa en nationalize / nacionalizar eliminar la propiedad la Roma antigua (pág. 307) privada de bienes o de capital, para sustituirla patrician / patricio hacendado poderoso y miembro por el control del gobierno (pág. 865) de la clase gobernante en la Roma antigua natural law / ley natural ley que se aplica a todos y la (pág. 269) cual puede entenderse por razonamiento Pax Romana / Paz Romana era prolongada de paz y (pág. 681) seguridad en el Imperio Romano (pág. 287) nirvana / nirvana en el budismo, un estado de peninsula / península extensión territorial rodeada de sabiduría y libertad del ciclo del renacimiento agua en tres lados (pág. 117) (pág. 205) perestroika / perestroika plan establecido por Mikhail Spanish Glossary nomad / nómada persona que regularmente se Gorbachev para reconstruir el gobierno y la mueve de un lugar a otro (pág. 10) economía de la Unión Soviética (pág. 882) novel / novela historia ficticia larga (pág. 432) persecute / perseguir maltratar una persona a causa nuclear proliferation / proliferación nuclear aumento de sus creencias (pág. 353) del número de armas nucleares (pág. 890) pharaoh / faraón rey todopoderoso en el antiguo Egipto (pág. 48) O philosopher / filósofo pensador que busca la sabiduría y formula preguntas acerca de la vida oasis / oasis área verde en un desierto, alimentada (págs. 140, 169) por agua subterránea (pág. 373) philosophy / filosofía estudio de la naturaleza y ode / oda poema que expresa emociones fuertes significando de la vida; viene de la palabra acerca de la vida (pág. 304) griega que significa “amor a la sabiduría” (pág. 169) oligarchy / oligarquía gobierno en el que un grupo pequeño de personas mantiene el poder pictograph / pictógrafo carácter que representa a un (pág. 126) objeto (pág. 228)

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pilgrim / peregrino • reparation / gastos de reparación

pilgrim / peregrino persona que viaja para ir a un relicario o sitio religioso (pág. 213) Q plague / peste enfermedad que se esparce quipu / quipu lazo con cuerdas anudadas de rápidamente y mata a muchas personas longitudes y colores diferentes (pág. 588) (págs. 319, 554) Quran / Corán libro sagrado del Islam (pág. 377) plane geometry / geometría plana rama de las matemáticas que muestra cómo se relacionan los puntos, las líneas, los ángulos y las superficies (pág. 185) R

plateau / meseta área de tierra alta y plana rabbi / rabino líder judío y maestro del Torá (pág. 446) (pág. 101) plebeian / plebeyo miembro de las personas comunes racial segregation / segregación racial separación o en la Roma antigua (pág. 269) aislamiento de personas en áreas habitacionales, polis / polis antigua ciudad-estado griega, organizaciones e instituciones específicas, según compuesta de una ciudad y las áreas su etnicidad (pág. 840) circundantes y gobernada como un país raja / rajá príncipe que dirigió a una tribu aria en la independiente (pág. 122) India (pág. 199) pope / Papa el obispo de Roma, posteriormente, rationalism / racionalismo la creencia de que la razón la cabeza de la iglesia católica romana es la fuente principal del conocimiento (pág. 356) (pág. 678) popular sovereignty / soberanía popular idea de que un rationing / racionamiento limitación de la cantidad gobierno recibe su poder de los ciudadanos de alimentos y materiales disponibles (pág. 700) (pág. 785)

porcelain / porcelana Spanish Glossary tipo de artículo de cerámica Reconquista (“reconquest”) / reconquista lucha hecho de arcilla fina y horneado a altas cristiana para recuperar la península Ibérica de temperaturas (pág. 418) los musulmanes (pág. 558) praetor / pretor importante funcionario de gobierno reform / reforma cambio que intenta producir una en la Roma antigua (pág. 270) mejora (págs. 320, 411) predestination / predestinación creencia de que sea lo Reformation / reforma movimiento para reformar la que sea que haga una persona, el resultado de iglesia católica; condujo a la creación del su vida ya ha sido planificado por Dios protestantismo (pág. 634) (pág. 640) refugee / refugiado persona que huye hacia otro propaganda / propaganda diseminación controlada de país para escapar de desastres o persecución información sesgada, para influir en las ideas de (pág. 870) las personas sobre algún asunto determinado (pág. 786) regent / regente persona que opera como un gobernante temporal (pág. 334) prophet / profeta persona que declara estar instruido por Dios para compartir Sus palabras reincarnation / reencarnación renacimiento del alma o (pág. 87) el espíritu en cuerpos diferentes a través del tiempo (pág. 204) protectorate / protectorado país pequeño que es protegido o que está bajo el dominio de un país Renaissance / renacimiento (”nacer de nuevo”) más grande (pág. 763) período en que se renovó el interés en las artes y el conocimiento en Europa (pág. 609) proverb / proverbio dicho sabio (pág. 89) reparation / gastos de reparación pagos que el país province / provincia distrito político (pág. 28) derrotado en una guerra se compromete a pyramid / pirámide inmensa estructura de piedra realizar, para resarcir al país victorioso de los construida por los antiguos egipcios para daños sufridos; daños colaterales de la guerra utilizarse como una tumba (pág. 50) (pág. 791)

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representative democracy / democracia representativa • Sophist / Sofista

representative democracy / democracia representativa sect / secta un grupo más pequeño con creencias sistema de gobierno en el que los ciudadanos distintas dentro de un grupo religioso más escogen a un grupo más pequeño para grande (pág. 499) promulgar leyes y tomar decisiones secular / secular que se interesa en bienes materiales gubernamentales en su nombre (pág. 139) en lugar de asuntos religiosos (pág. 609) representative government / gobierno representativo seminary / seminario escuela en donde se entrenan y sistema de gobierno en que los ciudadanos se educan a los sacerdotes y los ministros eligen a sus líderes para promulgar leyes (pág. 643) (pág. 694) separation of powers / separación de poderes división republic / república forma de gobierno en la que el equitativa de los poderes entre las ramas del líder no es un rey ni una reina sino una persona gobierno (pág. 682) elegida por los ciudadanos (pág. 265) sepoy / cipayo soldado indio contratado por la resurrection / resurrección acto de volver a la vida Compañía Británica del Oriente de la India (pág. 347) (British East India Company) para proteger los rhetoric / retórica hablar en público (pág. 307) intereses de la compañía en la región (pág. 765) serf / siervo trabajador campesino atado por ley a las tierras de un noble (pág. 524) S sheikh / jeque líder de una tribu árabe (pág. 373) Sabbath / sabbat día semanal de culto y descanso Shiite / chiíta grupo musulmán que acepta sólo a para los judíos (pág. 94) los descendientes de Ali, el hijo político de Mahoma, como auténticos líderes de los saint / santo persona cristiana santificada musulmanes (pág. 382) (pág. 333) shogun / shogun gobernante militar del Japón feudal salvation / salvación acto de ser salvado del pecado y (pág. 495) aceptado para entrar al cielo (pág. 350) shrine / relicario lugar sagrado (pág. 490) samurai / samurai clase de guerreros en el Japón feudal que prometía lealtad a un noble a cambio social class / clase social grupo de personas que de tierra (pág. 494) comparten una posición semejante en la sociedad (pág. 233) Sanskrit / Sánscrito idioma escrito desarrollado por los arios (pág. 199) social contract / contrato social acuerdo entre mandatarios y ciudadanos sobre el cual se basa satire / sátira obra que hace burla de las debilidades un gobierno (pág. 682) humanas (pág. 304)

Spanish Glossary socialism / socialismo sistema social basado en la satrap / sátrapa funcionario que gobernaba un propiedad compartida de empresas, fábricas, estado en el Imperio pérsico durante la época de tierras y materias primas (pág. 735) Darío (pág. 133) Socratic method / método socrático método de satrapies / satrapies los 20 estados en los cuales Darío enseñanza desarrollado por Sócrates que emplea dividió al Imperio pérsico (pág. 133) un formato de pregunta y respuesta para forzar savanna / sabana llanura cubierta de hierba a los estudiantes a utilizar su raciocinio para ver (pág. 69) las cosas por sí mismos (pág. 170) schism / cisma separación (pág. 361) solid geometry / geometría sólida rama de las matemáticas que estudia a las esferas y los scholasticism / escolástica forma de pensamiento cilindros (pág. 186) medieval que trató de unir a la razón y a la fe en estudios religiosos (pág. 550) Sophist / Sofista maestro profesional en Grecia antigua; creían que las personas deben utilizar el scientific method / método científico manera organizada conocimiento para mejorarse a sí mismas y de recoger y analizar pruebas (pág. 679) desarrollaron el arte de hablar en público y el scribe / escriba conservador de registros (pág. 20) debate (pág. 169)

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soviet / soviet • vassal / vasallo

soviet / soviet consejo o comité ruso formado por theology / teología el estudio de la religión y de Dios representantes de los trabajadores, soldados y (págs. 550, 640) campesinos (pág. 794) theory / teoría explicación de cómo o por qué ocurre specialization / especialización desarrollo de diferentes algo (pág. 671) tipos de trabajos (pág. 15) Torah / Torá las leyes que, según la Biblia, Moisés sphere of influence / esfera de influencia área sobre la recibió de Dios en el monte Sinaí; estas leyes se cual una potencia extranjera o imperial tiene convirtieron después en la primera parte de la derechos y privilegios exclusivos (pág. 763) Biblia hebrea (pág. 82) steppe / estepa ancha planicie ondeada cubierta de totalitarian state / estado totalitario estado en el que el hierba (pág. 424) gobierno trata de controlar por completo la manera en que las personas viven y piensan Stoicism / estoicismo filosofía fundada por Zeno en (pág. 808) la Atenas Helenista; enseñaba que la felicidad provenía no de seguir a las emociones, sino tragedy / tragedia forma de drama en la que una a la razón y de cumplir con nuestro deber persona se esfuerza para vencer dificultades (pág. 184) pero encuentra un final infeliz (pág. 160) stupa / estupa templo budista con forma de cúpula o treason / traición deslealtad al gobierno montículo (pág. 211) (págs. 431, 599) subcontinent / subcontinente gran masa de tierra que trial jury / jurado grupo que decide si una persona forma parte de un continente pero está separada acusada es inocente o culpable (pág. 537) de él (pág. 195) tribe / tribu grupo de familias relacionadas sultan / sultán líder político y militar con autoridad (págs. 81, 424) absoluta sobre un país musulmán tribute / tributo pago realizado por un grupo o (págs. 383, 467) nación a otra para mostrar obediencia o para

Sunni / sunní grupo musulmán que sólo acepta a obtener paz o protección (págs. 60, 89) Spanish Glossary descendientes de los Omeyas como auténticos triumvirate / triunvirato en la Roma antigua, un gobernantes de los musulmanes (pág. 382) grupo gobernante de tres personas (pág. 280) Swahili / suajili se refiere a la cultura e idioma de Truman Doctrine / Doctrina Truman política de los Africa del Este (pág. 467) Estados Unidos diseñada para ayudar synagogue / sinagoga casa de culto judía (pág. 94) económicamente a Grecia y a Turquía, después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Recibió este nombre en honor a su creador, Harry S Truman, T entonces presidente de los Estados Unidos (pág. 834) tanka / tanka forma más antigua de poesía en tyrant / tirano persona que toma el poder por la fuerza Japón; poema sin rima de cinco líneas y gobierna con autoridad total (pág. 125) (pág. 501) technology / tecnología instrumentos y métodos utilizados para ayudar a los humanos a realizar U tareas (pág. 11) urbanization / urbanización migración de habitantes terror / terror acciones violentas para atemorizar de áreas rurales hacia la ciudad (pág. 732) personas para que rendirse (pág. 426) terrorism / terrorismo uso de la violencia contra los ciudadanos para lograr obejtivos políticos V (pág. 892) vassal / vasallo en el feudalismo, un noble que textile / textil ropa tejida o fabricada (pág. 726) ocupaba la tierra de un señor de más alto rango theocracy / teocracia gobierno dirigido por líderes y lo servía, y a cambio le daba protección religiosos (pág. 208) (págs. 496, 523)

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vault / cámara • Zoroastrianism / zoroastrismo

vault / cámara estructura curva de piedra o cemento weapons of mass destruction / armas de destrucción que forma un techo (pág. 303) masiva armas químicas, biológicas o nucleares que pueden matar a gran cantidad de gente o vernacular / vernáculo idioma cotidiano empleado en causar grave destrucción (pág. 894) un país o región (págs. 552, 620) veto / veta rechazar (pág. 270) Z

Zoroastrianism / zoroastrismo religión persa fundada W por Zoroastro; enseñaba que los humanos tenían la libertad de escoger entre lo correcto y lo warlord / caudillo líder militar que dirige un incorrecto, y que la bondad triunfaría al final gobierno (pág. 409) (pág. 133) Spanish Glossary

964 Spanish Glossary 965-976_EM_869371 9/23/04 4:41 PM Page 965

Aachen • Assyria

A Gazetteer (GA•zuh•TIHR) is a geographic index or dictionary. It shows latitude and longitude for cities and certain other places. Latitude and longitude are shown in this way: 48°N 2°E, or 48 degrees north latitude and two degrees east longitude. This Gazetteer lists most of the world’s largest independent countries, their capitals, and several important geographic features. The page numbers tell where each entry can be found on a map in this book. As an aid to pronunciation, most entries are spelled phonetically.

Alexandria [A•lihg•ZAN•dree•uh] City and Appalachian Mountains Mountain system A major seaport in northern Egypt in of eastern North America. 38°N 82°W the Nile River delta. 31°N 29°E (pp. (pp. R4, R11, 590, 694) Aachen [AH•kuhn] City in Germany near 176, 179, 182, 189, 246, 293, 323, 329, Aqaba [AH•kuh•buh] Port city in Jordan. the Belgian and Dutch borders; capital 352, 361, 367, 374) 29°N 35°E (pp. 799, 875) of Charlemagne’s Frankish empire. Algeria [al•JIHR•ee•uh] Country in North Arabia [uh•RAY•bee•uh] Desert peninsula 50°N 6°E (pp. 512, 516) Africa. 29°N 1°E (pp. R2, R3, 767, 790, of southwestern Asia across the Red Actium [AK•shee•uhm] Cape on the western 870) Sea to Africa. 27°N 32°E (pp. R18, R19, coast of Greece. 37°N 23°E (p. 297) Algiers [al•JIHRZ] Capital city of Algeria, 17, 70, 109, 246, 329, 380, 385, 425, 433, Aden [ay•dehn] Port city of the Red Sea in largest Mediterranean port of north- 554, 799) southern Yemen. 12°N 45°E (p. 433) western Africa. 36°N 2°E (pp. R3, 385, Arabian [uh•RAY•bee•uhn] Desert Arid Aden, Gulf of Western arm of the Arabian 767) region in eastern Egypt; also called Sea, between Yemen, Somalia, and Alps [ALPS] Mountain system of south the Eastern Desert. 22°N 45°E (pp. Djibouti. 11°N 45°E (p. 445) central Europe. 46°N 9°E (pp. 263, R18, R19, 17, 28, 39, 75) Adrianople [AY•dree•uh•NOH•puhl] Ancient 269, 274, 513, 514, 609, 653) Arabian [uh•RAY•bee•uhn] Peninsula Great desert peninsula in extreme south- city in northwestern Turkey, now Alsace [al•SAS] Region of France. 48°N western Asia. 28°N 40°E (pp. R5, called Edirne. 41°N 26°E (p. 323) 7°E (pp. 747, 781) R18, R19, 374, 445, 448, 452) Adriatic [AY•dree•A•tihk] Sea Arm of Mediter- Altay Mountains Mountain range in Asia. Arabian [uh•RAY•bee•uhn] Sea Portion of ranean Sea between Italy and the 49°N 87°E (pp. R5, 225) Balkan Peninsula. 44°N 14°E (pp. 144, the Indian Ocean between the Altun Mountains Range of mountains that Arabian Peninsula and India. 16°N 263, 269, 274, 293, 516, 548, 609, 653, are a part of the Kunlun Shan in 688, 725, 747, 786, 832, 897) 65°E (pp. R3, R5, R19, 109, 176, 193, China. 35°N 83°E (p. 225) Aegean [ih•JEE•uhn] Sea Gulf of the Medi- 195, 198, 210, 213, 219, 246, 374, 380, Amazon [A•muh•ZAHN] River River in north- terranean Sea between Greece and 409, 425, 433, 452, 554, 565, 765, 845) ern South America, second-longest Asia Minor, north of Crete. 39°N 24°E Aragon Region and former kingdom in river in the world. 2°S 53°W (pp. R2, (pp. 117, 134, 144, 149, 176, 548) northeastern Spain. 42°N 1°W (p. 538) R4, 473, 565, 577) Aral [AR•uhl] Sea Afghanistan [af•GA•nuh•STAN] Central Asian Large inland sea in cen- Amman [a•MAHN] Capital of Jordan. 32°N country west of Pakistan. 33°N 63°E tral Asia. 45°N 60°E (pp. R3, R5, 132, 36°E (pp. 792, 875) (pp. R3, R19, 176, 198, 765, 773, 845) 198, 246, 380, 383, 397, 424, 425, 554) Amsterdam [AHM•stuhr•dahm] Capital of the Arctic Ocean Smallest of the four oceans. Africa [AF•rih•kah] Second-largest conti- Netherlands. 52°N 4°E (pp. 548, 725) nent, south of Europe between the 85°N 170°E (pp. R2, R3, 573, 590) Argentina [AHR•juhn•TEE•nuh] Atlantic and Indian Oceans. 10°N 22°E Amur River River of northeast Asia flow- South Ameri- (pp. R2, R3, R4, R5, R20, R21, 33, 109, ing along the border between China can country east of Chile. 36°S 67°W 262, 263, 269, 274, 293, 297, 352, 358, 361, and Russia. 52°N 141°E (pp. 773, 825) (pp. R2, R14, 749, 860, 861) 367, 380, 385, 433, 444, 446, 449, 460, 463, Andes [AN•deez] Mountain range along Argonne [AHR•gawn] Wooded region of 468, 469, 473, 479, 518, 554, 565, 573, 658, the western edge of South America. France. 49°N 5°E (pp. 786, 787) 662, 668, 707, 709, 762, 767, 842, 870, 893) 13°S 75°W (pp. R4, R15, 577) Arkansas River River in the western United States. 38°N 100°W (pp. R11, 663) Agincourt [A•juhn•KOHRT] Village in north- Angola [ang•GOH•luh] Southern African ern France. 52°N 6°E (pp. 557, 561) country north of Namibia. 14°S 16°E Armenia [ahr•MEE•nee•uh] Southeastern European country between the Black Agra [AH•gruh] City in India, site of the Taj (pp. R3, 767, 870) and Caspian seas. 40°N 45°E (p. 883) Mahal. 27°N 78°E (pp. 394, 845) Ankara [AHNG•kuh•ruh] Capital of Turkey. Asia Largest of the seven continents. 50°N Ahaggar [uh•HAH•guhr] Mountains Arid, 40°N 33°E (p. 792) 100°E (pp. R22, R23, 13, 17, 33, 409, 424, rocky, upland region in southern Antioch [AN•tee•AHK] Ancient capital of 439, 518, 565, 573, 662, 707, 709, 804, Algeria in the center of the Sahara. Syria, now a city in southern Turkey. 813, 824, 831, 883, 893) 25°N 6°E (p. 445) 36°N 36°E (pp. 246, 352, 361, 367, 542) Asia Minor Region of the ancient world, Albania [al•BAY•nee•uh] Country on the WUHRP Antwerp [ANT• ] City in northern roughly corresponding to present-day Adriatic Sea, south of Yugoslavia. 42°N Belgium. 51°N 4°E (pp. 548, 787) Turkey. 38°N 31°E (pp. R22, 17, 28, 117, 20°E (pp. R3, 781, 786, 790, 832, 897) Anyang [AHN•YAHNG] City in northern 121, 132, 176, 179, 189, 269, 274, 277, Albany Capital city of New York. 42°N China, was China’s first capital. 36°N 292, 293, 297, 323, 327, 329, 342, 352, 73°W (p. 694) 114°E (pp. 224, 226, 251) 358, 361, 367, 374, 380, 385, 542) Aleppo [uh•LEH•poh] City of northwest Apennines [A•puh•NYNZ] Mountain range Assyria [uh•SIHR•ee•uh] Ancient country in Syria near the Turkish border. 36°N that runs through Italy. 43°N 11°E Asia that included the Tigris River val- 37°E (p. 799) (pp. 263, 269, 609, 653) ley in Mesopotamia. 35°N 42°E (p. 28)

Gazetteer 965 965-976_EM_869371 9/23/04 4:42 PM Page 966

Athens • Brussels

Athens [A•thuhnz] Capital of Greece. 38°N of Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, Bhutan [boo•TAHN] South Asian country 23°E (pp. 117, 121, 124, 125, 134, 138, Albania, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, northeast of India. 27°N 91°E (pp. R3, 144, 149, 154, 176, 182, 293) and European Turkey. 23°E 44°N R22, R23, 198, 765, 845) Atlantic Ocean Second-largest body of water (pp. 781, 786) Birmingham City in central England. in the world. 5°S 25°W (pp. R2–9, R11, Baltic [BAWL•tihk] Sea Sea in northern 52°N 1°W (pp. 725, 757) R13–16, R20–22, 13, 121, 293, 329, 352, Europe connected to the North Sea. Black Sea Inland sea between southeast- 361, 463, 473, 513, 516, 538, 555, 561, 573, 55°N 17°E (pp. R3, R5, R16, R17, 513, ern Europe and Asia Minor. 43°N 590, 645, 663, 691, 725, 769, 790, 832, 893) 518, 538, 548, 555, 645, 688, 703, 722, 32°E (pp. R3, R5, R17, R18, 109, 121, Atlas [AT•luhs] Mountains Mountain range 725, 781, 786, 790, 814, 832, 883) 132, 144, 176, 179, 189, 246, 255, 269, in northwestern Africa on the north- Baltimore [BAWL•tuh•MOHR] City in northern 274, 292, 293, 297, 323, 329, 352, 361, ern edge of the Sahara. 31°N 5°W Maryland in the United States. 39°N 367, 374, 380, 383, 385, 397, 425, 513, (pp. R20, R21, 445) 77°W (p. 694) 518, 538, 542, 554, 565, 639, 722, 725, Austerlitz Town in the southeast Czech Bangkok [BANG•KAHK] Capital of Thailand. 781, 786, 790, 792, 832, 883) Republic. 49°N 16°E (p. 722) 14°N 100°E (pp. R3, 433, 825, 849) Bohemia [boh•HEE•mee•uh] Historical Australia [aw•STRAYL•yuh] Island continent Bangladesh [BAHNG•gluh•DEHSH] South Asian region and former kingdom in what is southeast of Asia. 25°S 135°W (pp. R3, country bounded by Myanmar and now the Czech Republic. 49°N 13°E R5, 13, 33, 662, 707, 762, 825, 893) India. 24°N 90°E (pp. R3, 198, 845) (pp. 639, 645, 688) Austria [AWS•tree•uh] Country in central Barcelona [BAHR•suh•LOH•nuh] City in north- Bolivia [buh•LIHV•ee•uh] Country in South Europe. 47°N 12°E (pp. R3, R16, 385, eastern Spain. 41°N 2°E (p. 555) America. 17ºS 64ºW (pp. 749, 861) 548, 639, 688, 722, 747, 790, 814, 832, 891) Basutoland [buh•SOO•toh•luhnd] Country in Bombay City in western India, now called Austria-Hungary [AWS•tree•uh HUHNG•guh• southern Africa, now called Lesotho. Mumbai. 18°N 72°E (pp. 667, 845) 29°S 28°E (p. 767) ree] Nation in central Europe from Bordeaux [bawr•DOH] City in southwestern 1867 to 1918 that included what are Bay of Bengal [BEHN•gawl] Arm of the Indian France. 44°N 0°W (pp. 557, 561, 725) now Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, and Ocean between India and the Malay Borneo [BAWR•nee•oh] Island in the Malay the Czech Republic, as well as parts of Peninsula. 17°N 87°E (pp. R3, R5, R22, Archipelago in southeastern Asia. 0°N present-day Poland, Romania, Italy, R23, 109, 193, 195, 210, 213, 246, 409, 112°E (pp. R3, 246, 425, 433, 554, 667, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herze- 411, 425, 433, 439, 565, 667, 765, 845) 765, 825) govina, and Serbia and Montenegro. Bay of Pigs Small inlet of the Caribbean 20°E 47°N (pp. 780, 781, 786) Sea on the southern coast of western Bosnia-Herzegovina [BAHZ•nee•uh HEHRT• seh•GAW•vee•nuh] Axum [AHK•SOOM] Ancient kingdom in Cuba. 22°N 81°W (p. 836) Country in south- eastern Europe between Croatia northeastern Africa. 14°N 38°E (p. 451) Bechuanaland [behch•WAH•nuh•luhnd] Region and Serbia-Montenegro. 44°N 18°E Azerbaijan [A•zuhr•BY•JAHN] European-Asian in south central Africa, now the nation country on the Caspian Sea. 40°N 47°E of Botswana. 22°S 23°E (p. 767) (p. 897) Boston [bahs•tuhn] Capital of Massachu- (p. 883) Beijing [BAY•JIHNG] Capital of China. 40°N setts. 42°N 71°W (pp. 691, 694, 695) Azores [AY•ZOHRZ] Group of nine islands in 116°E (pp. R3, 409, 411, 423, 424, 425, the North Atlantic Ocean. 37°N 29°W 430, 431, 439, 554, 771, 773, 778, 811, 825) Botswana [bawt•SWAH•nah] Southern African (pp. R2, R4, R20, R21) Beirut [bay•ROOT] Capital of Lebanon. country north of the Republic of South 34°N 36°E (pp. 792, 799, 875) Africa. 22°S 23°E (p. 870) Brazil [bruh•ZIHL] Largest country in South B Belarus [BEH•luh•ROOS] Eastern European country west of Russia. 54°N 28°E America. 9°S 53°W (pp. R2, 473, 749, (p. 883) 860, 861) Babylon [BA•buh•luhn] Ancient city, on the Breslau [BREHS•low] City in southwest banks of the Euphrates River in north- Belfast [BEHL•fast] Capital of Northern ern Mesopotamia. 32°N 45°E (pp. 16, Ireland. 54°N 5°W (p. 757) Poland. 51°N 17°E (pp. 725, 747) 17, 26, 28, 86, 93, 132, 174, 176) Belgium [BEHL•juhm] Country in north- Bristol [BRIHS•tuhl] City in southwest western Europe. 51°N 5°E (pp. R3, R16, England. 51°N 2°W (p. 725)

Gazetteer Baghdad [BAG•DAD] Capital city of Iraq. Britain 33°N 44°E (pp. R3, 374, 379, 380, 383, 703, 725, 747, 781, 787, 790, 814, 832, 891) Largest island in the British 385, 397, 423, 425, 452, 554, 792, 799) Belgrade [BEHL•GRAYD] Capital of Yugoslavia. Isles. 54°N 4°W (pp. R2–3, R4–5, R16, 286, 293, 297, 302, 317, 323, 352, 358, Bahamas [buh•HAH•muhz] 45°N 21°E (pp. 548, 555, 688, 897) Country made 361, 695, 757, 780) up of many islands between Cuba Belize [buh•LEEZ] Central American coun- British East Africa and the United States. 23°N 74°W try east of Guatemala. 18°N 89°W Former group of British (pp. R2, R4, R13, 662) (pp. R2, R13, 583, 749, 861) colonial possessions in East Africa, consisting of Kenya, Uganda, Zanzi- Balkan [BAWL•kuhn] Peninsula Benin [buh•NEEN] West African country Peninsula in bar, and Tanganyika. 3°S 35°E (p. 767) southeastern Europe bounded by the west of Nigeria. 8°N 2°E (p. 870) Black, Aegean, Mediterranean, Adriatic Bering Sea Part of the North Pacific Ocean Bruges [BROOZH] City in northwestern and Ionian seas. 42°N 20°E (pp. 117, between the Aleutian Islands and the Belgium. 51°N 3°E (p. 522) 327, 329) Bering Strait. 55°N 175°E (pp. R2, R3, Brunei [bru•NY] Southwest Asian country Balkans [BAWL•kuhnz] Countries on the R4, R5, R23, 573, 825) on the northern coast of the island of Balkan Peninsula, which include Berlin [behr•LIHN] Capital of Germany. Borneo. 5°N 114°E (p. 765) Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herze- 53°N 13°E (pp. 722, 725, 744, 747, Brussels [BRUH•suhlz] Capital of Belgium. govina, the Former Yugoslav Republic 780, 781, 786, 789, 831, 834, 855) 51°N 4°E (pp. 722, 725, 747)

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Buda • Corinth

Buda [BOO•duh] Town in Hungary that Cannae [KA•nee] Ancient town in southern Chang Jiang [CHAHNG JYAHNG] River in combined with Pest and Óbuda to Italy. 41°N 16°E (p. 274) China, formerly called the Yangtze form Budapest. 47°N 19°E (p. 688) Canterbury [KAN•tuhr•BEHR•ee] City in River. 30°N 117°E (pp. 225, 226, 230, Budapest [BOO•duh•PEHST] Capital of Kent in southeastern England. 51°N 241, 246, 409, 411, 424, 425, 431, 439, 811) Hungary. 47°N 19°E (pp. 703, 725, 1°E (p. 645) Charles Town City in southeastern South 781, 786) Cape Town Legislative capital of the Carolina, now called Charleston. Bulgaria [BUHL•GAR•ee•uh] Country in Republic of South Africa. 34°S 18°E 33°N 80°W (pp. 694, 695) southeastern Europe on the Balkan (p. 767) Chernigov [chehr•NEE•guhf] Principality in the Kievan Rus. 51°N 31°E (p. 548) Peninsula. 42°N 24°E (pp. R3, R17, Caporetto Village in northwestern Slovenia. Chichén Itzá [chee•CHEHN eet•SAH] 176, 781, 786, 790, 799, 832, 897) 46°N 13°E (p. 786) Most Burkina Faso [buhr•KEE•nuh FAH•soh] West important city of the Mayans, located Caribbean [KAR•uh•BEE•uhn] Sea Part of the African country. 12°N 3°E (p. 870) in the northern part of the Yucatán Atlantic Ocean bordered by the West Burma [BUHR•muh] Country in southeast Peninsula. 20°N 88°W (p. 575) Indies, South America, and Central Chile [CHEE•lay] Asia, now known as Myanmar. 16°N Country in South America. America. 15°N 76°W (pp. R2, R4, 473, 35°S 72°W (pp. 749, 861) 96°E (pp. 765, 773, 825, 845, 847) 565, 590, 662, 663, 691, 836, 861) Burundi [bu•ROON•dee] Country in East China [CHY•nuh] Country in East Asia, Carpathian [kahr•PAY•thee•uhn] Mountains world’s largest by population; now Africa. 3°S 30°E (p. 870) Mountain system in central and Byblos [BIH•bluhs] called the People’s Republic of China. Ancient city of Phoenicia Eastern Europe. 49°N 20°E (p. 513) on the Mediterranean Sea, near present- 37°N 93°E (pp. R3, R5, R22–23, 109, day Beirut, Lebanon. 34°N 35°E (pp. Carthage [KAHR•thihj] Ancient city on the 198, 225, 226, 230, 241, 246, 409, 411, 17, 90, 105, 132) northern coast of Africa. 37°N 10°E 416, 424, 425, 431, 433, 439, 554, 658, (pp. 263, 268, 269, 274, 292, 293, 297, 662, 667, 762, 765, 773, 778, 811, 825, Byzantine [BIH•zuhn•TEEN] Empire Eastern 838, 845, 847, 849) part of the Roman Empire that sur- 329, 337, 367, 514) Chittagong [CHIH•tuh•GAHNG] Port city in vived after the breakup of the western Caspian [KAS•pee•uhn] Sea Saltwater lake Bangladesh. 22°N 90°E (pp. 433, 554) part of the empire in the A.D. 400s; in southeastern Europe and south- Constantinople was its capital. 41°N western Asia, the largest inland body Chongqing [chung•CHING] City in south- 29°E (pp. 383, 518, 538, 542) of water in the world. 40°N 52°E (pp. central China on the Chang Jiang. 29°N 106°E (pp. 811, 825) Byzantium [buh•ZAN•tee•uhm] Ancient R3, R5, R17, 17, 109, 132, 176, 179, city that became the capital of the 198, 246, 255, 293, 297, 329, 361, 374, Clermont City in central France. 45°N 3°E Eastern Roman Empire; was later 380, 383, 385, 397, 424, 425, 513, 518, (pp. 534, 542, 544) renamed Constantinople and is now 542, 554, 565, 709, 786, 790, 792, 799, Cologne [KUH•LOHN] City in west central called Istanbul. 41°N 29°E (p. 293) 883) Germany on the Rhine River. 50°N Castile [kas•TEEL] Former kingdom in 6°E (pp. 542, 725, 747) C Spain. 39°N 3°E (p. 538) Colombia [kuh•LUHM•bee•uh] Country in Çatal Hüyük [chah•TAHL hoo•YOOK] Early South America west of Venezuela. Cahokia [kuh•HOH•kee•uh] City in south- Neolithic community in present-day 4°N 73°W (pp. 749, 861) western Illinois on the Mississippi Turkey. 38°N 35°E (p. 8) Congo [KAHNG•goh] Central African coun- River near St. Louis; largest city of Caucasus [KAW•kuh•suhs] Mountains Range try. 3°S 14°E (p. 870) the Mississippian Mound Builders. Congo [KAHNG•goh] River River in Central 38°N 90°W (p. 572) of mountains between the Caspian and Black seas. 43°N 42°E (pp. R17, Africa. 2°S 17°E (p. 469) Gazetteer Cairo [KY•roh] Capital of Egypt. 31°N 32°E 374) Connecticut A state in the northeastern (pp. R3, 380, 385, 452, 479, 767, 792, 875) Central African Republic African country United States. 41°N 73°W (p. 694) Calcutta [kal•KUHT•uh] City in eastern south of Chad. 8°N 21°E (p. 870) Constantinople [KAHN•STAN•tuhn•OH•puhl] India, now known as Kolkata. 22°N City built on the site of Byzantium, 88°E (pp. R3, 845) Central America Area of North America between Mexico and South America. now known as Istanbul in present- Calicut [KAL•ih•KUHT] Seaport in southwest- 11°N 86°W (pp. 749, 861) day Turkey. 41°N 29°E (pp. 246, 302, ern India, now called Kozhikode. 317, 323, 327, 329, 337, 351, 352, 358, 11°N 75°E (pp. 433, 662, 667) Ceylon [sih•LAHN] Country in the Indian 361, 367, 374, 379, 380, 425, 518, 542, California State in the western United Ocean, now called Sri Lanka. 8°N 555, 725, 781, 786, 792) 82°E (pp. R22, 433, 667, 765, 845) States. 36°N 120°W (pp. R6, R8) Copan [koh•PAHN] Ancient city of the Cambodia [kam•BOH•dee•uh] Southeast Chaco Canyon [CHAH•koh] Center of Mayan people, in northwestern Hon- Asian country south of Thailand and Anasazi civilization in present-day duras. 14°N 89°W (p. 575) Laos. 12°N 104°E (p. 849) New Mexico. 36°N 108°W (p. 578) Coral Sea Arm of the southwest Pacific Cameroon [ka•muh•ROON] Central African Chad African country west of Sudan. Ocean bounded by Australia, Papua country. 6°N 11°E (p. 870) 18°N 19°E (p. 870) New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Campania [kam•PAY•nyuh] Region in Chaeronea [KEHR•uh•NEE•uh] Ancient town in and Vanuatu. 20°S 155°E (p. 825) southern Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea. Greece near Thebes. 38°N 22°E (p. 176) Cordoba [KAWR•duh•buh] City in southern 41°N 14°E (p. 263) Changan [CHAHNG•AHN] Capital of China Spain. 37°N 4°W (pp. 379, 380, 555) Canada [KA•nuh•duh] Country in North during the Tang dynasty, now called Corinth City of ancient Greece, southwest America north of the United States. Xian. 34°N 108°E (pp. 240, 241, 246, of the modern city of Corinth. 37°N 50°N 100°W (pp. R2, R6, R7) 408, 409, 411, 416, 439) 22°E (pp. 117, 144, 269, 274)

Gazetteer 967 965-976_EM_869371 9/23/04 4:44 PM Page 968

Corsica • Federal Republic of Germany

Corsica [KOHR•sih•kuh] Island in the Delphi [DEHL•FY] Ancient Greek town and (pp. R3, 17, 28, 39, 62, 70, 75, 121, 132, Mediterranean Sea. 42°N 8°E (pp. R5, site of Temple of Apollo. 38°N 22°E 176, 246, 286, 293, 297, 302, 317, 327, R16, 121, 263, 269, 274, 293, 329, 337, (p. 117) 329, 352, 361, 367, 374, 380, 383, 385, 538, 555, 609, 653, 722, 832) Denmark [DEHN•MAHRK] Scandinavian coun- 397, 448, 452, 479, 767, 792, 799, 870, Costa Rica [KAWS•tah REE•kah] Central Ameri- try in northwestern Europe. 56°N 8°E 875) can country south of Nicaragua. 11°N (pp. R3, 639, 645, 688, 722, 725, 781, Elba [EHL•buh] An island of Italy in the 85°W (pp. R2, 749, 861) 786, 790, 814, 832, 834, 891) Tyrrhenian Sea. 42°N 10°E (p. 722) Crécy [kray•SEE] Site in France of battle in Djibouti [jih•BOO•tee] East African coun- El Salvador [ehl SAL•vuh•DAWR] Central which England defeated France in try. 12°N 43°E (p. 870) American country southwest of Hon- 1346. 50°N 48°E (pp. 557, 561) Dominican [duh•MIH•nih•kuhn] Republic duras. 14°N 89°W (pp. 749, 861) Crete [KREET] Greek island southeast of Country in the West Indies. 19°N England Part of the island of Great Britain mainland in the southern Aegean 71°W (pp. 749, 836, 861) lying east of Wales and south of Sea. 35°N 24°E (pp. R17, 116, 117, 121, Dresden [DREHZ•duhn] A city of east-central Scotland. 51°N 1°W (pp. R2–3, R4–5, 132, 134, 149, 179, 189, 269, 274, 293, Germany on the Elbe River. 51°N 13°E R16, 518, 522, 534, 538, 542, 544, 639, 329, 337, 385, 542, 548, 555, 799, 832) (p. 747) 645, 662, 757) Crimea [kry•MEE•uh] Peninsula in south- Dublin [DUH•blihn] Capital of Ireland. English Channel Narrow sea separating eastern Ukraine. 45°N 33°E (p. 548) 53°N 6°W (p. 757) France and Great Britain. 49°N 3°W Croatia [kroh•AY•shuh] Southeastern Euro- Dutch East Indies Islands of Southeast (pp. 557, 787) pean country on the Adriatic Sea. 46°N Asia now known as Indonesia. 40°S Equator An imaginary circle that divides 16°E (p. 897) 118°E (p. 765) the earth into the Northern Hemi- Cuba [KYOO•buh] Island country in the sphere and the Southern Hemisphere. West Indies. 22°N 79°W (pp. R2, R4, (pp. R2, R3, R4, R5, 33, 425, 433, 445, 662, 749, 836, 860, 861) E 452, 463, 469, 479, 554, 565, 577, 667, Cuzco [KOOS•koh] 707, 749, 765, 767, 769) City in southern Peru. East Africa Region in east Central Africa Equitorial Guinea [ee•kwuh•TOHR•ee•uhl 13°S 71°W (pp. 572, 577, 582, 593, 603) comprised of Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, GIH•nee] Central African country. 2°N Cyprus [SY•pruhs] Island country in the Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda. 5°N 8°E (p. 870) eastern Mediterranean Sea, south of 35°E (pp. R3, R5, R20, R21, 246) Eridu [EHR•ih•DOO] Turkey. 35°N 31°E (pp. R3, R5, R17, East China Sea Arm of the Pacific Ocean Ancient settlement in 62, 90, 121, 132, 179, 189, 269, 274, 293, between China and the Ryukyu Mesopotamia. 31°N 46°E (p. 17) 329, 385, 542, 781, 792, 799, 832, 891) Islands. 30°N 125°E (pp. R5, 225, 226, Eritrea [EHR•uh•TREE•uh] East African coun- Czechoslovakia [CHEHK•oh•sloh•VAH•kee•ah] 230, 241, 251, 409, 411, 425, 439, 765, try north of Ethiopia. (pp. 767, 870) Former country of central Europe; now 773, 778, 811) Estonia [eh•STOH•nee•uh] Republic in called Czech Republic and Slovakia. Eastern Desert Arid region in eastern northeastern Europe, one of the Baltic 49°N 18°E (pp. 790, 814, 832, 891) Egypt, also called the Arabian Desert. states. 59°N 25°E (pp. 548, 790, 814, 22°N 45°E (pp. 39, 75) 883, 891) D East Germany Officially called the German Ethiopia [EE•thee•OH•pee•uh] East African Democratic Republic. 53°N 13°E (pp. country. 8°N 38°E (pp. 452, 479, 767, 870) Damascus [duh•MAS•kuhs] Capital of Syria. 832, 834) Etruria [ih•TRUR•ee•uh] Ancient region on 34°N 36°E (pp. 90, 105, 246, 352, 361, East Prussia [PRUH•shuh] Historical region the Italian peninsula that was home 374, 380, 383, 385, 397, 792, 799, 875) and former province of Prussia on to the Etruscans; area is now called Danube [DAN•yoob] River Second-longest the Baltic Sea in present-day Poland Tuscany. 30°N 46°E (p. 263) river in Europe. 43°N 24°E (pp. R5, 176, and Russia. 54°N 20°E (p. 814) Euphrates [yu•FRAY•TEEZ] River River in 269, 274, 293, 297, 323, 329, 337, 383, 385, East Sea Arm of the Pacific Ocean, lying southwestern Asia that joins the 397, 425, 513, 514, 516, 538, 555, 725) between Japan and the Asian main- Tigris River near the Persian Gulf. Danzig City in northern Poland. 54°N land; also called the Sea of Japan. 36°N 40°E (pp. 17, 109, 121, 132, 176, Gazetteer 18°E (pp. 555, 814) 40°N 132°E (pp. R5, 225, 485, 778) 179, 189, 246, 255, 293, 297, 329, 374, Dardanelles [dahr•dehn•EHLZ] Strait between Ebro River River in northeastern Spain, 380, 383, 397) the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara emptying into the Mediterranean Europe One of the world’s seven conti- that separates European Turkey from Sea. 42°N 2°W (pp. 516, 725) nents, sharing a landmass with Asia. Asian Turkey. 40°N 26°E (p. 799) Ecuador [EH•kwuh•DAWR] South American 50°N 15°E (pp. R3, R5, R16–17, 13, 28, Dead Sea Salt lake in southwestern Asia. country southwest of Colombia. 1°S 33, 109, 255, 473, 565, 573, 658, 662, 31°N 35°E (pp. R5, 17, 39, 75, 90, 105, 79°W (pp. 749, 861) 668, 695, 707, 724, 744, 762, 780, 781, 875) Edinburgh Capital city of Scotland. 55°N 786, 790, 804, 813, 814, 824, 831, 832, Deccan [DEHK•uhn] Plateau Region in 3°W (pp. 555, 725) 891, 893) India. 19°N 76°E (pp. R5, 195, 198) Edo [EH•doh] Village in Japan where the Delhi [DEH•lee] City in northern India. Sumida River joins Tokyo Bay, site of F 28°N 76°E (pp. R3, 379) present-day Tokyo. 35°N 140°E (pp. Delos [DEE•LAHS] Greek island in the 485, 507, 771, 773, 778) Federal Republic of Germany Formerly southern Aegean Sea. 37°N 25°E (pp. Egypt [EE•jihpt] Country in North Africa on West Germany. 51°N 8°E (pp. 832, 138, 144) the Mediterranean Sea. 26°N 27°E 834)

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Fertile Crescent • Haiphong

Fertile Crescent Region in the Middle East Gallipoli [guh•lih•PUH•lee] City and Great Britain Island off the western coast that reaches from Israel to the Persian narrow peninsula of northwest of Europe comprising England, Scot- Gulf, including the Tigris and Turkey. 40°N 26°E (pp. 786, 799) land, and Wales. 54°N 2°W (pp. 814, Euphrates Rivers. 34°N 45°E (p. 17) Gambia [GAM•bee•uh] West African coun- 832) Finland [FIHN•luhnd] Northern European try along the Gambia River. 13°N Great Rift Valley Depression extending from country east of Sweden. 63°N 26°E 16°W (pp. 767, 870) Syria to Mozambique. 5°S 35°E (p. 445) (pp. 790, 814, 832, 891) Ganges [GAN•JEEZ] Plain Flat, fertile area Great Wall Wall built in the 200s B.C.to Florence [FLOHR•uhnz] City in the Tuscany around the Ganges River. 24°N 89°E protect China’s northern border. region of central Italy at the foot of (pp. 195, 198) 338°N 109°E (p. 431) the Apennines. 43°N 11°E (pp. 555, Ganges [GAN•JEEZ] River River in India that Greece [GREES] Country in southeastern 608, 609, 639, 653, 670, 725, 747) flows from the Himalaya to the Bay Europe on the Balkan Peninsula. Florida State in the southeastern United of Bengal. 24°N 89°E (pp. R3, R5, R22, 39°N 21°E (pp. R3, R5, R17, 117, 121, States. 30°N 84°W (pp. 691, 836) 193, 195, 198, 210, 213, 219, 246, 409, 124, 132, 134, 138, 149, 154, 176, 263, Formigny [FAWR•mee•NYUH] Site in north- 424, 667) 268, 269, 274, 277, 286, 292, 293, 297, ern France of a French victory during Gaugamela [GAW•guh•MEE•luh] Area near 302, 317, 323, 351, 352, 358, 361, 367, the Hundred Years’ War. 49°N 0°W Babylon and the Tigris River. 36°N 385, 781, 786, 790, 799, 832, 891, 897) (pp. 557, 561) 44°E (pp. 174, 176) Guadalcanal [GWAHD•uhl•kuh•NAL] Largest Formosa [fawr•MOH•suh] An island in Gaul [GAWL] Ancient Roman name for the of the Solomon Islands in the western southeastern Asia off the coast of area now known as France. 45°N 3°E Pacific Ocean. 9°S 160°E (p. 825) China, now known as Taiwan. 24°N (pp. 274, 277, 286, 293, 297, 302, 317, Guam [GWAHM] U.S. possession in the 122°E (pp. 765, 811) 323, 352, 358, 361) Pacific Ocean. 14°N 143°E (p. 825) France [FRANS] Third-largest country in Gaza [GAH•zuh] Strip Coastal area along Guangdong [GWAHNG•DUHNG] Province Europe, located south of Great the Mediterranean Sea bordering of southeast China on the South Britain. 47°N 1°E (pp. R2–3, R4–5, Israel and Egypt. 31°N 34°E (p. 875) China Sea. 23°N 113°E (p. 773) Geneva [juh•NEE•vuh] City in western R16, 380, 385, 518, 522, 534, 538, 542, Guangzhou [GWAHNG•JOH] Port city in Switzerland. 46°N 6°E (p. 633) 544, 548, 639, 645, 662, 722, 725, 747, southern China on the Chang Jiang. Genoa [geh•NOH•uh] 780, 781, 786, 787, 789, 790, 814, 832, City in northwestern 23°N 113°W (pp. R3, 246, 409, 411, 834, 891) Italy. 44°N 9°E (pp. 542, 548, 555, 608, 425, 431, 439, 773, 811) 609, 639, 653, 725, 747) Frankfurt Port city in west central Germany Guantanamo [gwahn•TAH•nuh•MOH] Bay Georgia [JAWR•juh] Asian-European coun- on the Main River. 50°N 8°E (pp. 555, Inlet of the Caribbean Sea near Cuba. try bordering the Black Sea south of 688, 703, 747, 834) 20°N 75°W (p. 836) Russia. 42°N 43°E (p. 883) French Equatorial Africa Former French Guatemala [GWAH•tay•MAH•lah] Central colonial possession in western and German Democratic Republic Formerly East Germany. 53°N 13°E (pp. 832, 834) American country south of Mexico. central Africa, encompassing the 16°N 92°W (pp. 749, 861) present-day republics of Chad, the Germany [JUHR•muh•nee] Western Euro- Guinea [GIH•nee] West African country. Central African Republic, the Republic pean country south of Denmark. 11°N 12°W (p. 870) of the Congo, and Gabon. 0°N 20°E 51°N 10°E (pp. R3, 518, 725, 747, 780, (p. 767) 781, 786, 787, 789, 790, 814, 834, 891) Guinea-Bissau [GIH•nee bih•SOW] West African country. 12°N 20°W (p. 870) French Guiana [gee•A•nuh] French-owned Ghana [GAH•nuh] Country in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea. 8°N 2°W (pp. Gulf of Mexico [MEHK•sih•KOH] Gulf on part territory in northern South America. Gazetteer 5°N 53°W (pp. 749, 861) R2, 448, 451, 870) of the southern coast of the United States. 25°N 94°W (pp. R2, R4, 565, 575, French Indochina [IHN•doh•CHY•nuh] Penin- Giza [GEE•zuh] City in northern Egypt 590, 663, 691, 753) sula between India and China and site of the Great Pyramid. 29°N comprised of Cambodia, Laos, and 31°E (pp. 17, 39, 47, 62, 75) Gulf of Tonkin [TAWN•kihn] Arm of the South Vietnam. 16°N 107°E (pp. 765, 773, Glasgow [GLAHZ•goh] Largest city in China Sea off the coast of Vietnam. 811, 825) Scotland. 55°N 4°W (pp. 725, 757) 20°N 108°E (p. 849) French West Africa Former French colonial Gobi [GOH•bee] Vast desert covering Guyana [gy•AH•nuh] South American coun- unit comprised of the following eight parts of Mongolia and China. 43°N try between Venezuela and Suriname. modern countries: Senegal, Guinea, 103°E (pp. R5, 109, 225, 246, 409, 411, 8°N 59°W (pp. 749, 861) Côte d’Ivoire, Benin, Mauritania, Mali, 425, 431, 439) Burkina Faso, and Niger. (p. 767) Golan [GOH•lahn] Heights Region between H northeast Israel and southwest Syria. G 33°N 35°E (p. 875) Hadrian’s Wall Ancient Roman stone wall Gold Coast Former British colony, now built to protect the northern boundary Gabon [ga•BOHN] Central African country. the nation of Ghana in West Africa. of Roman Britain. 55°N 3°W (pp. 293, 0° 12°E (p. 870) 3°N 1°W (p. 767) 297) Galilee [GA•luh•LEE] Region of ancient Gomel [GOH•muhl] Port city in southeastern Hainan [HY•NAHN] Province in southeastern Palestine, now part of northern Belarus. 52°N 31°E (p. 548) China and island in the South China Israel, between the Jordan River and Granada [gruh•NAH•duh] Province on the Sea. 32°N 120°E (pp. R5, 225, 811) the Sea of Galilee. 32°N 35°E (pp. southern coast of Spain. 37°N 3°W Haiphong [HY•FAWNG] City in northeast 352, 361, 367) (pp. 380, 394, 553) Vietnam on the Red River delta near

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Haiti • Kashmir

the Gulf of Tonkin. 20°N 106°E (p. Hudson Bay Inland sea in Canada. 60°N 352, 358, 361, 367, 385, 516, 518, 522, 849) 85°W (pp. R2, R4, 565, 590, 662, 691) 542, 609, 645, 653, 688, 722, 725, 747, Haiti [HAY•tee] Country in the West Hungary [HUHNG•guh•ree] Eastern Euro- 781, 786, 789, 790, 814, 832, 891) Indies. 19°N 72°W (pp. 749, 836, 861) pean country south of Slovakia. 46°N Ivory Coast Section of coastal western Hamburg City in north central Germany. 17°E (pp. R3, R16, 518, 538, 548, 639, Africa. 7°N 6°W (p. 870) 53°N 10°E (pp. 548, 725, 747, 834) 688, 703, 790, 814, 832, 891, 897) Iwo Jima [EE•wuh JEE•muh] Largest of the Han [HAHN] Chinese state along Huang He Volcano Islands of Japan in the north- and Chang Jiang. 33°N 112°E (p. 241) I west Pacific Ocean east of Taiwan. Hangzhou [HAHNG•JOH] City in south- 24°N 141°E (p. 825) eastern China. 30°N 120°E (pp. 246, Ifni [EEF•nee] Former Spanish possession, 408, 409, 411, 416, 424, 425, 439, 554) now part of Morocco. 29°N 8°W (p. 767) J Hanoi [ha•NOY] Capital of Vietnam. 21°N India [IHN•dee•uh] South Asian country 106°E (pp. 765, 849) south of China and Nepal. 23°N 77°E Jamaica [juh•MAY•kuh] Island country in the Hanover City in northwest Germany. 52°N (pp. R3, R5, R22, 109, 193, 194, 195, West Indies. 18°N 78°W (pp. 749, 836) 9°E (pp. 747, 834) 198, 210, 213, 219, 246, 380, 383, 409, Jamestown Settlement in southeast Virginia. Harappa [huh•RA•puh] Ancient city in the 425, 433, 435, 554, 662, 658, 667, 762, 37°N 77°W (p. 691) Indus River valley in present-day 765, 773, 825, 842, 845) Japan [juh•PAN] Chain of islands in the Pakistan. (pp. 194, 198, 219) Indian Ocean Third-largest ocean. 10°S northern Pacific Ocean. 36°N 133°E Hawaii [huh•WY•ee] State of the United 70°E (pp. R3, R5, 13, 109, 195, 198, (pp. R3, R5, R23, 225, 409, 425, 484, 485, States in the central Pacific Ocean 210, 213, 425, 433, 452, 463, 469, 479, 491, 498, 507, 662, 765, 773, 778, 811) comprising the Hawaiian Islands. 554, 565, 662, 765, 767, 825, 845, 893) Java [JAH•vuh] Island in southern Indonesia. 20°N 157°W (p. 825) Indonesia [IHN•duh•NEE•zhuh] Island repub- 8°S 111°E (pp. R3, R5, R23, R24, 425, Heian [HAY•ahn] Ancient capital city of lic in Southeast Asia, consisting of 554, 765, 825) Japan, now called Kyoto. 35°N 135°E most of the Malay Archipelago. 40°S Jeddah [JEHD•uh] City in western Saudi (pp. 485, 491, 498, 507) 118°E (pp. R3, R5, R23, 847) Arabia. 21°N 39°E (p. 433) Himalaya [HIH•muh•LAY•uh] Mountain sys- Indus [IHN•duhs] River River in Asia that Jena [YAY•nuh] City in central Germany. tem forming a barrier between India begins in Tibet and flows through 50°N 11°E (p. 722) and the rest of Asia. 29°N 85°E (pp. Pakistan to the Arabian Sea. 27°N Jericho [JEHR•ih•KOH] Oldest Neolithic com- R5, R22–23, 193, 195, 198, 213, 219, 68°E (pp. R3, R5, 109, 176, 193, 195, munity, in the West Bank between 246, 409, 424, 425, 439) 198, 210, 213, 219, 246, 380, 383, 409, Israel and Jordan. 25°N 27°E (pp. 8, 875) Hindu Kush Major mountain system in 424, 425, 565) Jerusalem [juh•ROO•suh•luhm] Capital of central Asia. 35°N 68°E (pp. 109, 198, Ionian [eye•OH•nee•uhn] Sea Arm of the Israel and a holy city for Christians, 213, 219) Mediterranean Sea. 38°N 18°E (pp. Jews, and Muslims. 31°N 35°E (pp. Hiroshima [hee•roh•SHEE•mah] City in 117, 144, 149, 263) 17, 28, 80, 86, 90, 93, 105, 132, 329, 342, southern Japan. 34°N 132°E (p. 825) Iran [EYE•ran] Southwest Asian country 351, 352, 358, 361, 367, 374, 380, 383, Hispaniola [HIHS•puh•NYOH•luh] Island in the on the eastern shore of the Persian 385, 397, 534, 542, 544, 792, 875) West Indies. 19°N 72°E (pp. R4, 662) Gulf, formerly called Persia. 31°N Jordan [JAWRD•uhn] Southwest Asian coun- Hokkaido [hah•KY•doh] Second-largest 53°E (pp. R3, R19, 176, 198, 792) try south of Syria. 30°N 38°E (p. 875) island of Japan. 43°N 142°E (pp. R3, Iraq [EYE•rak] Country in southwestern Jordan [JAWRD•uhn] River River flowing R5, 484, 485, 507) Asia near the Persian Gulf. 32°N 42°E from Lebanon and Syria to the Dead Holstein [HOHL•steen] Region and former (pp. R3, R18–19, R22, 176, 792, 869) Sea. 30°N 38°E (pp. 17, 90, 105) duchy of northern Germany. 54°N Ireland Island west of Great Britain Judaea [ju•DEE•uh] Territory in southwest 10°E (p. 747) occupied by the Republic of Ireland Asia and a region of historic Palestine. Holy Roman Empire Lands in western and and Northern Ireland. 54°N 8°W 31°N 35°E (pp. 342, 352, 361, 367) (pp. R2, R4, R16, 518, 538, 645, 757, Gazetteer central Europe, empire founded by Judah [JOO•duh] Southern kingdom of Charlemagne. 52°N 15°E (pp. 512, 790, 814, 832, 891) ancient Hebrews in Canaan, renamed 522, 534, 538, 542, 544, 639) Israel [IHZ•ree•uhl] Southwest Asian Palestine. 25°N 49°E (pp. 90, 105) Honduras [hahn•DUR•uhs] Central American country south of Lebanon. 32°N 34°E country on the Caribbean Sea. 15°N (pp. R3, R18, 1, 90, 105, 176, 869, 875) K 88°W (pp. 749, 861) Issus [IHS•uhs] Ancient town of Asia Minor Hong Kong [HAWNG KAWNG] Port and located north of the Syrian border. 37°N Kamakura [kah•MAH•kuh•RAH] City in industrial center in southern China. 36°E (p. 176) Japan, former location of the Shogun 22°N 115°E (pp. 765, 771, 773, 811, 825) Istanbul [ihs•tan•BUHL] Largest city in military government. 35°N 139°E Honshu [HAHN•shoo] Largest island of Turkey; formerly called Byzantium (pp. 485, 491) Japan, called the mainland. 36°N and Constantinople. 41°N 28°E (p. 792) Karakorum [KAR•uh•KOHR•uhm] Capital of the 138°E (pp. R3, R5, 484, 485, 507) Italy Southern European country south of Mongol Empire during most of the Huang He [HWAHNG HUH] Second-longest Switzerland and east of France. 43°N 1200s. 47°N 102°E (pp. 423, 424, 425) river in China, formerly called the 11°E (pp. R3, R5, R16, 121, 262, 263, Kashmir [KASH•mihr] Historical region of Yellow River. 35°N 113°E (pp. 225, 226, 268, 269, 274, 277, 286, 292, 293, 297, northwest India and northeast Paki- 230, 241, 246, 409, 411, 424, 425, 439, 811) 302, 317, 323, 327, 329, 337, 342, 351, stan. 33°N 77°E (p. 845)

970 Gazetteer 965-976_EM_869371 9/23/04 4:48 PM Page 971

Kathmandu • Mediterranean Sea

Kathmandu [KAT•MAN•DOO] Capital of Nepal. Latin America [LA•tihn uh•MEHR•ee•kuh] Macedonia [MA•suh•DOH•nee•uh] Country 27°N 85°E (pp. 210, 845) Countries of the Western Hemisphere in southeastern Europe on the Balkan Kazakhstan [kuh•ZAHK•STAHN] Large Asian south of the United States, especially Peninsula. 41°N 22°E (pp. 117, 174, country south of Russia. 48°N 59°E those countries that developed from 176, 269, 274, 897) (p. 883) the colonies of Spain, Portugal, and Machu Picchu [MAH•choo PEE•choo] Incan Kenya [KEHN•yuh] East African country. France. 5°S 65°W (p. 861) settlement in the Andes northwest of 1°N 37°E (p. 870) Latium [LAY•shee•uhm] Region in west Cuzco, Peru. 13°S 72°W (p. 577) Key West Island off the southern coast of central Italy. 42°N 12°E (p. 263) Madagascar [MA•duh•GAS•kuhr] Island in Florida. 24°N 81°W (p. 836) Latvia [LAT•vee•uh] Eastern European the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Khanbaliq [KAHN•buh•LEEK] Capital of Kublai country west of Russia on the Baltic coast of Africa. 18°S 43°E (pp. R3, R5, Khan’s Mongol Empire, now called Sea. 57°N 25°E (pp. 790, 814, 883, 891) R21, 445, 479, 767, 870) Beijing. 40°N 116°E (pp. 423, 425) Lebanon [LEH•buh•nuhn] Southwest Asian Madinah [mah•DEE•nuh] Holy Muslim city Khartoum [kahr•TOOM] Capital of Sudan. country on the eastern coast of the in western Saudi Arabia. 24°N 39°E 16°N 33°E (p. 767) Mediterranean Sea. 34°N 34°E (pp. (pp. 372, 380, 383, 385, 397, 792) Khyber Pass Mountain pass in western R3, 176, 792, 875) Madras [MAHD•ruhs] City in India, also Asia connecting Afghanistan and Leeds City in north-central England. called Chennai. 13°N 80°E (p. 845) Pakistan. 34°N 71°E (p. 194) 53°N 1°W (pp. 725, 757) Madrid [muh•DRIHD] Capital of Spain. Kiev [KEE•EHF] Capital of Ukraine, on the Leipzig [LIHP•sihg] City in southeastern 41°N 4°W (pp. 714, 722, 725, 781) Dnieper River. 50°N 30°E (pp. R3, Germany. 51°N 12°E (pp. 722, 747) Makkah [MAH•kuh] Holy city of Muslims, 425, 534, 548, 555, 722, 883) Leon [lay•OHN] Historic region and former also known as Mecca, in western Kievan Rus State made of small territories kingdom in Spain. 41°N 5°W (p. 538) Saudi Arabia. 21°N 39°E (pp. 372, around Kiev, destroyed by Mongols in 374, 380, 383, 385, 397, 425, 433, 448, Lesotho [luh•SOH•TOH] Southern African 1240. 50°N 30°E (p. 538) 452, 554, 792) country within the Republic of South Knossos [NAH•suhs] Ancient city on Crete. Africa. 30°S 28°E (p. 870) Malawi [mah•LAH•wee] Southern African 35°N 24°E (pp. 116, 117, 149) country. 11°S 34°E (p. 870) Liberia [ly•BIHR•ee•uh] West African coun- Korea Peninsula in eastern Asia, divided Malaya [muh•LAY•uh] try. 7°N 10°W (pp. 767, 870) Peninsula of Asia. into the Democratic People’s Republic 6°N 102°E (p. 765) of Korea (North Korea) and the Libya [LIH•bee•uh] North African country Malaysia [muh•LAY•zhuh] Southeast Asian Republic of Korea. 38°N 127°E (pp. R3, west of Egypt. 28°N 15°E (pp. R3, 176, country with land on the Malay R5, R23, 225, 409, 411, 484, 491, 498, 765, 767, 790, 870) Peninsula and on the island of 773, 778, 811, 831) Lisbon [LIHZ•buhn] Capital of Portugal. Borneo. 4°N 101°E (p. 847) Kosovo [KOH•suh•voh] Province of south- 39°N 9°W (p. 555) Mali [MAH•lee] Republic in northwestern ern Yugoslavia in the Serbian republic. Lithuania [LIH•thuh•WAY•nee•uh] Eastern Africa. 15°N 0°W (pp. 451, 870) 42°N 21°E. (p. 897) European country northwest of Belarus. Manchester City in northwest England. Kunlun Shan [KOON•LOON shuhn] Major 56°N 24°E (pp. 790, 814, 883, 891) 53°N 2°W (pp. 725, 757) mountain system in western China. Liverpool City in northwestern England. 35°N 83°E (p. 225) Manchuria [man•choo•REE•uh] Region of 53°N 3°W (pp. 725, 757) northeast China comprising the Kush [KUHSH] Ancient region in present- Lombardy [LAWM•buhr•dee] Region of provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and day Sudan, formerly called Nubia. northern Italy. 45°N 9°E (p. 747) Liaoning. 49°N 117°E (pp. 773, 778,

21°N 33°E (p. 70) Gazetteer London [LUHN•duhn] Capital of the United 811, 825) Kut-el-Amara Town in southeastern Iraq Kingdom, on the Thames River. 52°N Manila [muh•NIH•luh] Capital of the on the Tigris River; also called Al Kut. 0° (pp. R2, 518, 542, 553, 555, 557, 561, 32°N 45°E (p. 799) Philippines. 15°N 121°E (pp. 765, 825) 633, 642, 670, 680, 703, 714, 722, 724, Marathon [MAHR•uh•THAHN] Village of Kuwait [ku•WAYT] Country on the Persian 725, 757, 780, 781, 786) Gulf between Saudi Arabia and Iraq. ancient Greece northeast of Athens. Lorraine [loh•RAYN] Historical region and 29°N 48°E (pp. 792, 799) (p. 134) former province of northeast France. Marne River in northeast France that flows Kyoto [kee•OH•toh] Ancient capital of 49°N 6°E (pp. 747, 781) Japan, formerly called Heian. 35°N into the Seine River. 49°N 3°E (p. 786) Luoyang [luh•WOH•YAHNG] City in northern 135°E (pp. 485, 491, 498, 507, 778) Marseille [mahr•SAY] City in southern China on the Huang He. 34°N 112°E Kyrgyzstan [KIHR•gih•STAN] Central Asian France. 43°N 5°E (pp. 542, 555, 725) (pp. 224, 230, 246, 251, 409, 439) country on China’s western border. Massachusetts State in the northeastern 41°N 75°E (p. 883) Luxembourg [LUHK•suhm•BUHRG] Small Euro- United States. 42°N 72°W (p. 694) Kyushu [kee•OO•shoo] One of the four pean country between France, Belgium, Massalia [muh•SAH•lee•uh] Ancient Greek major islands of Japan. 33°N 131°E and Germany. 50°N 7°E (pp. 781, 786, colony on the site of present-day (pp. R3, 484, 485, 507) 787, 790, 814, 832, 834, 891) Marseille. 44°N 3°E (p. 293) Mauritania [mawr•uh•TAY•nee•uh] West L M African country. 20°N 14°W (p. 870) Mediterranean [MEHD•ih•tuh•RAY•nee•uhn] Sea Laos [LOWS] Southeast Asian country Macau [muh•KOW] Region on the south- Inland sea of Europe, Asia, and Africa. south of China and west of Vietnam. eastern coast of China. 22°N 113°E 36°N 13°E (pp. R3, R5, 17, 28, 39, 62, 70, 20°N 102°E (pp. 847, 849) (pp. 430, 667, 765, 773) 75, 90, 105, 109, 117, 121, 132, 144, 149,

Gazetteer 971 965-976_EM_869371 9/23/04 4:49 PM Page 972

Mekong River • North Korea

176, 179, 189, 263, 269, 274, 292, 293, Moluccas [muh•LUH•kuhz] Group of Nara [NAH•ruh] First permanent capital of 297, 323, 329, 337, 352, 361, 367, 374, islands in Indonesia, formerly called Japan. 34°N 135°E (pp. 485, 491, 507) 380, 383, 385, 397, 425, 445, 452, 463, the Spice Islands. 2°S 128°E (pp. R5, Navarre [nuh•VAHR] Former kingdom in 479, 513, 514, 518, 538, 542, 548, 555, 662, 667) southern France and northern Spain. 609, 639, 645, 653, 703, 709, 722, 725, Mombasa [mawm•BAHS•uh] City and sea- 42°N 1°W (p. 538) 747, 767, 781, 786, 790, 832, 875) port of Kenya. 4°S 39°E (pp. 433, 452) Nazareth [NA•zuh•ruhth] Ancient town Mekong [MAY•KAWNG] River River in south- Mongolia [mahn•GOH•lee•uh] Country in near Galilee, now in northern Israel. eastern Asia. 18°N 104°E (pp. 246, 409, Asia between Russia and China. 32°N 35°E (pp. 352, 361, 367) 411, 424, 439, 667, 849) 46°N 100°E (pp. R3, 225, 409, 425, 431, Nepal [nuh•PAWL] Mountain country Memel Territory [MAY•muhl] Former German 439, 773, 825) between India and China. 28°N 83°E territory, now part of Lithuania. 40°N Monrovia [muhn•ROH•vee•uh] Capital of (pp. R3, 198, 202, 765, 845) 20°E (p. 814) Liberia. 6°N 11°W (p. 767) Netherlands [NEH•thuhr•luhnz] Country in Memphis Ancient capital of Egypt. 29°N Montenegro [MAWN•tuh•NEHG•roh] Republic northwestern Europe. 53°N 3°E (pp. 31°E (pp. 38, 39, 47, 59, 62, 70, 75, 80) of Yugoslavia, in the southwest part of R2–3, R4–5, R16, 639, 645, 662, 725, Meroë [MEHR•oh•ee] Capital city of Kush. the country, bordering on the Adriatic 747, 781, 786, 787, 790, 814, 832, 891) 7°N 93°E (pp. 68, 70, 452) Sea. 42°N 19°E (pp. 781, 786, 897) New Carthage [KAHR•thihj] City in Spain, Mesa Verde National park in southwestern Morocco [muh•RAH•koh] North African also called Cartagena. 38°N 1°W Colorado containing artifacts and cliff country. 32°N 7°W (pp. R20, R21, 380, (pp. 269, 274) dwellings from the Anasazi. 37°N 473, 479, 767, 786, 790, 870) New Delhi [NOO DEH•lee] Capital of India. 108°W (p. 578) Moscow [MAHS•koh] Capital of Russia. 29°N 77°E (p. 845) Mesoamerica [MEH•zoh•uh•MEHR•ih•kuh] 55°N 37°E (pp. R3, 425, 540, 714, 722, New Guinea [GIHN•ee] Island in the west- Ancient region including present-day 725, 781, 883) ern Pacific Ocean, north of Australia. Mexico and most of Central America. Mount Everest [EHV•ruhst] Highest moun- 5°S 140°E (pp. 765, 825) 10°N 92°W (p. 575) tain in the world, located in the New York State in northeastern United Mesopotamia [MEH•suh•puh•TAY•mee•uh] Himalaya between Nepal and Tibet. States. 43°N 78°W (p. 724) Early center of civilization, in the area 28°N 86°E (pp. 193, 195) New York City City in southeastern New of modern Iraq and eastern Syria Mount Fuji [FOO•jee] Highest mountain in York state at the mouth of the between the Tigris and Euphrates Japan. 35°N 138°E (pp. 485, 507) Hudson River. 41°N 74°W (p. 769) Rivers. 34°N 13°E (pp. 17, 28, 132, 380) Mount Olympus [uh•LIHM•puhs] Highest Nicaragua [nih•kuh•RAH•gwuh] Central Mexico [MEHK•sih•KOH] North American mountain in Greece on the border American country south of Honduras. country south of the United States. between Thessaly and Macedonia. 13°N 86°W (pp. 749, 861) 24°N 104°W (pp. R2, 575, 662, 749 41°N 23°E (p. 117) Niger [NY•juhr] 860, 861) West African country. Mount Sinai [SY•NY] Part of a rocky mass 18°N 9°E (p. 870) Mexico City Capital of Mexico. 19°N 99°W on the Sinai Peninsula of northeast- Nigeria [ny•JIHR•ee•uh] (pp. R2, 658, 662, 663) West African ern Egypt. 29°N 33°E (p. 90) country. 9°N 7°E (pp. 767, 870) Miami [my•AM•ee] City in southeast Mozambique [moh•zahm•BEEK] Southern Nile [nyl] River Florida. 25°N 80°W (p. 836) World’s longest river flow- African country south of Tanzania. ing north from the heart of Africa to Midway [MIHD•way] Islands Atoll in the 20°S 34°E (pp. 767, 870) the Mediterranean Sea. 27°N 31°E North Pacific Ocean, about one-third Munich [MYOO•nihk] City in southeastern (pp. R3, R5, R20, R21, 38, 39, 47, 59, of the way from Honolulu to Tokyo. Germany. 48°N 11°E (p. 725) 62, 68, 70, 75, 109, 121, 132, 176, 179, 28°N 177°W (p. 825) Myanmar [MYAHN•MAHR] Southeast Asian 189, 246, 269, 293, 297, 329, 374, 383, Milan [mih•LAHN] City in northern Italy. country formerly called Burma. 21°N 385, 397, 425, 445, 452, 875) 45°N 9°E (pp. 548, 555, 609, 639, 653, 95°E (p. 845) Nineveh [NIH•nuh•vuh] Ancient capital of 688, 703, 725) Mycenae [MY•SEE•nee] Ancient city in Assyria, on the Tigris River. 26°N Minsk [MIHNSK] Capital of Belarus. 54°N Gazetteer Greece. 37°N 22°E (pp. 116, 117, 149) 43°E (pp. 17, 26, 132) 28°E (p. 722) Ningxia [NIHNG•shee•AH] Region in north- Mississippi [MIHS•ih•SIHP•ee] River Large N western China. 37°N 106°E (p. 424) river system in the United States. Normandy [NAWR•muhn•dee] Region and 32°N 92°W (pp. R2, R4, 590, 663) former province of France. 49°N 2°E Nagasaki [nah•gah•SAH•kee] City in Japan. Modena [MOH•deh•nah] City in northern (p. 518) 32°N 129°E (pp. 778, 825) Italy. 44°N 10°E (p. 747) North America Continent in the northern Namibia [nuh•MIH•bee•uh] Southern African Mogadishu [MAH•guh•DIH•shoo] Capital of part of the Western Hemisphere country. 20°S 16°E (p. 870) Somalia. 2°N 45°E (pp. R3, 433, 452, between the Atlantic and Pacific 460, 479, 767) Nanjing [NAHN•JIHNG] City in eastern Oceans. 45°N 100°W (pp. R2, R4, Mohenjo-Daro [moh•HEHN•joh DAHR•oh] China, capital during the Ming dynasty. R6–11, 13, 565, 573, 590, 658, 662, 663, Ancient settlement in the Indus Valley. 32°N 118°E (pp. 430, 431, 433, 811, 825) 668, 691, 707, 724, 744, 762, 813, 824, 27°N 68°E (pp. 198, 219) Napata [NA•puh•tuh] Ancient capital of 831, 893) Moldova [mawl•DAW•vuh] Small European Kush. 18°N 32°E (pp. 68, 70) North Korea [kuh•REE•uh] East Asian coun- country between Ukraine and Romania. Naples [NAY•puhlz] City in Italy. 40°N 14°E try in the northernmost part of the 48°N 28°E (p. 883) (pp. 555, 609, 639, 653, 722, 747) Korean Peninsula. 40°N 127°E (p. 838)

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North Sea • Qin

North Sea Arm of the Atlantic Ocean South Asia converges with southwest Philippines [FIH•luh•PEENZ] Island country in between Europe and Great Britain. Asia. 28°N 67°E (pp. R3, 176, 198, 845) the Pacific Ocean southeast of China. 56°N 3°E (pp. R16, 293, 513, 514, 518, Palestine [PAL•ih•styn] Historic region, sit- 14°N 125°E (pp. R3, R5, 662, 667, 765, 538, 542, 548, 555, 639, 645, 722, 725, uated on the eastern coast of the 773, 825, 847) 757, 781, 786, 790, 814, 832) Mediterranean Sea. 31°N 35°E (pp. Piedmont [PEED•mahnt] Region in north- Norway [NAWR•WAY] Northern European 286, 293, 297, 302, 327, 383, 397, 534, west Italy bordering France and country on the Scandinavian penin- 542, 792) Switzerland. 45°N 8°E (p. 747) sula. 63°N 11°E (pp. R3, R16, 538, 639, Panama [PA•nuh•MAH] Central American Pisa [PEE•sah] City in central Italy. 43°N 645, 722, 725, 781, 786, 790, 814, 832) country on the Isthmus of Panama. 10°E (pp. 542, 609, 653) Novgorod [NAHV•guh•RAHD] City in west- 9°N 81°W (pp. 749, 861) Plataea [pluh•TEE•uh] Ancient city of ern Russia. 58°N 31°E (p. 540) Panama [PA•nuh•MAH] Canal Ship canal Greece. 39°N 22°E (p. 134) Nubia [NOO•bee•uh] Region in present-day crossing the Isthmus of Panama and Plateau of Tibet [tuh•BEHT] World’s high- Sudan on the Nile River, later known connecting the Caribbean Sea with est plateau region, bordered by the as Kush. 21°N 33°E (p. 39) the Pacific Ocean. 9°N 79°W (p. 769) Himalaya, Pamirs, and Karakoram Nuremburg City in south central Germany. Papal [PAY•puhl] States Territory in Italy mountain ranges. (p. 225) 49°N 11°E (pp. 555, 747) formerly under direct temporal rule Plymouth [PLI•muhth] Town in eastern Nyasaland [ny•ahs•uh•luhnd] Country in of the pope. 43°N 13°E (pp. 538, 639, Massachusetts, first successful English southeastern Africa, now called 747) colony in New England. 42°N 71°W Malawi. 13°S 34°E (p. 767) Paraguay [PAR•uh•GWY] South American (pp. 663, 691) country northeast of Argentina. 24°S Poland [POH•luhnd] Country in central 57°W (pp. 749, 861) Europe. 52°N 17°E (pp. R3, R16–17, 538, O Paris [PAR•uhs] Capital of France. 49°N 2°E 639, 645, 688, 725, 790, 814, 832, 834, 891) (pp. 516, 518, 542, 555, 557, 633, 642, Po River River in northern Italy, the Oder River [OH•duhr] River in north cen- 714, 722, 724, 725, 780, 781, 786, 787) longest in the country. 45°N 11°E (pp. tral Europe, emptying into the Baltic Parma [PAHR-mah] 263, 274, 513, 514, 653, 688) Sea. 52°N 14°E (p. 513) City in north-central Italy. 44°N 10°E (p. 747) Port Arthur City in northeastern China, Okinawa [oh•keh•NAH•wuh] Island group Pataliputra [PAH•tuh•lih•POO•truh] Capital of now called Lüshun. 38°N 121°E of the central Ryukyu Islands in the (pp. 773, 778) western Pacific Ocean (p. 825) Maurya. 24°N 86°E (pp. 209, 210, 246) Pearl Harbor Inlet of the Pacific Ocean on Portugal [POHR•chih•guhl] A long narrow Olympia [ohz•LIHM•pee•uh] Site of the country on Atlantic Ocean, sharing ancient Olympic Games in Greece. the southern coast of Oahu, Hawaii. 21°N 157°W (p. 825) the Iberian Peninsula with Spain. 38°N 22°E (pp. 125, 154) 38°N 8°W (pp. R2, 639, 645, 662, 722, Peloponnesus [PEH•luh•puh•NEE•suhs] A Oman [oh•MAHN] Country on the Arabian 781, 786, 790, 814, 832, 891) peninsula in southern Greece. 37°N Sea and the Gulf of Oman. 20°N 57°E 22°E (pp. 117, 124, 125, 144) Portuguese Guinea [GIH•nee] Country in (pp. R3, R5, R19, 198) northwestern Africa, now called Pergamum [PUHR•guh•muhm] An ancient Orléans [AWR•lay•AHN] City in north central Guinea-Bissau. 11°N 14°W (p. 767) city of northwest Asia Minor in Mysia, France. 47°N 1°E (pp. 553, 557, 561) now Turkey. 39°N 28°E (pp. 179, 189) Posen City in western Poland. 52°N 17°E Osaka [oh•SAH•kuh] City and port in (p. 548) Persepolis [puhr•sei•puh•LEES] Ancient Japan. 34°N 135°E (pp. R3, 507) Prayagal City in central India, part of the

capital of Persian empire, now in Gazetteer Oslo [AHZ•loh] Capital of Norway. 60°N ruins. 30°N 53°E (pp. 132, 176, 374) Mauryan empire, 321 B.C. 26°N 81°E 11°E (p. 725) (p. 210) Persia [PUHR•zhuh] The conventional Ostia [AHS•tee•uh] Ancient city of Italy in European designation of the country Principe [prin•SEEP•e] Island of Africa in Latium at the mouth of the Tiber now known as Iran. 32°N 55°E (pp. the Gulf of Guinea. 1°N 7°E (p. 767) River. 44°N 10°E (p. 293) 132, 144, 176, 246, 374, 380, 383, 385, Prussia [PRUH•shuh] Former kingdom and Ottoman Empire Turkish empire from the 397, 425, 554, 799) state of Germany. (pp. 538, 722, 725, 747) late 1200s in Asia Minor throughout Persian [PUHR•zhuhn] Gulf An arm of the Puerto Rico [PWEHR•toh REE•koh] Island in the Middle East. 45°N 25°E (pp. 639, Arabian Sea in southwestern Asia, the Caribbean Sea; U.S. Common- 645, 722, 781, 786, 799) between the Arabian Peninsula on wealth. 19°N 67°W (pp. 749, 836) the southwest and Iran on the north- Puteoli [pyu•TEE•uh•LY] Port city on the P east. 27°N 50°E (pp. R19, 17, 109, 132, Bay of Naples. 42°N 14°E (p. 293) 176, 374, 380, 383, 385, 397, 448, 452, Pyrenees [PIR•uh•nees] Mountain range in Pacific Ocean The largest and deepest of 554, 565, 709, 792, 799) southwestern Europe, extending from the world's four oceans, covering more Peru [puh•ROO] South American country the Bay of Biscay to the Mediter- than a third of the earth's surface. 0° south of Ecuador and Colombia. 10°S ranean Sea. 43°N 0°E (pp. 269, 274, 170°W (pp. R2–3, R4–5, R6–10, R12, 75°W (pp. 749, 861) 513, 514, 516) R15, 13, 225, 409, 425, 426, 433, 485, Petrograd [PEH•troh•grad] City in Russia, 749, 765, 769, 773, 811, 825, 893) now St. Petersburg. 59°N 30°E (p. 786) Q Pakistan [PA•kih•STAN] Officially the Islamic Philadelphia [FIL•uh•DEHL•fee•uh] City in Republic of Pakistan, a republic in eastern Pennsylvania on the Delaware Qin [CHIHN] Chinese state along Huang He South Asia, marking the area where River. 40°N 75°W (pp. 690, 691, 694, 695) and Chang Jiang. 33°N 112°E (p. 241)

Gazetteer 973 965-976_EM_869371 9/23/04 4:59 PM Page 974

Qingdao • Sicily

Qingdao [CHING•DOW] City of eastern Rwanda [ruh•WAHN•duh] East African most of the Arabian Peninsula. 22°N China on the Yellow Sea north of country. 2°S 30°E (p. 870) 46°E (pp. R3, R18–19, 176, 792, 875) Shanghai. 36°N 120°E (p. 773) Ryukyu [RYUK•yoo] Islands Island group of Savoy [sah•VO•yuh] Former duchy lying Quanzhou [chuh•WAHN•JOH] City in south- southwest Japan between Kyushu between Italy and France. 43°N 21°E eastern China. 25°N 111°E (pp. 431, and Taiwan. 26°N 128°E (p. 778) (pp. 639, 747) 433) Saxony [SAHK•suh•nee] Historical region of Quebec [kih•BEHK] City in Canada. 47°N S northern Germany. 51°N 13°E (p. 747) 71°W (pp. 663, 691) Scandinavia [SKAND•i•NAI•vee•ah] Region Sahara [suh•HAR•uh] Desert region in in northern Europe consisting of R northern Africa that is the largest hot Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. desert in the world. 23°N 1°W (pp. R5, 62°N 14°E (pp. 512, 544) Ramadi [ruh•MAH•dee] Town in central R20, R21, 70, 374, 445, 448, 449, 479) Schleswig [SHLEHS•wihg] Historical region Iraq. 33°N 43°E (p. 799) Saigon [sy•GAWN] City in Vietnam, now and former duchy of northern Germany and southern Denmark. Red Sea called Ho Chi Minh City. 10°N 106°E Narrow, inland sea, separating 54°N 9°E (p. 747) the Arabian Peninsula, western Asia, (pp. 765, 849) Scotland One of the four countries that from northeastern Africa. 23°N 37°E St. Augustine [AW•gus•steen] City in north- make up the United Kingdom in the (pp. R3, R5, R18–19, R20, R21, 28, 70, eastern Florida on the Atlantic coast; northern part of Great Britain. 57°N 121, 132, 179, 246, 293, 329, 352, 361, oldest permanent existing European 5°W (pp. R16, 518, 538, 639, 645, 757) 367, 374, 383, 385, 397, 425, 433, 445, settlement in North America. 30°N 448, 554, 709, 792, 799, 875) 81°W (p. 663) Sea of Japan Arm of the Pacific Ocean lying between Japan and the Asian Rhineland [RYN•luhnd] Region along the St. Petersburg Second-largest city and mainland. 40°N 132°E (pp. R5, R23, Rhine River in western Germany. largest seaport in Russia, located in 225, 485, 773, 778, 811, 825, 838) 38°N 91°W (p. 814) the northwestern part of the country. Seine [SAYN] River River in northern Rhine [RYN] River One of the principal 59°N 30°E (pp. R3, 725, 786) France. 48°N 4°E (pp. 513, 514, 516, rivers of Europe. 50°N 7°E (pp. 293, Sakhalin [sahk-HAH-lin] Island of southeast 518, 557, 561) 513, 514, 538, 542, 688, 722) Russia in the Sea of Okhotsk; also Seleucia [suh•LOO•shee•uh] Kingdom Rhodes [RODZ] called Karafuto. 51°N 143°E (p. 778) Island in the Aegean Sea. extending eastward from Asia Minor Salamis [SA•luh•muhs] Island in eastern 36°N 28°E (pp. 269, 274) into what is now Pakistan. 36°N 36°E Greece in the Gulf of Saronikós. 37°N Rhodesia [roh•DEE•shuh] Region of south- (pp. 179, 189) 23°E (p. 134) central Africa south of Congo and Senegal [seh•nih•GAWL] West African coun- Salonica City and port in northeastern comprising modern-day Zambia and try. 15°N 14°W (p. 870) Zimbabwe. 19°S 29°E (p. 767) Greece. 40°N 23°E (p. 548) Seoul [SOHL] Capital of South Korea. Samarkand [sah•mahr•KAHNT] City in Rhone [RON] River River of southeastern 38°N 127°E (p. 838) France. 44°N 4°E (pp. 557, 561) southern Uzbekistan. 39°N 67°E (pp. 424, 425, 554) Serbia [SUHR•bee•uh] Republic in south- Rio de Oro [REE•o dai O•ro] Historical eastern Europe. 44°N 21°E (pp. 725, Samaria [suh•MAHR•ee•uh] Ancient city region in the southern section of the 781, 786, 897) Western Sahara on the northwestern and state in Palestine, located north Shanghai [SHANG•hy] City of eastern coast of Africa. 24°N 14°W (p. 767) of present-day Jerusalem east of the Mediterranean Sea. 32°N 35°E (pp. 86, China at the mouth of the Chang Rio Grande [REE•oh GRAND] River that 90, 105) Jiang. 31°N 121°E (pp. 771, 773, 778, forms part of the boundary between 811, 825) the United States and Mexico. 30°N San Francisco City in northern California on Sheffield City in north-central England. 103°W (pp. R2, R4, 590, 663) the Pacific coast. 38°N 122°W (p. 769) 53°N 1°W (p. 725) Rocky Mountains Santa Fe [SAN•tuh FAY] Capital of New Mountain system in Shikoku [shih•KOH•koo] One of the four western North America. 50°N 114°W Mexico located in the north central part of the state. 36°N 106°W (p. 663) largest islands of Japan. 33°N 133°E Gazetteer (pp. R4, 590) (pp. 484, 485, 507, 778) São Tomé [SAH•o TO•mai] Capital city and Romania [ru•MAY•nee•uh] Eastern European Siam [sy•AM] Country of southeastern island in the Gulf of Guinea off west- country east of Hungary. 46°N 23°E Asia, now called Thailand. 17°N ern Africa. 1°N 7°E (p. 767) (pp. 781, 786, 790, 814, 832, 897) 101°E (p. 825) Sarajevo [SAR•uh•YAY•voh] Capital of Bosnia Rome [ROHM] Capital of Italy. 41°N 12°E Siberia [sei•BIR•ree•yuh] Large region con- (pp. R3, 262, 263, 268, 269, 274, 277, and Herzegovina. 43°N 18°E (pp. 781, sisting of the Asian portion of Russia 286, 292, 293, 297, 302, 317, 323, 327, 786, 897) as well as northern Kazakhstan. 57°N 329, 337, 342, 351, 352, 358, 361, 367, Sardinia [sahr•DIN•ee•uh] Island off western 97°E (pp. R5, R23, 425) 514, 516, 518, 522, 534, 542, 548, 555, Italy, in the Mediterranean Sea. 40°N Sichuan [SEHCH•WAHN] Province of south- 608, 609, 633, 642, 645, 653, 670, 703, 9°E (pp. R5, 263, 269, 274, 293, 329, 337, central China. 30°N 103°E (p. 811) 714, 722, 725, 744, 747, 780, 781, 786) 538, 555, 609, 653, 722, 747, 832) Sicily [SIH•suh•lee] Largest island in the Russia [RUH•shuh] Independent republic Sardis [SAWR•dihs] Ancient city of Asia Mediterranean Sea off the coast of in Eastern Europe and northern Asia, Minor, now in Turkey. 38°N 28°E southern Italy. 37°N 13°E (pp. R5, 121, the world’s largest country by area. (pp. 132, 134) 262, 263, 269, 274, 293, 329, 337, 352, 61°N 60°E (pp. R3, R17, 645, 722, 725, Saudi Arabia [SOW•dee uh•RAY•bee•uh] 361, 367, 538, 542, 553, 555, 609, 653, 747, 773, 778, 781, 786, 883) Southwest Asian country, occupying 722, 747)

974 Gazetteer 965-976_EM_869371 9/30/04 11:42 AM Page 975

Sidon • Tigris River

Sidon [SEI•duhn] City in southwestern 323, 327, 329, 337, 352, 358, 361, 380, Mediterranean Sea. 35°N 37°E (pp. Lebanon on the Mediterranean Sea. 385, 516, 518, 522, 534, 542, 544, 639, R3, R18–19, 62, 176, 177, 274, 286, 293, 33°N 35°E (pp. 17, 90, 105, 293) 645, 662, 722, 725, 781, 786, 790, 814, 329, 352, 374, 380, 383, 385, 792, 875) Sierra Leone [see•EHR•uh lee•OHN] West 832, 891) Syrian [SIHR•ee•uhn] Desert Desert of the African country south of Guinea. 8°N Sparta [SPAHR•tah] City in ancient Greece northern Arabian Peninsula, includ- 12°W (pp. 767, 870) and capital of Laconia. 37°N 23°E (pp. ing northern Saudi Arabia, northeast- Silesia [sy•LEE•zhuh] Region of central 117, 121, 124, 125, 134, 138, 144, 149) ern Jordan, southeastern Syria, and Europe, once part of Prussia but now Sri Lanka [sree•LAHNG•kuh] Country in western Iraq. 32°N 40°E (pp. R18–19, largely in Poland. 51°N 18°E (p. 747) the Indian Ocean south of India, for- 17, 90, 105) Silk Road Large network of trade routes merly called Ceylon. 8°N 82°E (pp. stretching from western China to R3, R5, R22, 198, 202, 433, 667, 845) T southwest Asia. 34°N 109°E (p. 246) Stockholm [STAHK•HOHLM] Capital of Sinai [SY•ny] Peninsula Land linking south- Sweden. 59°N 18°E (pp. 555, 725) Taiwan [TY•WAHN] Island country off the west Asia with northeast Africa. 29°N Strait of Gibraltar [ji•BRAHL•tuhr] Narrow southeast coast of China; seat of the 34°E (p. 875) passage connecting the Mediter- Chinese Nationalist government. 23°N ranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. Singapore [SIHNG•uh•POHR] Southeast Asian 122°E (pp. R3, R5, R23, 225, 765, 773) 35°N 5°W (pp. R16, 380, 385) island country. 2°N 104°E (pp. 765, Tajikistan [tah•JIH•kih•STAN] Central Asian 825, 847) Strait of Magellan [muh•JEHL•uhn] Channel country. 39°N 70°E (p. 883) between the Atlantic and Pacific Slovenia [sloh•VEE•nee•uh] Southeastern Taklimakan [TAH•kluh•muh•KAHN] Desert Oceans on the southern tip of South European country south of Austria. Desert in northwestern China. 40°N America. 52°S 68°W (pp. R2, R4, R14, 46°N 15°E (pp. 891, 897) 83°E (p. 225) R15, 662, 769) Solomon Islands Island group of the west- Tannenberg Village in northeast Poland. Strait of Messina [meh•SEE•nuh] Passage ern Pacific Ocean. 8°S 159°E (p. 825) 53°N 20°E (p. 786) separating mainland Italy from the Tanzania [TAN•zuh•NEE•uh] East African Somalia [soh•MAH•lee•uh] East African island of Sicily. 38°N 15°E (p. 263) country. 3°N 45°E (p. 870) country. 7°S 34°E (p. 870) Strasbourg [STRAHS•boorg] City in eastern Tarsus [TAHR•suhs] City in southern Turkey. Somaliland [soh•MAH•lee•luhnd] Region of France. 48°N 7°E (pp. 548, 747) 37°N 34°E (pp. 352, 361, 367) eastern Africa comprising present-day Sudan [soo•DAN] East African country. Tenochtitlán [tay•NAWCH•teet•LAHN] Aztec Somalia, Djibouti, and southeast 14°N 28°E (pp. 767, 870) Ethiopia. 8°N 45°E (p. 767) city in the Valley of Mexico. 19°N Sudetenland [soo•DAY•tuhn•LAND] Historical 99°W (pp. 575, 582, 593, 662, 663) Somme [SOHM] River in northern France region of northern Czech Republic. Teotihuacán [TAY•oh•TEE•wuh•KAHN] Site in that flows west and northwest to the 50°N 14°E (p. 814) English Channel. 49°N 2°E (p. 786) central Mexico that in ancient times Suez Canal [SOO•ehz] Canal in Egypt con- Songhai [SAWNG•HY] Empire located along was one of the largest cities in the necting the Mediterranean and Red world. 19°N 98°W (pp. 572, 575) the Niger River. 13°N 5°E (p. 451) seas. 30°N 32°E (pp. 767, 799, 875) Turkmenistan [tuhrk•MEH•nuh•STAN] Central South Africa [A•frih•kuh] Country at the Sumatra [soo•MAH•trah] Island in western southern tip of Africa, officially the Asian country on the Caspian Sea. Indonesia. 2°N 99°E (pp. R3, R5, R23, 41°N 56°E (p. 883) Republic of South Africa. 28°S 25°E 425, 433, 554, 667, 765, 825) (pp. 767, 869, 870) Thailand [TY•LAND] Southeast Asian country Suriname [SUR•uh•NAH•muh] South Ameri- east of Myanmar. 17°N 101°E (pp. 765, South America Continent in the southern Gazetteer can country between Guyana and 773, 825, 849) part of the Western Hemisphere. 15°S French Guiana. 4°N 56°W (pp. 749, Thar [TAHR] Desert 60°W (pp. R2, R4, R14, R15, 13, 473, 861) Desert in northwestern India. 25°W 72°E (p. 219) 565, 573, 577, 658, 662, 707, 744, 749, Susa [soo•SAH] Persian capital, in the Thebes [THEEBZ] 762, 893) region of southern Mesopotamia. Ancient city and former South China Sea Arm of the Pacific Ocean 34°N 48°E (pp. 17, 132, 176) capital of Egypt. 25°N 32°E (pp. 28, 39, 59, 62, 70, 75, 132, 479) off the eastern and southeastern coasts Swaziland [SWAH•zee•LAND] Southern African of Asia. 15°N 114°E (pp. R3, R5, 109, country west of Mozambique, almost Thermopylae [thuhr•MAH•puh•lee] Mountain 225, 241, 246, 409, 425, 433, 439, 554, 565, entirely within the Republic of South pass in ancient Greece. 38°N 22°E 667, 765, 773, 811, 825, 847, 849) Africa. 27°S 32°E (pp. 767, 870) (p. 134) South Korea [kuhx•REE•uh] East Asian coun- Sweden [SWEED•uhn] Northern European Tian [tee•AHN] Shan Mountain range in try on the Korean Peninsula. 36°N country on the eastern side of the central Asia. 45°N 85°E (p. 225) 128°E (p. 838) Scandinavian peninsula. 60°N 14°E Tiber [TY•buhr] River River in north Italy. Soviet [SOH•vee•eht] Union Former commu- (pp. R3, R16, R17, 538, 688, 703, 722, 42°N 12°E (pp. 263, 269, 274) nist country in eastern Europe and 725, 781, 786, 790, 814, 832, 891) Tibet [tuh•BEHT] Country in central Asia. northern Asia that included Russia Switzerland [SWIHT•suhr•luhnd] European 32°N 83°E (pp. 246, 409, 424, 425, 439, and 14 other soviet socialist republics. country south of Germany. 47°N 8°E 554, 773, 845) 55°N 37°E (pp. 790, 792, 811, 814, 825, (pp. 725, 747, 781, 786, 790, 814) Tigris [TY•gruhs] River River in southeast- 832, 883) Syracuse [SIHR•uh•KYOOS] City in Sicily. ern Turkey and Iraq that merges with Spain [SPAYN] Country in southwestern 37°N 15°E (p. 182) the Euphrates River. 34°N 44°E (pp. Europe. 40°N 4°W (pp. R2–3, R16, 268, Syria [SIHR•ee•uh] Southwestern Asian 17, 121, 132, 176, 179, 189, 246, 255, 269, 277, 286, 292, 293, 297, 302, 317, country on the east side of the 293, 297, 329, 374, 380, 383, 397)

Gazetteer 975 965-976_EM_869371 9/23/04 5:01 PM Page 976

Tikrit • Zimbabwe

Tikrit Town in Iraq. 34°N 43°E (p. 799) United States Country in North America West Bank Disputed territory of southwest Timbuktu [TIHM•BUHK•TOO] City of Muslim made up of 50 states, mostly between Asia between Israel and Jordan. 31°N Canada and Mexico. 38°N 110°W learning in West Africa. 16°N 3°W 35°E (p. 875) (pp. 444, 448, 451, 460, 468, 473, 479) (pp. 753, 836) Western Sahara [suh•HAR•uh] Country in Timor [TEE•mor] Island of southeast Ur [OOR] Ancient city in Mesopotamia. Indonesia. 2°S 123°E (p. 765) 32°N 47°E (p. 17) northwest Africa. 24°N 13°W (p. 870) Tlaxcala [tlah•SKAH•luh] State in east cen- Ural [YUHR•uhl] Mountains Mountain range West Germany Officially called the Federal in Russia. 56°N 58°E (p. R5) tral Mexico. 19°N 98°W (p. 575) Republic of Germany. 51°N 8°E (pp. Uruguay [YUR•uh•GWAY] South American Togo [TOH•goh] West African country. 8°N 832, 834) 1°E (pp. 767, 870) country south of Brazil. 33°S 56°W (pp. 749, 861) West Indies Islands in the Caribbean Sea. Tokyo [TOH•kee•OH] Capital of Japan. 34°N 131°E (pp. R3, 485, 507, 771, 773, 778, Uruk Ancient settlement in Mesopotamia. 19°N 79°W (p. 473) 33°N 45°E (p. 17) 825) Wittenberg [WIH•tuhn•BUHRG] City in east Uzbekistan [UZ•BEH•kih•STAN] Central Asian Toledo [to•LAI•do] Historic city in central central Germany on the Elbe River. Spain. 39°N 4°W (p. 555) country south of Kazakhstan. 42°N 60°E (p. 883) 51°N 12°E (pp. 633, 645) Tours [TOOR] City in west central France. 47°N 0°E (p. 516) Trafalgar [truh•FAL•guhr] Cape off the V X southwest coast of Spain. 36°N 6°W (p. 722) Venezuela [veh•nuh•ZWAY•luh] South Ameri- Xianyang [SHYEHN•YAHNG] City in northern can country on the Caribbean Sea Transjordan Southwest Asian country, China. 34°N 108°E (p. 241) now called Jordan. 30°N 38°E (p. 792) between Colombia and Guyana. 8°N 65°W (pp. 749, 861) Xi Jiang [SHEE•JYAHNG] River in southern Tripoli [TRIH•puh•lee] Capital city of Libya. Venice [VEHN•ihs] City in northeastern China. 24°N 110°E (p. 241) 32°N 13°E (pp. R3, 385, 448, 479, 767) Italy. 45°N 12°E (pp. 522, 542, 548, Tunis [TOO•nuhs] Capital city of Tunisia. 555, 608, 609, 653, 703, 725, 747) 36°N 10°E (p. 385) Versailles [vuhr•SY] City in north-central Y Tunisia [too•NEE•zhuh] North African coun- France. 48°N 2°E (pp. 714, 716, 722) try on the Mediterrean Sea. 35°N 10°E Vienna [vee•EH•nuh] Capital of Austria. Yathrib [YA•thruhb] Town in Saudi Arabia, (pp. 767, 870) 48°N 16°E (pp. 714, 722, 725, 781, 786). now called Madinah. 24°N 39°E (p. 374) Turkey [TUHR•kee] Country in southeast- Vietnam [vee•EHT•NAHM] Southeast Asian ern Europe and western Asia. 38°N Yellow Sea Arm of the Pacific Ocean bor- country east of Laos and Cambodia. 32°E (pp. R3, R22, 176, 789, 790, 792) dered by China, North Korea, and 18°N 107°E (pp. 847, 849) Turkmenistan [tuhrk•MEH•nuh•STAN] South Korea. 35°N 122°E (pp. R5, Central Vistula [vis•TOO•lah] River Longest river in Asian country on the Caspian Sea. Poland. 52°N 20°E (p. 513) R23, 225, 226, 230, 241, 424, 431, 485, 40°N 56°E (pp. R3, R22, 176) Vladivostok [vluhd•yi•vah•STOK] City of 773, 778, 811, 838) Tuscany [TUS•kuh•nee] Region of northwest extreme southeast Russia. 43°N 131°E Yugoslavia [YOO•goh•SLAH•vee•uh] Eastern Italy. 43°N 11°E (p. 747) (pp. 773, 778) European country south of Hungary; Tyre [TYR] Town in southern Lebanon on Volga [VOL•guh] River River in western includes Serbia and Montenegro. the Mediterranean Sea. 33°N 35°E Russia, longest in Europe. 47°N 46°E (pp. 17, 90, 121, 132, 176, 352, 542) (pp. R3, R5, 424, 425, 513, 540) 44°N 21°E (pp. 790, 832, 897) Tyrrhenian [tuh•REE•nee•uhn] Sea Arm of the Mediterranean Sea near Italy. 40°N 12°E (pp. 263, 609, 653) W Z Gazetteer Wales Principality of the United Kingdom Zama [ZAY•muh] Town in northern Africa. on the western peninsula of the island U 35°N 9°E (p. 274) of Great Britain. 52°N 4°W (p. 757) Uganda [yoo•GAHN•dah] East African coun- Warsaw [WAWR•SAW] Capital of Poland. Zambia [ZAM•bee•uh] Southern African try. 2°N 32°E (pp. 767, 870) 52°N 21°E (pp. 725, 747) country. 14°S 24°E (p. 870) Ukraine [yoo•KRAYN] Eastern European Warsaw, Grand Duchy of Political unit cre- Zanzibar [ZAHN•zuh•bawr] City of Tanzania country west of Russia on the Black ated by Napoleon I in 1807 to restore on Zanzibar Island. 6°S 39°E (p. 767) Sea. 49°N 30°E (pp. R3, R17, 548, 883) Polish lands seized by Prussia. (p. 722) Ulm City in southern Germany on the Washington, D.C. Capital of the United Zhanjiang [JAHN•JYAHNG] City of southeast Danube River. 48°N 8°E (p. 722) States, in the District of Columbia. 39°N China. 21°N 110°E (p. 773) 77°W (p. 744) United Kingdom Western European island Zhou [JOH] Empire in what is now north- Waterloo [WAW•tuhr•LOO] Town in central country made up of England, Scot- ern China. 34°N 110°E (p. 230) land, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Belgium. 51°N 5°E (pp. 714, 722) 57°N 2°W (pp. 722, 725, 781, 786, 790, Wei He [WAY HUH] River in central China. Zimbabwe [zihm•BAH•bway] Southern 891, 832) 34°N 108°E (pp. 225, 226, 230, 241) African country. 18°S 30°E (p. 870)

976 Gazetteer 977-1005_EM_869371 9/23/04 5:03 PM Page 977

Aachen • American Revolution Italicized page numbers refer to illustrations. The following abbreviations are used in the index: m = map, c = chart, p = photograph or picture, g = graph, crt = cartoon, ptg = painting, q = quote

conflicts, 870; European 449, 462; spread of Islam Albanians, 884 A rule of North Africa, 850; to, 464–65, 467; trade and, al Bekri, 462, q462 famine and conflict in, 447, 448, m448, 451, c451. Alcuin, 516 m870; farming in, 13, See also Africa; Axum; Aachen, 516, m516 Alexander II, czar of abacus, 236, p236 m13, 871; geography and East Africa; Ghana, climate of, m445, 445–46, medieval; Mali, Russia, 746 Abbasid Dynasty, 382, 450; growth of cities, 871; medieval; North Africa; Alexander the Great, 95, m383; empire, m383, m397 health care, AIDS, and, Songhai; West Africa 137, 150, 159, 172, 176–79, abbots, 520 871; imperialism in, African National Congress, p177, p180, 180–81, p181, abolitionism, 753, 754 766–67, m767, 768; 852, 872, 873; civil p187, 210, 252; conquests, Abraham, 81; leading independence and, 850; disobedience and, 872, 95, 177, 178; control over Israelites to Canaan, ptg81 Kush, 70–72; modern 873 Judah, 95; empire of, ways of life, 871; m176, 176–78; Hellenistic absolute monarchy, 681, 682 Afrikaners, 768 nationalism in, 850; Era, 178–79, m179; absolutism, 686–89 Nubia, 69–70; Ottoman Agamemnon, 120; gold invasion of western India, Abu al-Abbas, 382 attack of, 384; Portuguese mask of, p119 210; king of Macedonia, Abu Bakr, 380, c381 exploration of, 661; Age of Enlightenment, 176; legacy of, 177–78; Abu Talib, 376 refugees and, 870; 680–89. See also villain or hero, 180, 181 relations with Europeans, Enlightenment Achilles, 177 Alexandria, Egypt, 177, 850; religions today, 463, “Age of Pericles,” 138–47. p178, m178, 179, 183, 305; Acoma, 591 m463, g463; rise of See also Pericles modern, p178 acropolis, 122, 141, p141 civilizations of, 444–53; agora, 122, 123, p139, 143 Alfred, king of Wessex, 535 slave trade and, 472–73, Actium, battle of, 282, p283 Agra, India, 394 Algeria, 357, 766, 850 actors, 160, p160, ptg161, 501 m473, 661, 669; society in, 469–70, 472–73; South, agricultural revolution, 13, Algonquian, 592 acupuncture, 246, c247, 671 851, 852, 872; UN 574–75; in first American algorithms, 216 Adams, John, 698, p698 peacekeeping troops in, civilizations, 574–75; in Alhambra, 394, 646, p646 Neolithic times, 13, m13 Adams, Samuel, 698 870; United States Ali, c381, 382 compared to, c446, m446; agriculture: development of Adena, 580 al-Idrisi, 660 adobe, 591 West Africa, 767; World flood and irrigation War II in, 826. See also systems, 18, 21, 41, 230, Alighieri, Dante, 620 Adriatic Sea, 613 Africa, medieval; Central 417, 503, 577, 579, 591; Allah, 374, 380 Aegean Sea, 120, m134, 328 Africa East Africa; South development of Allende, Salvador, 867 Aeneas, 264 Africa; West Africa techniques in, 18, 41, 199, alliances, 584, 597, 782 Aeneid (Virgil), 264, 304 Africa, medieval, 440–77; 230, 417, 526; early, 13, m13; food surpluses, 15, Allies. See World War I; Aeschylus, 161 Arabic language World War II introduction to, 467; art, 43, 386, 450–51, 503, 577; Aesop, 153, p153, 154, 158, alphabets, 85, 120, 326, 363; 474–75; Bantu migrations, inventions and, 21, 41, p158 Cyrillic, 363, c363; Greek, 469, m469; Christianity 230; Mesoamerican, Aesop’s fables, 158 120, c120; Phoenician, 85, and, 452, 463; community 574–75; Neolithic, 13, c85, 120; Roman, 326 Afghanistan, 881, 892, 893; in, 470; culture, 469, m13. See also farming growth of al-Qaeda, 893; 474–76; education, 470; Aguinaldo, Emilio, 770 Alps, 263, 514 Soviet invasion of, 881; families of, 469–70, p470; Ahmose, prince of Egypt, 61 al-Qaeda, 893 Taliban, 893; terrorism geography, 445–46, 447, AIDS, 871 al-Razi, 391, q391 and, 892 450; Ghana, 448, 461–62; Akbar, ruler of Mogul, 385, Amaterasu, 487, p487 Africa, 13, 41, 68–72, m109, government, 461–62; life 386, p386 ambassadors, 615 121, m121, 178, 274, 357, in, 469–70; Mali, 448–49, 380, m380, 384, 440–77, 462; music and dance, Akhenaton, king of Egypt, Amenhotep IV, pharaoh of 594, 660, 661, m662, 669, p475, 475–76; Muslim 64; religious reformer of Egypt, 64 850–52, 870–73; aftermath influence, 467; rain forest Egypt, 64 American Revolution, of World War I, 850; kingdoms, 450–51; Akihito, emperor of Japan, 690–700, 715; Battle of apartheid and, 852, 872, religion, 452, 463, m463, 487 Saratoga as turning point, 873; Arab states of North c463, 464–65, 467, 469; Akkadians, 23 699; Battle of Yorktown, Africa, 850; Boer War, 768; rise of civilizations of, Alamagordo, New Mexico, 699; colonial government, Central, 41, 72, 767–68; 444–53; role of oral 829 696–97; Declaration of challenges in, 870–72; tradition, 449, 470, 474, Independence, 699; civil wars, 870; culture, 476; role of women in, Alaric, Visigoth leader, 323 factors leading up to, 694, 469, 474–76; early 469, 470, 471; slavery and, Alaska, 573, 590; people and 695, 696–97; first battle of, civilizations of, 68–72; 472–73, m473; society, cultures of, m590 698; impact of on Europe, economies, 870–71; ethnic 469–70, 472–73; Songhai, Albanian Muslims, 884 714, 715; issues of trade

Index 977 977-1005_EM_869371 9/23/04 5:05 PM Page 978

Americas • artifacts

and taxation, 696–97; role Antony, 282, 289 artifacts, 9; preservation art and artisans: African, of France in, 699; Second Anyang, China, 226, c247 techniques, 9; use of 474–75; Anasazi, 579, Continental Congress, Apache, 591 grids, 9 p579; Aztec, ptg586, 587, 699; Treaty of Paris as end ptg587; Chaldean, 30; apartheid, 852, 872, 873; end archaeologists, 9, 10, 20, 486 to, 699 archbishop of Canterbury, Chinese, 229, ptg421, of, 872 421–22, p422, 432, p432; Americas, 568–601, 650, 662; 648 Catholic missionaries to, Apennines, 263 Egyptian, 60, ptg60; Aphrodite, 155, p155 Archimedes, 150, c185, engravings, 625; 650; Europeans in North p185, 186, q186; design of America, m691, 691–94; Apollo, 155, p155 Etruscan, 265, p265, catapult, 186; scientific ptg265; European, 549–50, fall of the Aztec and Inca apostles, 348, 349, p350 contributions of, c185; empires, 593–600; first p550; French, 736, 737; appeasement, 814; failure solid geometry and, 186 frescoes, 624; Greek, 143, Americans, 572–81; first of, 814–15 American civilizations, architecture: Aztec, 586, 162–63, 183; guilds, 503, Appolonius of Rhodes, 574–81; life in the, 582–92; 183 587; Chaldean, 29; Doric, 530; Harappan, 197; pathway to the, 573; apprentices, 530 Ionic, Corinthian columns, Hellenistic Era of, 183; Spanish arrival in, aqueducts, 291, p291, 303, p162, 163; Egyptian, guilds, 503, 530; 594–97, 599–600. See also 309 50–52, 60, 62, 65, p65, 66; impressionism, 737; European, 549–50; Gothic Incan, 588; Japanese, American Revolution; Aquinas, St. Thomas, 550, styles of, 549; Greek, 154, 499–501, 503; Kushite, 69, Aztec Empire; humans, 551, p551; biography, 551; 162–63, 183; Hellenistic ptg69; Mayan, p583; early; Inca Empire; Maya; concept of natural law, Era of, 183; influences on Muslim, 389, 393–94; Mesoamerican 550 modern, 326, 467; Mycenaean, 119; civilizations; Native Arabia, m109, 373–74, Americans; North Japanese, 499–500; Neolithic, c14, 15; oil 380–81, 382–83, 384, m385; Kushite, 71; modern, 325, painting, 625; Paleolithic, America civilizations of; Bedouins, p373, 373; Olmec Empire p325; Muslim, 384, p384, 10, ptg10, 11, c14; realism, culture, 373–74; 380–81; 386, 389, 393–94, 467; 736–37; Renaissance and, Amida, 499 daily life in, 373–74; early, Ottoman, 384, p384; 609–10, 612, 613, 614, 619, Amish, 637, p637 373–84; empires of, Parthenon, p162, c162; 621, 622, ptg622, 623–24, Amon-Re, 71 380–81, 382; fall of Arab Renaissance, 619, Roman, 625–26; Roman, 303–04; Amos, 91, c91 Empire, 383; geography 303–04, 325, p325, 326; romanticism, 736, 737; of, 373; government, 375; Romanesque styles of, sculpture, 60, 163, 183, Anabaptists, 637, p637; past opposition to Islam, and present, 637 549. See also art and 229, 624; Shang dynasty, 374–75; Ottoman attack artisans. 229; Song dynasty, 421, Anasazi, m578, 578–80, 591; of, 384; religion of, 374, Arctic regions, 590 ptg421; Sumerian, 20; use art, 579; cliff dwellings, 380–81; spread of Islam in, of chiaroscuro, 623; use of Ares, 155, p155 578–79, p579; farming, m380, 380–81; teachings perspective in, 623; 579; trade, 579 of Islam, 377–78; trade, Argentina, 866; democratic, woodcuts, 625 866; military control of, anatomy, 305, 676 373, 381; tribal Artemis, 155, p155 organization of, 373. See 866 Andean civilizations: artifacts, 9, p9, 486, 578–79; also Islam; Muslims culture, 588; political Argonautica (Appolonius), Anasazi, p579; Assyrian, structure, 588; social Arabian Nights, The, 393 183 p28; Athenian, p125, p130, structure, 588; religion, Arabian Sea, 195 Argonne Forest, battle of, p142; Aztec, p585, p587, 588 Arabic language, 381, 388, 790 p596; Benin, p450; Andes, 578 390–91, 467; acceptance Arian, q181 Byzantine, p359, p360; anesthesia, 738 of, 381, 390–91, 467; Aristarchus, 185; scientific Chinese, p223, p227, p228, Angles, 514, 535 spread of, 388, 467; trade contributions of, c185 p229, p235, p238, p243, p249; cleaning and Anglican Church, 649, 693 and, 388 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, preservation of, 9; Anglo-Saxons, 514, 535, 536 Arab-Israeli conflict, 864 874–76 Egyptian, p43, p50, p53, Angola, 851 aristocrats, 227, 229, 230, p60, p61, p64, p65, p66; Arabs: after World War I, 233, 236, 242, 244–45, 247 Etruscan, p265; Greek, animism, 490 792; conflict with Aristophanes, 161 p119, p123, p125, p139, Anning, Mary, c739 Israelis, 874–76; division

Index Aristotle, 168, p168, 170, p142, p157, p161; Hopi, annulment, 648 of Palestine and, 874; Ibn p591; hunter-gatherer, Saud unites, 792; Nasser p170, 171, 172, p172, 550; anthropologist, 9 p573; Incan, p588, p599; unites, 874; nationalism biography, 172; “golden anti-apartheid movement, Japanese, p486, p489, of, 792; reaction to mean,” 170, 171; ideas 872, 873 p501; Jomon, p486; Zionist settlers, 792; and influence of, c109, Antigone (Sophocles), 161 c170, 171, 550 Kushite, p71, p72; Mayan, refugee camps, 874; p584, p585; medieval Antioch, Syria, 541, 542 states in North Africa, Ark of the Covenant, 83, p83 African, p450, p470, p473; Antiochus, 96 850; terrorism and, 879 Mesopotamian, p18, p19, anti-Semitism, 548, 809 Arafat, Yasir, 875, 879, p879 Arkwright, Richard, 727 p20, p21, p24, p25; Antoinette, Marie, queen archaeological dig, 9, p9; armistice, 790 Minoan, p118; Moche, of France, 716, 718, p718 care and cleaning of Arsenal, 613 p577; Mohenjo-Daro,

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artisans • banking

p196; Mound Builder, Asoka, emperor of c140; economy, 143; Axum, 72, c451, m451, c451, p580; Neolithic Age, p12, Mauryan empire, 211, education in, 128–129; fall 452; economy, c451, 452; p14; Noh, p501; Olmec, 212, p212, 213; biography, of, 145–46; “Golden Age,” government, 452; p575; Paleolithic Age, 212; first Buddhist king, 141; government of, 124, location, c451; religion, ptg10; Persian, p132; Qin 211; political and moral 126, 129–30, 139–40, c140; c451, 452; rise of, 452; dynasty, p243; Roman, achievements of, 211, homes in, 142, p142; life in, trade, c451, 452 p267, p307, p309, p319, 212; reign of, c109, 211 128–29, 142–44; Macedon- Aztec Empire, 577, 585–87, p334; Shang dynasty, Aspalta, king of Kush, 71 ian invasion of, 175; men 596–97; architecture of, p227, p228, p229; Yayoi, Aspasia, 144 of, 143; Peloponnesian ptg586, 587, p587; city of p486; Zhou dynasty, p223, War and, m144, 144–46; Tenochtitlán, 586, 587, p229, p249 assembly, government, Persian Wars, m134, 129, 130, 139, c140 p586; class structure, artisans, 20, 30, 43, 45, 51, 134–37; “school of 587; culture, 585–87, Assyria, 27–28. See also 389, 451, 499–500, 715. Greece,” 140, 141; slavery p587; daily life, p586, Assyrians See also art and artisans in, 142; soldier’s oath, 587; defeat of by Aryabhata, 215 Assyrians, 26, 27–28, m28, 122; Sparta as compared Spanish, 596–97, 598; 67, 71; Chaldeans and, 28; to, 125–30; trade and, 143; Aryans, 198–201; caste disease and, 597; culture of, 28; empire of, tyranny in, 125–26; under system, 200–01; changes government, 585–86; 27, 28, m28, 90; fall of rule of Pericles, 140, 141; brought by, 199; oral tradition of, 586; empire, 28; fall of Israel women in, 143, p143, 144 development of Sanskrit, religious beliefs and and, 91; government of, 199, c199; Hinduism atomic bomb, 829–30; practices, 586, 587, 597; 28; invasion of Egypt, 71; and, 202, 203; invasion bombing of Hiroshima, rise of empire, 585–86; iron-making, 71; life in, of India, 108, c194, p829, 829–30; bombing role of men and women, 28; religion of, 28; 198–99; migration of, of Nagasaki, 830; 587; slavery, 587; social Samaritans, 91–92; m198; nomadic life of, building of, 829. See also classes, 587; trade, warriors, 27, p27, 28; 198; religion of, 203; role nuclear weapons 576–77; warfare, 587, weaponry of, 27 of men and women, 201; atomic theory, 738–39 596; weapons, p585, p596 society of, 199–201, c200 astrolabe, 391, p391, 659, Aton, 64 p659 Ashikaga shogunate, 496, Augustine, Saint, 356, B 497 astronomers, 30, 51, 185, p357; biography, 357 Ashikaga Takauji, 496 671, 672, 673–75. See also astronomy; science Augustulus, Romulus, Babylon, 22, 23, 29–30, 94, Asia, 13, m13, 39, 60, 64, 65, emperor of Rome, 324 astronomy, 21, 30, 51, 185, 95, 102, 132, m132, m176, 66, m109, 178, 276, 343, Augustus, emperor of 177; building of city, 23; 411, 418, 554, 573, 594, 216, 391, 585, c670, 671, 672, 673–75; astrolabe, Rome, 282–83, q287, capture of, 30, 132; center 611–12, 650, 659, 666, 287–88, 289, p289, q289, of science, 30; city of, 23, 890–91; “Asian Tigers,” 391, p391; building the pyramids and, 51; q297, 343; achievements 29–30; exile of Jews to, 94; 890; Black Death in, m554; of, 287–88; biography, Hanging Gardens of, 29, Catholic missionaries to, calendar, 21, 30, 51, 585; Copernican Armillary 289; government of, 288; p29; Ishtar Gate as main 650; central, 119, 208, 231, legal system and, 288 entrance to, p30; life in, 343, 383, 411, 418; early Sphere, p671; develop- Aung San Suu Kyi, 847 29–30; trade, 30 farming in, 13, m13; East, ment of scientific 890–91; economies, instruments, 675; Auschwitz, 827 Bach, Johann Sebastian, 890–91; European trade geocentric theory of, 671; Austria, 687, 688, m688, 686–87, p687 in, m667; French control heliocentric theory of the 716, 718, 723, 746, 747, Bacon, Francis, 678–79; of sea trade of, 666; universe, 674; planetary 791, 815; Congress of development of Northwest, 384; search movement, 674–75; Vienna, 723; growth of, scientific method, 679 for sea route to, 594; Scientific Revolution and, m688; Hapsburg rulers bacteria, 738 673–75; telescope, p674, Southeast, 206, 213, 435; of, 688; Hitler’s invasion Baghdad, 382, 383, 388, Southwest, 39, 178, 179, 675; used for planting of, 815; nationalist and harvesting, 585; used 391, 426 418, 426; trade and, 231, movement in, 746; Index balance of power, m246, 246–47, 388, 417–18, for predicting eclipses, nation-state of, 791; war 782, 787 435, 659, 666, m667; 585. See also science with France, 716, 718 Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, western, 60, 65, m109, Atahualpa, emperor of Austria-Hungary, 781, 782, 599 121, m121. See also China; Inca, 599–600; defeat of 783, 784, 791; assassina- Balfour Declaration, 792 East Asia; Mongol by Pizarro, 600 tion of Ferdinand, 783, Balkan League, 783 Empire; Silk Road; Atatürk, 792; modernization 784; Balfour Declaration, Balkan Peninsula, m117, 884 Southeast Asia of Turkey, 792 792; crisis in the Balkans, Balkans, 783, 784, 791, 884; Asia Minor, m117, 120, 783; declaration of war Athena, 112, p129, p155, 155 breakup of Yugoslavia, m121, 132, m132, 133, on Serbia, 784; end of the Athens, p112, c124, m125, 884 134, 137, 139, 146, 177, empire, 791; Treaty of 126, 128–30, 139–47; Baltic Sea, 539 349, 384, 541, 542 artifacts of, p125, p129, Versailles, 791 Asia Pacific Economic p142; culture of, 128–29, ayatollah, 878 Balzac, Honoré de, 737 Corporation (APEC), 890 140, 142–44; democracy Axis powers. See World Bangladesh, 845 Askia, Muhammad, 465 and, 126, 129–30, 139–40, War II. banking, 549, 612–13

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Bantu • Burundi

Bantu, 469–70; culture, 469; Bill of Rights: English, 682, bourgeoisie, 715 363; textile industry in, families, 469–70; 700; United States, 700 Boxer Rebellion, c758, 774, 726; trade, 772; travel by migrations, m469; oral bin-Laden, Osama, 893 p774 early railroad in, 726–27, history of, 470 p726–27; Triple Entente, bishops, 355, c355, 363, boyars, 539 782; urbanization of, 732; barbarians, 435 641, 649 Boyle, Robert, 676, c676 barter, 319, 529 voting rights in, 745, 746; Bismarck Otto von, 748, Brahma, c204 war with Napoleon, 720; Basil, 363 p748 Brahman, 203–04 Winston Churchill, 816, Bastille, c714, 716, 717; Black Death, m554, c555, Brahmans, 200, p200 q816, 817, p817, 826, p826, attack of, 716, 717, p717 ptg554, 554–55, m555, Brazil, 751, 866; coffee 833, p833, q833; women 609; impact on global Bay of Pigs, Cuba, 863 cultivation in past and in, 734, 746; World War II bazaar, p388, 389 population, 555; spread present, 867, c867, p867; and, 815–16, 825–26, 828. of, m554, 554–55, m555 Bedouins, p373, 373 democratic, 866; See also England Black Hand, Beethoven, Ludwig Van, 736 784 economy, 866; Britain, battle of, 816 independence, 751 Begin, Menachem, 876; Black Sea, 328, 659 British Royal Niger Camp David Accords, 876 Blair, Tony, 891 Brethren, 637 Company, 766; “Standard Treaty,” 766 Beijing, China, 428 blockade, 787, 834–35; Brezhnev, Leonid, 881, p881; SALT, 881; talks Bronze Age, 15 Belgium, 625, 767–68, 784; British of Germany, 787; with Nixon, 881 Congo, 768; Northern Soviet of West Berlin, Brutus, 281, p281 Renaissance in, 625; 834–45 Britain, 291, 363–64, 514, bubonic plague, 554–55. rubber trade, 767–68; Bodhidharma, 500, p500 520, 700, 720, 725–28, 729, See also Black Death World War I, 784 bodhisattvas, 208 763–68, 772, 781, 782, 784, Buddha, the, 205–06, p207, 785–86, 787, 792; Battle of Belize, 583 Boers, 768 207, p211, q219, p412, Britain, 816; blockade of p431, p493 Bell, Alexander Graham, Boer War, 768 Germany, 787; Boer War, Buddhism, 205–06, 208, 730 Bolivar, Simón, 749, 750, 768; British inventions, 248, 412–13, 489, 492–93, Belorussians, 539 p750, q750; biography, 750 726, 727–28; building an 499; Eightfold Path, 206, empire, 763–68; Burma Benedict, 363, q367 Bolivia, 862 208; “Enlightened One,” and, 847; Chartists, 745; Ben-Gurion, David, 874, 875 Bologna, Italy, 550 205; first Buddhist king, Conservative Party, 746; Benin empire, 450, 451; 211; Four Noble Truths Bonaparte, Napoleon, p719, control of countries after artists, 451; farming, 450; of, 206; government and, 719–21, p721, q721, 722; World War I, 792; control trade, 451 208; in China, 248, biography, 721; of West Africa, 767; 412–13; in India, 205–06; Bentham, Jeremy, 735 Continental System, 720; democracy in, 745–46; in Japan, 413, 489, Benue River, 469 defeat of, 722; empire of, economy of, 725–27; 492–93, 499; in Korea, 720–22, m722; Grand empire in India, 764–65; Berbers, 447, 448, 449 413; Mahayana, 208, 499; Army, 722; legal, finance, enclosure movement Beringia, 573, m573 moral teachings of, tax systems of, 720; and, 726; everyday life in, Bering, Vitus, 573 205–06; nirvana, 205, limitations of freedoms 726; geography of, 727; 208; Noh plays used to Berlin Wall, 835, p835, 882 under, 720; military Gladstone’s political teach, 501; Pure Land, Bernard of Clairvaux, 545 victories of, 720; reforms, 745–46; 499; reincarnation and, Napoleonic Code, 720; Government of India Act, Bessemer, Henry, 728 206, 208; sects of, 499; in rise of, 719–20 843; India’s fight for Bethlehem, 346 Southeast Asia, 206, 208; Book of Epodes, The independence, 843–44; Bhagavad Gita, “Song of spread of, c109, 206, 208, (Horace), Industrial Revolution in, the Lord,” 214, 844; 304 412–13; Theravada, 206; 725–28, 729; invasion of, influence of on Gandhi, Book of the Dead, 49, 50 Zen, 499 363, 364, 514; Labour 844 Borneo, 847 Party, 746, 840; Liberal building techniques, 19, Bible: Christian, 344, 346, Bosnia, 783, 784; Party, 745–46; Malay and, 28, 29, 51, 52, 162, 196, 349; first English assassination of Franz 847; militarism and, 782; 197, 303, 325, 326, 333. translation of, 635; Ferdinand, 783, 784 Munich Conference, 815; See also architecture Gutenberg, 620, 621; Austria-Hungary’s national health care, 840; Bulgaria, 783, 882; as World Index Hebrew, 81, 82, 94, 95, takeover of, 783 natural resources of, 727; War I Central Power, 784 96, 99, 348, 350; moral Bosnia-Herzegovina, 884; navy, 782; Opium War, Bulge, battle of, 828 teachings of, 377; New Dayton peace agreement, 772; Parliament of, 726, Buonarroti, Michelangelo, Testament, 356; 884; ethnic cleansing in, 729, 745, c745, 843; policy Reformation and, 636, p618, 623, 624; La Pieta, 894; overthrow of of appeasement, 814, 815; p623; painting of the 637; stained glass as Milosevic, 884 population growth in, 727; picture, 550; translation Sistine Chapel ceiling, Bosnian Serbs, 783, 784 rivalry with Germany, 624; David, 624 of into vernacular, 634, 782; Royal Air Force, 816; Boston, Massachusetts, written copies of, 520. 697 salt tax, 843; socialist bureaucracy, 229, 687 See also Hebrew Bible Boston Massacre, 697, p696 political parties, 736; Burma, 847 “Big Three,” 826, p826, 833 Boston Tea Party, 697, ptg697 spread of Christianity to, Burundi, 870

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Bush, George H.W. • China

Bush, George H.W., 892 calendar, Chaldean seven- Cartier, Jacques, 664 Chaldeans, 29–30; Babylon, Bush, George W., 892, 894; day week, 30; develop- cartography, 660; impact of 29–30; Babylonian policies, 892; war on ment of, 21, 30, 51, p118, printing press and, 660 captivity of the Jews terror, 894 p147, 281; Egyptian 365- Cartwright, Edmund, 727 and, 92; empire of, day, 51; Julian 12-month, 29–30, 90; fall of, 30; first Bushido, 494, 495, 496 Cassatt, Mary, 737 365-day, leap year, 281; calendar, 30; rulers of business: capital investment Mayan, 365-day, 585; Cassius, 281 Judah, 92; science and, 30 in, 726, 729; corporations, Minoan, p118, p147; caste, 199 728; foreign holdings, Chamberlain, Neville, 815 Muslim, 375; Sumerian 861, 862, 863, 865; caste system, c200, 199–201; Champlain, Samuel de, 692 12-month, 21 Buddhism and, 206; partnerships, 728 Changan’s Royal Palace, California: immigration to, Hinduism and, 204; social Byzantine Church, 359–61; 418, p418 754; Mexico and, 752; levels of, c200, 200–01 iconoclasts, 360; pope as Changan, Tang, p418 natural resources of, 591; Castro, Fidel, 836, p836, head of, 360. See also Chang Jiang (Yangtze Byzantine Empire people and cultures of, c860, 863, p863; Cuban m590, 591 Missile Crisis, 836 River), 225, m225, 242, Byzantine Empire, 324, 410 327–34, 359–60, m383, Caligula, emperor of Rome, catacombs, 353, p353 288, p288; reign and Çatal Hüyük, 14 Charlemagne, emperor of 539, 541, 543, 611, 659; art Rome (Charles the accomplishments of, c288 cataracts, and architecture of, 333, 39, 40 Great), 360, ptg515, caliphs, 380, c381, 382, 383; p333; culture of, 328, 334; cathedrals, 549 515–16, p516, 517, p517; achievements of, c381; Eastern Orthodox view Catherine the Great, queen biography, 517 of church-state relations, Rightly Guided, c381 of Russia, 689, ptg689 Charles I, king of 359; economy, 333; calligraphy, 421, 501 Catherwood, Frederick, 583 England, 681, 693 education in, 334; Calvinism, 640–41, 644, Catholic Church. See Charles V, Holy Roman government, 329–30; 646, 649 Hagia Sophia, p332, 333; Christian Church; Emperor, 639 Calvin, John, q640, p640, icons, 359–60; importance Christianity; Roman Chaucer, 620 of Constantinople, 328; 640–41, p641, 644, 646; Catholic Church ideas of, 640–41, 646 Chechnya, 883; war with influences of Greek cats, in ancient Egypt, 64 Russia, 883 culture on, 328–29, 334; camels, 447, p447, 465; trade caudillos, 751 chemistry, 391, 676; Justinian, emperor of, and, 447, p447 cause and effect, discovery of basic 329–30; military, 330; Camp David Accords, 876 understanding, 482–83 elements of substances, mosaics, 333; Muslim Canaan, 81, 82, 84–85, 132; Cayuga, 592 676; discovery of attack of, 541; political battle, 84; Promised Celts, 514, 535 hydrogen, carbon structure, 328, 329–30, 334; Land, 84–85 rise of, 328; religion and censors, government, 241 dioxide, oxygen, 676; Canaanites, 84 founder of, 391 government, 359, 360; census, c381, 432, 492, 536; Roman Catholic view of Canada, 590 Domesday Book, 536; Cherokee, 592; law code church-state relations, Canterbury, England, 364, for military service, 492; of, 592 359; rulers of, 329–30, 520 for taxation, 492 Chiang Kai-shek, 775, 837; 331; social structure, 328, Canterbury Tales, The Central Africa, 41, 72, as leader of China, 837; 333–34; trade in, 332–33; (Chaucer), 620 m767, 767–68; Belgian as leader of Taiwan, 837; women of, 333–34 Cape Colony, South control of, 767–68; nationalist government of Byzantium, Greece, 320 Africa, 768 European imperialism in, 775 Capet, king of France, 538 767–68; Leopold II and, chiaroscuro, 623 767–68; trade, 767–68 C Cape Town, South Africa, child labor, 733, p733, 742, 768, 871, p871, 873 Central America, 575–77, 743 863–65; climate and Cabot, John, 663–64 capital, 726, 729 Chile, 862, 867; democracy, geography, 575; Cuban 867; Pinochet’s Caesar, Julius, 280–82, caravans, Index 30, 373, 388, 447, Revolution, 863; develop- dictatorship, 867; p281, ptg284, 284–85; p447, 465 ment of trade in, 575, assassination of, 281, nationalization of caravel, 660 576, 577; development of industry, 867 ptg284; creation of Julian urban societies in, Cárdenas, Lázaro, 864, China: art of, 229, ptg421, calendar, 281; dictator of 575–76; dictators, 863–64; p864, 865 421–22, p422, p432, p436, Rome, 281, 285; military problems in, 863–65. See Caribbean Sea, 594 c758, 771–75, 837, 885; campaigns of, 280–81, also Aztec Empire; Latin Boxer Rebellion, c758, p281; reformer, 281, 284; Carpathian Mountains, 539 America; Mexico rise to power, 281 774; Buddhism in, 248, Carpathians, 514 Central Powers. See World Caffa, Italy, 555 412–13; changes in, 248; Carter, Howard, 65 War I Christian missionaries to, Cahokia, 581; mounds, p581 Carter, Jimmy, 876, 881; Chaco Canyon, New p435, 435–36; cities, 412, Cahuilla, 591 Camp David Accords, 876 Mexico, 579; Anasazi p412, 418, p418; civil Cairo, Egypt, 52, 388, 392 Carthage, state of, m274, settlement of 579 service examinations in, Calakmul, 585 274–76, 357 Chaeronea, battle of, 176 244, 414–15, 432, 774; civil

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Chin dynasty • civilizations, first

war, 248; communist, 837, philosophers and knowledge and, 520; cities: councils, 530; danger 885–86; Confucianism, thinkers, 235–39, c238; priests, 355, c355; of fire in, 531; emergence 235, c109, 236–39, c238, political structures of, Reformation and, 634–37, and rise of, 18, 196, 581; 413–14; Cultural 227, 229–30, 234, 235, 639, 640–41, 642–46, government of, 197, 530; Revolution, 885; culture 238–39, 247, c247, 248; 648–50; role of monks growth of, 528–29, 732, of, 226–29, 230–31, c247, printing, 419–20; Qin and missionaries, 362, 861, 871; Industrial 420–22, 432; Daoism, 238, dynasty, m241, 241–43, 363, 364, 435–36, 519–21, Revolution and, 732, c238; development of 772, 774; Red Guards, 539, 650; schism in, 361. 733, 743; life in, 530–31, flood control systems and 885; religion and, c109, See also Byzantine 733, 743, 871; medieval irrigation systems, 230, 227–28, 230, c247; return Church; Christianity; European, 528–30; c247, 417; discovery of of Hong Kong and Eastern Orthodox planning of, 196–97, 575, coal and steel, 418–19; Macau to, 886; Church; religion; Roman 733, 743; pollution of, discovery of gunpowder, reunification of, 409–11; Catholic Church 531; shantytowns, 871, 420; discovery of the roles of men and women, Christianity, 81, 83, 91, 326, p871. See also city-states compass, 420, 659; 227, 234–35; scholar 338–65, 545–47, 635–37, citizens, 123, 140, 700; Bill of dynasties, 226–29, 229–31, officials in, 414–15, p415; 639–41, 643–46, 648–50; Rights and, 700; fair 241–43, 244–49, m409, Shang dynasty, 226–29; apostles and, 348, 349; treatment of, 700; c409, 409–12; early, 14, Silk Road, c109, 246–47, Battle of Tours and, 515; natural law and, 681–82; c108, c109, m109, c220, c247, 417; society of, beliefs of, 350, 550; responsibilities of, 145, 220–48; economic 233–34, 415, 416–22; Song Christian humanism, 634; 326; rights of, 122–23, 129, structures of, 411, 417–18, dynasty, c409, m411, first Christians, 348–50; 130, 140, 145, 681, 682, 885–86; education in, 244, 411–12; spheres of growth and spread of, 734; Roman ideas about, 414–15, 432, 774; influence in, m773, 348, m352, 361–64, 359, 326 European arrival in, 773–74; Sui dynasty, c409, 519–21, 650; influence of citizenship, 122–23; 435–46; explorations of 409–11; Sun Yat-sen’s Judaism on, 81, 83, 91, 95; comparing American the world, 433–36; three-stage plan, 774; Tai Jesus of Nazareth and, and Athenian, c140; families of, 234–35; Ping Rebellion, 773; Tang 344–47, 350; legalization development of idea of, farming in, 227, 230, dynasty, m409, c409, 411, of, 354; martyrs, 353; 122; Greek, 122; 233–34, 417, 432; first 412, 413; taxation, 774; missionaries, 362, p362, qualifying for, 122–23, civilizations, 224–31; force technological 363, 364, 435–36, 520–21, 130; soldiers and, 123 of nationalists to Taiwan, innovations, 418–20; 539, 650; origins of, 326; 837; foreign business in, Tiananmen Square, 886; City of God, The persecution of Christians, (Augustine), 356 886; four Chinese trade, 231, m246, 246–47, 353; Reformation and, dynasties, c247; Four 388, 417–18, 435, 772; use 648–50; religious orders city-states: East African, Modernizations, 885–86; of pest control, 235; U.S. in, 545–46; revolution in, 452, 453; geography, 19, geography, m225, 225–26; Open Door Policy and, 635–37, 639–41, 643–46; 122, 611, 613; government reforms, 773; 774; villages of, p233, Rome’s adoption of, 354, government of, 20, 126, Han dynasty, m241, 233–34; writing, 228; Xia 519; salvation and, 350, 128, 129–30, 614–15, 616, 244–46; Huang He valley, dynasty, 226; Zhou 636. See also Byzantine 617; Greek, 122–23, 225, 226, m226; dynasty, 229–31. See also Church; Christian 125–30, 136–37, 139, immigrants to America, individual listings for Church; Eastern 144–46, 175; Italian, 754; important leaders of, dynasties Orthodox Church; m609, 611–13, 614–15, c247; inventions of, Chin dynasty. See Qin religion; Roman Catholic 616–17; Mayan, 584; 230–31, 245–46, 419–20, dynasty Church Mesopotamian, 19; 659; language of, 228, oligarchies versus Chirac, Jacques, 891 c247; Legalism, 235, 239, Christmas, 346 democracies in, 126; c238; life in ancient China, chocolate, 595; making, Chumash, 591 Persian Wars and, 232–39, p233, p235, 248; 595, p595 Churchill, Winston, 816, 134–37; Philip II and, 175; life in during the Cultural Christian Church, 351–56; q816, 817, p817, 826, Sumerian, 19; trade and, Revolution, 885; literature c351, m351, c355, 545–48; p826, 833, p833, q833; 452, 453, 611–14; value of, of, 420–21; major changes archbishops, 355, c355; biography, 817; concern 616–17; wealth of, 611–12 in, 248; Mandate of bishops, 355, c355; abut Soviets, 833, q833; civil disobedience, 843, Heaven, 230; middle Byzantine Church, World War II and, 816, 872, 873 Index ages, 404–37; military, 359–61; clergy, 355; 817, 826 Civilian Conservation 231, 235; Ming dynasty, diocese, 355; early, Church of England, 648–49 Corp (CCC), 807 430–36; Mongol invasion 355–56; gospels, 355–56; Cicero, 282, p282, q228, 283; and rule of, m424, 424–29; hierarchy, 355; laity, 355, civilization, 17 ideas as influence on nationalism in, 771–75; c355; medieval, 546–47; civilizations, first, 4–15, 17; Neolithic Age villages, 14; organization of, 355, U.S. Constitution, 283 comparing Neolithic and numbering system, c236; c355; patriarchs of, 355; Cincinnatus, Lucius, Paleolithic Ages, c14; Opium War, 772; persecution of Jews, 547; Quinctius, dictator of early human, 8–15; outbreak and spread of persecution of Muslims, Rome, 271, 272, p272; first empires, c26, m26, Black Death in, 554–55; 558; pope, 356; biography, 272 26–30; hunter-gatherers, papermaking and, 245; preservation of Cistercian order, 545 10, c14, 573, 574, p574,

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civil rights movement • Crusades

580; Mesopotamian, c16, Cold War, 831–41, 880–86; communism, 735, 796, 354, ptg354; biography, m16, 16–23, m17; beginnings of, 832–36; 832–34, 836, 837–40, 321; Edict of Milan, 354; Neolithic people, 12, building of the Berlin 882–883, 885–86; Asia, first Christian emperor, m13, 13–15, c14; Wall, 835; causes of, 837–38; 885–86; collapse 321, 354 Paleolithic people, 10–11, 832–33; communist of in Soviet Union, 883; Constantinople, 320, p328, c14. See also humans, revolution in China, 837; Cuba, 863; Eastern 384, 543; importance of, early Neolithic Age; Cuban Missile Crisis, Europe, 833, 882; impact 328; location of, 328 Paleolithic Age of Marshall Plan and 836, m836; division of constitutional monarchy, m834 Truman Doctrine on, 834; civil rights movement, Germany, 833, , 716, 778 840, 841; Eisenhower 834–35; end of, 880–86; policy of containment constitutions, 488, 694, and, 840; Johnson and, Europe during, m832, and, 834; Soviet Union, 700. See also United 840–41; Kennedy and, 839–40; fall of Soviet 882–83; spread of, 832–34, States Constitution 840; Martin Luther King Union, 881–83; 836, 837–40. See also Cold Jr. as leader of, 840 formation of NATO, 835; War; Soviet Union consuls, 269–70 civil service exam, 244, Korean War, 837; life in Communist Manifesto, The, containment, 834 411, 414, 415, 774; Eastern Europe during, (Engels, Marx), 735, q735 context clues, using, 152–53 839–40; life in the U.S. replacing, 774; taking comparing: American and convents, 545 the, ptg244, p414 during, 840–41; Athenian and Marshall Plan, 834, 840; Copernicus, Nicolaus, 674, Civil War, 752–54; democracy, c140; coffee nuclear weapons build- c676 abolitionism and, 753; cultivation, past and up, 836; Potsdam and corporations, 728, 862; economy of the North, present, c867; Hong Yalta meetings, 833; multinational, 862 753; economy of the Kong, past and present, space exploration Cortés, Hernán, 596–97, South, 752–53; effects of, c775; jury system, past during, 836, 839, c839, 598, p598, 664; biography, 753–54; slavery and, 753 and present, c536; p839; spread of Neolithic and Paleolithic 598; defeat of the Aztec, clans, 461, 487, 493, 494; communism, 832–34, ages, c14; women in the 597; invasion of Cuba war between, 494–95 836, 837–40; Truman workforce, past and and Mexico, 596–97, 598 Claudius, emperor of Doctrine, 834; U.S. present, c734 Cort, Henry, 727–28 Rome, 288, p288; reign foreign policy of comparing and cottage industry, 667, and accomplishments containment, 834, 837; contrasting, 442–43 725–26 of, c288 Warsaw Pact, 835 compass, 420, 659, p659 cotton mills, 727 Cleisthenes, 130 collectivization, 810 computers, 888, p888; Clemenceau, Georges, 791, Council of Trent, 643, p643 Colombia, 770, 861, 868; Internet and, 889; parts p791 councils, 530, 614 building of Panama of, 688, p688; using, 888, Counter-Reformation, Cleopatra VII, queen of Canal and, 770; civil war, p889 Egypt, 282 868; drug trade, 868’; 643–46 concentration camps, 827, U.S. involvement in, 868 counts, 516 clergy, 355, 538, 546, 715, 716 p827 colonies: English, 692–94, coup d’etat, 720 Clinton, Bill, 892; balanced Concert of Europe, 723 budget, 892; policies of, 763–65, 767, 768, 847; Courbet, Gustave, concordat, 521 737; 892 European in Africa, The Stonebreakers, ptg739 766–68; French, 692, confederations, 592 Clive, Robert, 764 courts, 516 766, 767; German, 767; Confessions (Augustine), Cloud Messenger, The Greece, ancient 121, 356, 357 court token, p129 (Kalidasa), 215 m121, 179; Confucianism, 235, 236, covenant, 82 Clovis, king of Franks, imperialism and, 763–68; q236, 238, c238, 413–15, Coyas, 588 514–15 mercantilism and, 666; 488; neo-, 414–15 Crassus, 280, p280 coal, 418–19, 726, 727, 730, Roman, 281; Southeast Confucius (Kongfuzi), 236, Crete, 118, 119, 120, m121, 733; child miners, p733; Asia, 847; Spanish, q236, 237, p237, q237, 238, 164, 165, 166

discovery of, 418–19; 691–92 Index p238, 413, 414; biography, coal-mining industry, crier, 394 colony, 763 237; develops philosophy 419, 726, 727; inventions Croatia, 884 Colorado, 578 in China, c109 and, 726, 727, 730; steam Croesus, king of Lydia, 156 Colosseum, 303, 305, p305 Congo River, 446 locomotive and, 726 crop rotation, 526 code of chivalry, 526 Columbian Exchange, Congress of Vienna, 723 m668, 668–69 crucifixion, 347 Code of Hammurabi, 23, connections, making, Columbus, Christopher, 114–15 Crusades, 541–43, m542; 24–25, p25; fair or cruel, causes of, 541; course of, p594, 594–95, 662 “Conquest and Aftermath” 24–25. See also 541–43; creation of comedies, 160–61, 183, 304 (Díaz), q596 Hammurabi Christian states during, Code of Justinian. See commerce, 666 conquistadors, 595, 664 542; First Crusade, 541; Justinian Code Common Sense (Paine), 699 conscription, 778 Fourth Crusade, 543; coffee: cultivation past and communication: Constantine, emperor of impact on feudalism, present, 867, p867 inventions and, 730 Rome, 320, 321, p321, 543; impact on trade,

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Cuba • dynasty

543; Second Crusade; currency, 294 Deborah, 84 dhow, p452, 452 542; Seige of Jerusalem, Cuzco, 578, 588, 589 debt: Latin American, 862, diamonds: trade in South p541; Third Crusade, Cyrillic alphabet, 363, c363 c862; Africa, 768 542–43 Cyrus, king of Persia, 94 Deccan Plateau, 195 Diamond Sutra, 419 Cuba, 769, 836, 863, 892; Cyrus the Great, p131, Declaration of Diaspora, 96, 474 American control of Independence, 698, wealth in, 863; Bay of 132–33 Díaz, Porfirio, 864, p864, q698, 699–700 Pigs, 863; Cuban Missile Czechoslovakia, 791, 815, 865; Revolution of 1911 Crisis, 836; Cuban 839–40, 882; communism Declaration of the Rights and, 865 Revolution, 863; in, 840; free elections, 882; of Man and the Citizen, Dickens, Charles, 737 economy, 863, 866; leadership of Dubcek, 716, p716 dictators, 271, 272, 808–12, independence, 863, 892; 839–40; nation-state of, deforestation, 890 862, 863, 864, 866, 867, rebellion against Spain, 791; Nazi invasion of, Degas, Edgar, 737 878; Iranian, 878; 769; spread of 815; revolution in, 882 de Gaulle, Charles, 840 Latin American, 862, 863, communism to, 863; deism, 685 864, 866, 867, 878; rise of state sponsor of D after World War I, 808–12; terrorism, 892 deity, 49 totalitarianism, 808 “Cuba Appears,” 866, q866 Delacroix, Eugène, 736 da Gama, Vasco, 661 Diderot, 685 Cuban Missile Crisis, 836, Delhi, India, 385 Dahia al-Kahina, queen of Diesel, Rudolf, 730 m836 Delian League, 139, 140 Africa, 470 diocese, 355 Cuban Revolution, 863 Delos, c138, 139 Daimler, Gottlieb, 730 Diocletian, emperor of Cultural Revolution, 885, Delphi, 150, 156; oracle of daimyo, 496–97, 503, 777 Rome, 320, 354 p885; Four Olds, 885; Apollo, 156, p156; Dalai Lama, 208 diplomacy, 615; Italian Red Guards, 885 temple at, p150 city-states as basis for culture: African, 870–71; Dalton, John c739 delta, 39 modern, 615 African, medieval, 469, Damascus, Syria, 348, 380, Demeter, 155 direct democracy, 138, c140 474–76; Athenian, 128–29, 382, m383, 388, 393 democracy, 126, 129–30, disciples, 344 140, 142–44; Aztec, Daniel, 95, p95 808, 863, 866, 867, 882, 585–87; Chinese, 226–29, Discourse on Method Dante. See Alighieri, Dante 886, 887, 891; American (Descartes), 678 230–31, c247, 420–22, 432, vs. Athenian, c140; 772–75, 885–86; Eastern Danton, Georges-Jacques, discussion questions, 717 Athenian, 128–30, Woodlands, m590, 592; 139–40, c140, 145; 802–03 Danube River, 292, 513, 539 East German, 835; demands for in China, Disraeli, Benjamin, 746 Egyptian, 39–40, 41–42, Dao (Tao), 230, 238, 248 886; direct, 138, 139, Divine Comedy, The c44, 43–44, 45, 46, 51, 60, Dao De Jing (Laozi), 238, c140; Eastern European, (Dante), 620 61; Europe, medieval, q251 882; growth of in Latin 526–28, 549–50, 552; doctrine, 355 Daoism, c238, 238–39, 421 America, 862, 866; power Greek, ancient, 118, 119, doge, 614 of, 145; representative, 120, 154–63, 168–73, Darius, king of Persia, 138, 139, c140, 537, 538; domesticate, 13 182–87; Gupta, 213, p133, 133–35, 137 South Korean, 891; Dominican Republic, 594, 214–16; Inca, 588; Indian, Dark Age, of Greece, 120; Soviet Union and, 887; 862 213, 214–16, 843, 848; recovery from, 121, 122 values of, 808 Dominicans, 546, 550, 551 Japan, medieval, 499–500, Darwin, Charles, 739, c739, Democratic Republic of Dorians, 120, 126 503; Latin American, 861, 741, p741 the Congo, 851, 870 drama, 160; actors in, 160, 864, 866, 867; Ming David, king of Israel, 87, Demosthenes, 175, p175, p160, ptg161, 501; Greek, dynasty, 432; Minoan, ptg87, 88, p88, 89, 99, q175 160–61; Japanese, 501; 118, 119; Muslim, 388–90, 343; anointing of with playwrights, 161, 626; p389, p390; Neolithic, c14; oil, ptg87; biography, 88; Deng Xiaoping, 885–86; Paleolithic, c14; Shang tragedies and comedies, unification of tribes of economic reforms of, dynasty, 227–28; Soviet 160–61, 626 Israel, 88; warrior, 88, 89 885–86 Union, 839; Sparta, denomination, 636; Dreiser, Theodore, 737 126–27, p127; spread of, David (Michelangelo), 624 Index creation of new 636 Dubcek, Alexander, 839 178, 183–86; Sumerian, da Vinci, Leonardo, p618, depression, 806. See also duke, 614 19, 20–21; Tang dynasty, 621, 622, p622, 623–24; Great Depression 420–21; United States, artist, 621, 622, ptg622, duma, 793, 794 860–61 623–25; biography, 622; Descartes, René, 678 Duo Fu, 420–21, q421 cuneiform writing, 20, 21, notebooks of, 621, p621, despots, 687 Dürer, Albrecht, 625–26; p25; tablet, p21 622; scientist, 621, 622 détente, 881 Four Horsemen of the Curie, Marie Sklodowska, Dawes Plan, 806 Dhahran, 792; discovery of Apocalypse, ptg626 739, c739, 740, p740; D-Day, 828 oil in, 792 Dutch East Indies, 846 biography, 740 Dead Sea Scrolls, 100, 101; dharma, 204; as divine law, dynasty, 44, 226. See also Curie, Pierre, 739, c739 restoration of, p100 204; in literature, 215 individual listings

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East Africa • entente

exchange and, 121, 529; Nubia, 60; cats in, 64; 763–65. See also E over-production, 807; comparing Mesopotamia individual listings for partnerships, 728; to, c44; culture of, 39–40, enclosure movement, East Africa, 451–53; city- post-war problems, 41–42, 43–44, c44, 45, 46, 726–27 states of, 452–53; 805–07; prices and 51, 60, 61; decline and Encyclopedia (Diderot), 685 production, 876; profits, fall of, 67; economic economy, c451; location, Engels, Friedrich, 735, q735 c451; religion, 452, 467; 667; “putting out” structures, 40, 41–42, 43, England, 535–37, 648–49, trade, c451, 453 system, 667; Roman c44; empire of, c59, m59, economy, 292–93, 319, 59–67; family life in, 46; 660, 690–99; absolute East Asia, 890–91; rise of, monarchy, 681, 682; 890–91 320; Russian economy, farming, 41–42, p42, p43, 883; single monetary 46; geography and American Revolution East Berlin, 835 system, 242; Soviet location, m39, 39–40, 41; and, 690–99; Eastern Desert, 40 Union economy, 839; government in, 43; development of legal Eastern Europe, 833–35, 882 specialization and, 15, Israelites and, 81, 82; and constitutional practices in, 536, p536, Eastern Orthodox Church, 121; stocks, 667; supply kingdoms and dynasties 537; English Bill of Rights, 359, 360, 363, 540; in and demand, 612; of, 43–44, m62; life in, 682, 700; English Russia, 540; view of surpluses in early 45–46; Lower Egypt, 43; Reformation, 648–49; church-state relations, 359 civilizations, 15, 43, 386, medicine of, 50; Middle “Glorious Revolution,” 450–51, 503, 577; U.S. Kingdom, 44, 60–61; Eastern Woodlands, m590, 682; government of, economy, 876. See also Neolithic Age villages, 592; geography and 681–82; Henry VIII, 648, trade 14; New Kingdom, 44; climate of, 592; p648; housing conditions Nile River valley, 38–46; governments of, 592; economy, 410 in, p732; Hundred Years’ Old Kingdom, 44, 47–52; life in, 592; Northeast Edessa, 542 War, 557, m557; invasion political structures, Woodlands, 592; people of by Angles and Saxons, Edict of Milan, 354 43–44, 48, 60, 63, 64–65, and cultures of, m590; 514, 535; medieval, Edict of Nantes, 645 66; pyramids, 50–52, p51, Southeast Woodlands, 535–37; Norman rule of, Edison, Thomas, 729, p729, c51, p52; religion, 48, 592 535–36; Parliament, 537, 730 49–50, 64, 67; rulers of, East Germany, 835 682, 697; rise of modern Edo, 777 43–44, 48, 60, 62, 63, democratic thought, 537; East India Company, 64–65, 66; science and, 764–65 Edo Bay, 777 search for sea route to 41–42, 51; slavery in, 62; Asia, 660; taxation of East Pakistan, 845 edubba, 21, p21 social structures, c45, American colonies, 697; East Timor, 847 education: ancient 45–46; temples of, 63, 65, Mesopotamian, 21, p21; trade restrictions on economics: bank collapses, 66, 67; trade, 40, 43, 62, Byzantine, 334; Chinese, American colonies, 807; barter, 319, 529; 63, 69; united kingdom 696–97; war with Spain, 244, 414–15, 432, 774 British economy, 725–27; of, 44; Upper Egypt, 43 664 comparing past and business reorganization, Einstein, Albert, 739, c739, present, 21; Europe, English Bill of Rights, 682 728; capital investments 740, p740, q740; medieval, 516, 550; first English Channel, 513 and, 726, 729; Chinese biography, 740; theory of universities, 550; Greek, economy, 837, 885–86; relativity, 739, 740 engravings, 625 128–29; Jewish, 97, 98; corporations, 728; Enlightenment, 680–89, medieval European, 516, Eisenhower, Dwight D., Columbian Exchange, 715, 720; absolutism, 550; Roman, 334; under 826, 828, 840, 848, 875; m668, 668–69; commerce, 681, 686–89; concept of Charlemagne, 516, 517; civil rights and, 840; Suez 666; cottage industries, natural law, 681–82; utilitarianism and, 735; Canal and, 875; Vietnam 667; currency values, concept of natural women, and, 734 and, 848; World War II 806; debt, 862; and, 826, 828 rights, 682; criticism of Egypt, m3, 14, p34, 81, 82, ideas of, 685–86; divine depressions, 806; Elements (Euclid), 185–86 entrepreneurs, 667; 92, 95, 102, m132, 133, right of kings, 686–89; exports, 666, 861; free 177, 178, 179, 766, 850, Elijah, 91 influence of on current Index enterprise, 832; French 874, 875, 876; British Elizabeth, I, queen of times, 682, 700; influence economy, 715–16; global influence in, 850; British England, 649, 664, 665, of on Napoleon, 720; economy, 888–90; global protectorate, 766; p665; biography, 665 music of, 686–87; exchange, 668–69; conflicts with Israel, 875, ellipses, 674–75 philosophies of, 681–82, 683, 684–86; reaction imports, 666; inequality 876; Nasser unites Ellis Island, 754 Arabs, 874; nationalism, against, 736; reason in, in, 294; inflation, 319, El Salvador, 583, 863 806, 876; investments, 850; Sadat presidency, 681–83, 685–86; rise of 667, 806; Japanese 876; Six Day War, 875. embalming, process of, democratic ideas, 682, economy, 503, 777, 778, See also Egypt, ancient 49–50, p49 700; scientific 838; joint-stock Egypt, ancient, c34, 34–72, embargo, 863 experimentalism and, companies, 667; “laissez- m39, ptg40, c44, m62; art empires, 23, 89, 762–70, 671–79; spread of ideas faire,” 735, 741; Latin and architecture of, 43, 781–82; building of, of, 685; women and, 685 American economies, c44, 46, 60; “the Black 762–70, 781–82; first, Enola Gay, 830 861–62; monetary Land,” 41; capture of 26–31; imperialism and, entente, 782

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entrepreneurs • Flanders

entrepreneurs, 667 513–14, m514; Huns, 322, political systems of, 520, 15, 574–75; early Indian, ephors, 127 m323; impact of French 530, 532–33, 536, 537, 550; 196; early North Epic of Gilgamesh, 20 Revolution on, 715, 716, religion and, 519–21, 528, American, 591, 592; 718, 719–20, 723; 545–48; Saxons, m513, 514; Egyptian, 41, 42, p42; epics, 20, 157, 159, 183, 215, imperialism and, 762–67, Spanish Inquisition, 558; food from, 42–43; 304, 552. See also literature m767, 781; Industrial trade and, 528–29, 554–55; government control of, epicureanism, 184 Revolution in, 729; Vikings, 518–19, 535, 539; 810; harvesting, Epicurus, 184 invasions of, 320, 322–24, Visigoths, 322–24, 514; plowing, planting, Equal Pay Act, 841 m323, 716, 718, 719–20, women of, 526 42–43, p42, p43, 591; Equiano, Olaudah, 463, q463 722; militarism, 782; Evans, Arthur, 118 Greek, 119, 120, 125, 129, modern, 891; Monroe 143; Harappan, 197; Erasmus, Desiderius, 634, Ewuare, king of Benin, 450 Doctrine and, 751; Latin American, 861; p634; Christian nationalism, 781; excommunication, 361, humanism and, 634 medieval European, Neolithic Age villages, 14; 521, 636, 648; of Henry 525–26; Muslim, 389; Eratosthenes, 185; scientific political reforms in, 746; VIII, 648; of Martin Nile River valley, 41; rise contributions, c185 rebuilding after World Luther, 636 of cities and, 581; Essenes, 100 War II, 834, 839–40; exile, 94 Roman, 293; single estates, 715 Renaissance, 608–17, Exodus, 82 export crops, 861, 870; Estates-General, 538, 716 619–26; revolutions of exploration, age of, 658–69; surpluses in, 15, 43; 1848, 746; slave trade of, Estonia, 791 explorers, 661–64; techniques in, 18, 472–73, m473, 767; Triple 234–35, 579, tenant, eta, 777 innovations in Alliance, 782; Triple technology, 659–60; maps, 244–45; terrace, p234, Ethelbert, king of Kent, Entente, 782; Western, 660; rise of strong nations, 234–35; Zhou dynasty, 364, 520 834, 840; world 660; trade with Asia, 659. 230. See also agriculture Ethiopia, 72, 451, 768, 871 exploration, 659–64, See also Americas Fascist Party, 808 m662; World War I and, ethnic cleansing, 884 exports, 666, 861; Latin m781, 781–86, m786, 791; Federation of Malaysia, 847 Etruria, Italy, 265 American, 861, m861; World War II and, m814, Ferdinand, Franz, raw materials, 861 Etruscans, 264–66; art, 265, 814–16, 826. See also archduke of Austria- ptg265; culture, 265; Europe, medieval; extended families, 469 Hungary, 783, p783, 784; shaping of Roman Renaissance extending the text, 858–59 assassination of, 783, civilization, 264–65 European Economic extraterritoriality, 772; 784 Euclid, 185–86, p186; plane Community (EEC), 840 Hong Kong, 772 Ferdinand, king of Spain, geometry and, 185–86; 558, 646 scientific contributions European Union (EU), 889, Extremadura, 596, 598, 599 Fertile Crescent, 18 of, c185 891, m891; expansion of, Ezana, king of Axum, 452 m891 feudalism, 522–33, c523; Euphrates River, 18, 22, 23; Ezekiel, c91 cities of feudal Europe, Hammurabi and, 22 Europe, medieval, 508–59; Ezra, 94 Angles, 514; art and 528–31; Japanese, 497; Euphrates River valley, 18. architecture, 549–50; Black knights and vassals, See also Mesopotamia Death and, 554–55; cities F 523–24; life of nobles, Euripides, 161 of, 530, 531; Crusades, p526, 526–27, p527; life euro, 889 541–43; culture, 526–28, fable, 158 of peasants, 527–28; Europe, 14, 384, 389, 435–36, 549–50, 552; early Middle factories, 728, 729, 733, 742, manorial system, 472–73, 659–64, 715, 716, Ages, 512–21; education, 743; working conditions 524–25; political system, 718, 719–20, 723, 729, 746, 516, 550; farming, 525–26; in, 733, 743 523–24; trade, 528–29 feudalism, 522–33; 763–68, m781, 781–83, families: African, 469; fief, 524 geography, m513, 513–14, 805–06, m832; after World Chinese, 234–35; filial piety, 234, 249 m514; Franks, 360, 514–19; War I, m790, 805–06; Egyptian, 46; extended, Fillmore, Millard, 777 alliances, 782; arrival of Germanic kingdoms, 469; Greek, 128–129, 143; Europeans in China, 514–16, 518–19; Finland, 791 of matrilineal villages, 435–36; balance of power, government in, 520, 530, fire, 10–11, 531; danger of 469; paterfamilias, 307, 782; before World War I, 532–33, 536, 537, 550; in medieval cities, 531;

Index 308; Roman, 307 m781, 781–782; Boer War, Hundred Years’ War, 557; discovery of, 10–11 768; building of empires, invasions of, 514–15, Faraday, Michael, 730 First Continental 762–68, 781–82; Concert m518, 518–19; inventions farming: African, 13, m13, Congress, 698 of Europe, 723; Congress of, 525–26; late Middle 871; Aryans and, 199; First Triumvirate, 280 of Vienna, 723; division Ages, 553–59; life in, cash crops, 861, 870; Five Pillars of Islam, 378, of Africa, 766–68; during 526–28, 531; literature, Chinese, 227, 230, c378 Cold War, m832, 832–35, 552; Magyars, 518, 519; 233–34, 244–45, 417, 432; 839–40; Eastern, 833–35, manorial system, 524–25; collectivization, 810; fjord, 518 839; European Economic Muslim and, 515, 519, crop rotations, 526; Flanders, 529, 625; Community, 840; 541–43, 646, 666; people crops, 13, m13, 574–75, development of oil geography of, m513, of, m513, 513–16, 518–21; 577, 579; early, 13, m13, painting technique in, 625

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floods • Germany

floods, 41, c44 role in American contributions of, 674, Middle East, m792; Florence Cathedral, 610, Revolution, 699; rule in 675, c676; telescope, 674, Native American p610 India, 764; socialism, p674, 675 settlements, 590, 591, Florence, Italy, 610, 612–13; 746, 891; society in, 715; Gandhi, Indira, 846 592; Nile River valley, struggle for power in, banking and trade in, Gandhi, Mohandas K., 39–40; Rome, m263, 717–18; three estates of 612–13; city-state of, 610, 843, p843, 844, p844, q844; 263–64; Southern Asia, prerevolutionary, 715, importance of in biography, 844; influence m765, m847; Soviet c715; trade, 767; Triple Renaissance, 610; wealth of religion on, 844; Union, m883; terrorist Entente, 782; World of, 612–13 leadership of India, 843, activities throughout the War I, 784, 785, 816; 844; mediator, 844; world, m893; United Florida, 863 World War II, 814, 828. protest of salt tax, 843; States, m753; Vietnam, Forbidden City, 432; See also Bonaparte, use of civil m849; World War I, m786; Imperial Palace at, p404 Napoleon; French disobedience, 843 World War II, m814 Forum, the, 306 Revolution Gandhi, Rajiv, 846 geometry, 21, 42, 182, fossils, 9 Franciscans, 546 185–86; plane, 185–86; Ganesha, c204, p204 Four Modernizations, 885 Francis of Assisi, 546, solid, 186; used by Ganges River, 195, 199 Four Noble Truths, 206 p546, q546 Egyptians to survey Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 748 land, 42 Four Olds, 885 Franco, Francisco, 815 Gates, Bill, 889 George III, king of Fourteen Points, 791 Franklin, Benjamin, 698, p698 Gaul, Caesar’s battles in, England, p696, 697 Fox, Vincente, 865 Franks, 360, 514–16, m516, 280, p280 George, David Lloyd, 791, France, 121, 538, 557, 518–19; Frankish Gaza Strip, 875, m875, 878, p791 644–45, 660, 684–85, 687, kingdoms, m516; Holy 879; Arab-Israeli conflict Georgia, 592 699, 714–20, c715, 805, Roman Empire and, 519; over, 875; Israeli Germanic kingdoms, m514, 840, 847–48, 875, 891; rulers of, 514–17, 518, 519 settlement of, 875 aftermath of World War 514–16, m516, 518–19 Frederick I, emperor of Gempei War, 494–95 I, 805; center of the Germany, 519, 639, 748, Holy Roman Empire, 519 Enlightenment, 684–85, General Agreement on 782, 784, 787–88, 790, 715; conservatism, 891; Frederick II, emperor of Trade and Tariffs 791, 805–06, 809, 833, constitutional monarchy Holy Roman Empire, (GATT), 889 m834, 835, 882; after- of, 716; control of 519, 542–43 genetics, 738 math of World War I, Lebanon and Syria, 792; Frederick the Great, king Geneva Accords, 848 805; armistice, 790; control of North Africa, of Prussia, 687, p688 Geneva, Switzerland, 640, battleships, p782; 766; Directory, 719; French Equatorial Africa, 641 blockade of by Britain, 787; Dawes Plan, 806; economy of, 715–16; 768 Genoa, Italy, 555 Estates-General, 538, declaration of war on French Revolution, c714, genocide, 827 716; exploration and, 714–19, c718, c719; Russia, 784; division of Gentiles, 660; fight for Vietnam, Committee of Public 349 after World War II, 833, 847–58; Franco-Prussian Safety, 718–19; control of Geography (Ptolemy), 660 m834, 834–35; East, War, 748; government of, Maximillien geography: Africa, m445, 833–35; economy, 791, 715–17; Huguenots, 644; Robespierre, 718–19; 445–46, m767, m870; 805–06, 891; fall of the imperialism, 764; government and, Arabia, 373; China, Berlin Wall, 882; Franco- independence to 715–19; Jacobins, 717–18; m225, 225–26, m773; Prussian War, 748; Great Morocco, Tunisia, Napoleon and, 719–20, Germany, m747, m834; Depression, 806; Hitler Algeria, 850; invasion of 721, 722; religion and, Greece, ancient, 117; as dictator, 809; impact Egypt, 875; Jacobins, 718; “Republic of Egypt, ancient; m39, of Treaty of Versailles, 717–18; Louis XIV, 687; Virtue,” 718 39–40, 41; Europe, m781, 791; influence of von Middle Ages, 538; fresco, 624; painting of m814, m832, m891; Bismarck, 748; life in, militarism, 782; National 835; Lutheranism and, during Renaissance, 624 Europe, medieval, m513, Index Assembly, 716; National 639; militarism, 782; friars, 546 513–14, m514; India, Convention, 716, 717; m109, 133, 191, 193, 194, nationalism in, 748; Nazi Fu Hao, 227 nationalism in, 746; m195, 195–96, 199; India Party, 809, 827; passage of the Rights of Fujiwara clan, 493–94, 502 and Pakistan, m845; reparations paid by, 791, Man and the Citizen, Fulton, Robert, 728 influence on settlement 805–06; reunification of, 716; periods of patterns and, 39–40, 117, 882; rise of, 748; rivalry revolution and empire G 196, 445–46, 448; Israel, with Britain, 782; in, 719, c179; m875; Italy, m747; Japan, socialist political parties, philosophers of, 684–85; m778, m811; Japan, 736; totalitarian state, relationship between Galen, 304–305, 676; study medieval, 485, m485; 809; Triple Alliance, 782; social classes, 715, 746; of anatomy, 305, 676 Korean War, m838; Latin use of submarines, 785, religious wars in, 644–45; Galilee, 344, 346 America, m749, m861; 787–88; West, 835, 882; republic, 746; Galileo, 674, 675, ptg675, Mali, c451; Mayan World War I, 784, 787–88, revolutions of 1848, 746; c676; scientific location and, 575, 583; 790; World War II,

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Ghana • Guangzhou

813–16, 818–19, 825–27. Good Samaritan, parable 681–83; 688–89, 715–16, architecture, 162–63; See also Hitler, World of, 345, p345 807; regents, 493; religion capture of Troy, 157–58, War I, World War II Gorbachev, Mikhail, and, 48, 208, 212, 228, 264; Christianity and, Ghana, 850 881–82, p883; criticism 230, 354, 355, 360, 376, 356; citizenship in, Ghana, medieval, 448, of, 883; reforms of, 882 492–93; representative, 122–23, 124, 139; city- c451, 461–62; economy, gospel, 355–56 283, 537, 538, 694, 716; states, 122–23, 124, republics, 614; Roman, 125–26, 128, 129, 136, 448, c451; government, government: absolute 269–73; self-, 694; 139, 144, 146, 175; 461–62; growth of monarchy, 681, 715; separation of powers, civilization, 113, 116–23, empire in, 448; location, abuse of power in, 269; 682, 700; shogunates, 495; 150–89; colonies of, 121, c451; religion, 463, advantages and social contracts in, 682; m121; culture of, 118, 464–65; 467; ruler and disadvantages of city- totalitarianism, 808; use 119, 120, 154–63, 168–73, subjects, 461, p461; state, 616–17; alliances, of propaganda, 786; veto, 182–87; Dark Age, c112, trade, c451, 461, 462 782; ambassadors, 615; 270; wartime, 785–86; c116, 120; democracy in, Gilgamesh, 20–21 Aristotle and, 171; well-organized, 28; 126, 129–30, 139–40; Articles of Girondists, 717 women in, 235, 333, 470, drama, 160–61, 183; Confederation, 700; Bill Giza, Egypt, 52 471, 504, 585. See also early Greeks, 116–23; of Rights and, 700; politics economy of, 121; first glaciers, 573 balance of power in, 682, kingdoms, p119, 119–20; gladiators, 306–07, 309, 319 700; centralized, 210, 241, Government of India Act, geography of, 117, m117; gladius, 266, p266 488, 588; city-state, 19, 843 gods and goddesses, 126, 128, 129–30, 614–15, Gracchus, Gaius, 279, p279 Gladstone, William, 745–46 155, c155, p155, 156; 616, 617; colonial, 696; Granada, Spain, 394, 646 glasnost, 882 governments of, 119, comparing, c140, 171; Grand Canal, 410, p410 125, 126, 127–28; Jews global economy, 888–90; confederations, 592, 700; Grand Council, 592 technology revolution, constitutional monarchy, and, 95–96; literature of, 888–89 716; constitution as plan grand jury, 537 155–58, 160–61, 164–67, globalism, 889, 890; of, 488; councils, 530, 614; Granicus, battle of, 177 183; Macedonian attack of, 175–76; medicine, deforestation, 890; democracies, 139, c140, gravity, theory of, 675–76, 184; military, p122, 123, organizations and 171; dictatorships, 271, c676, 677 treaties that promote p144, 266; Minoans, 118; 272, 281, 285, 614, 808–12; Great Britain. See Britain, global trade, 889–90; Mycenaeans, p119, diplomacy, 615; duke, England pollution, 890; rising doge as head of state in, 119–20; mythology, Great Charter, 537 world population and, 614; elected assemblies, 155–56; oligarchy, 126, 890; scarcity of Earth’s 716, 735; English Bill of Great Council, 537 129, 147; Olympics, 128, resources, 890 Rights 682, 699; health Great Depression, c800, p128; oracle, 156; global warming, 890 care, 871; help of private 806–07; causes of, 806–07; Peloponnesian War, 112; Persian War and, 134–37; Globe Theater, 625, p625, companies, 811; House of government reforms and, philosophy and history, c625 Burgesses, 694; 807; New Deal, 807; influences on, 171, 537, spread of, 807 168–73, 187; Polis, Glory of Kings, 451 122–23; power structure 550, 700; Iroquois Great Mosque in Makkah, Gobi, m109 of, 125; religion, 155, League, 592; legislatures, p368 God, 350, 374, 377, 463, 640, c155, p155, 156; 696; liberalism, 735; Great Peace, 592 685, 686; Allah as one limited, 700; Magna representative Great Pyramid, 52 true, 374; belief in one, Carta and, 682, 699; democracy and, 139, 374, 377, 463; deism, 685; mayors in, 515; military, Great Rift Valley, 446 c140; science and math, in three persons, 350; 495; monarchies, 171, Great Serpent Mound, 185–86, c185; slavery monotheism, 81, 83; will 681, 715, 716; 580, p580 and, 121, 125, 126, 129, q122; of as absolute, 640, 686 Montesquieu and, 682, Great Sphinx, p34, 48, p48 142; soldier’s oath, Sparta and Athens, 113, gods and goddesses: Aztec, 700; national Great Temple, 586, p586 586, 587; Greek, 155, c155, government, 700; 124–30; trade, 118, 121, Great Wall of China, 220, p155, 156, c310; Hindu, nationalization of m121, 125; tyranny in p220, 242; first, 220 203, c204, 213; Inca, 588; industry, 865; Native city-states, 112, 125–26;

Index Mayan, 584; Roman, 309, American, 592; natural Greece, 783, 791, 834, 892; Xerxes’ invasion of, 112 c310; Sumerian, 19 law and, 681–82; natural democracy of, 892; Greece, classical. See Goethe, Johann von, 736 rights and, 682; invasion of Turkey, 791 Greece, ancient Greece, ancient: m109, Golan Heights, 875, m875 oligarchies, 171; Gregory the Great, 364, Parliament, 537, 726, 729; 112–47, p123, m125, gold: mercantilism and, p519, 520 popular sovereignty, 700; m132, 150–87; “Age of Gregory VII, Pope, 520–21 666; South African, 768; power in, 700; Pericles,” 138–47; trade, c451, 447, 449, 768 provisional, 794; ranks of Alexander the Great, griots, 449, 450, 470, 476, gold mines, 448, m448, 449 importance in, 492, 174–81; alphabet, 120, p476 Good Neighbor Policy, 715–16; rationing, 786; c120; amphitheater, ruins Guam, 769 862 reforms, 411, 488, 492, of, 160, p160; art and Guangzhou, 242

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Guatemala • humanism

Guatemala, 583, 863–64; U.S. Hannibal, general of heretics, 547; questioning Hitler, Adolph, 809, p809, involvement in, 863–64 Rome, 275–76 of, ptg547 814–16, 827; alliance with guilds, 503, 530, 550 Hanukkah, 96, c96 Hermes, 155, p155 Mussolini, 814–16; Guinea, 851 Han Wudi, emperor of Herod, king of Judaea, 100 expansion of military, c813, 814; invasion of gunpowder, 420, 426, 429; China, 244–45 Herodotus, q75, 135, p135, Poland, 815–16; Munich invention of, 420; q135, p168, 173; “father Han Yü, 413, p413, q413 Conference, 815; program Mongol use of, 426; of history,” 173 Hapi, 49 of genocide, 827; suicide trade in, 429 Harappa, 196–97; collapse Hestia, 155, p155 of, 828 Gupta empire, m213, of, 198; planned city, Hidalgo, Miguel, 749 Hittites, 27, 64, 66 213–14; cities of, 213; 196–97; priest-king of, hierarchy, 355 Hobbes, Thomas, 681 culture, 213, 214–16; p196; society, 197; trade, discoveries and hieroglyphics, 42, 61, p61, Ho Chi Minh, 847–48, p848 197 70, 585; comparing inventions of, 215–16; Hohokam, 579 Hargreaves, James, 727 computer icons to, 61, economy, 213; founding Hokkaido, 485, m485 of, 213; religion of, 213; Harvey, William, 676, c676 p61; Mayan, 585; Holocaust, 827, 874; tourism in, 213; trade, 213 Hatshepsut, queen of Nubian, 70 founding of Israel and, Egypt, 62, 63, p63; hijab, 390, p390 guru, 201 874 biography, 63; expansion Hildegard of Bingen, 545 Gutenberg, Johannes, Holy Roman Empire, 519, of trade and, 62, 63 Himalaya, 195, 196 p618, 620–21; 639, m639; Thirty Years’ Havel, Vaclav, 882 development of printing Hinduism, 203–04, 213; War, 645–46 press, 620–21; Gutenberg Hawaii, 770, 819; bombing Aryans and, 203; Homer, c154, 157, 158, 159, Bible, 620, 621 of Pearl Harbor, 819; Brahman, 203–04; caste p159, q159, 177, 304; U.S. control of, 770 system and, 204; biography, 159 Haydn, Franz Joseph, 687 dharma, 204; early, 203; H gods and goddesses, Honduras, 583 head coverings: past and 203, c204, 213; Gupta Hong Kong, 772, 775, present, 97, p97 Hades, 155, p155 empire and, 213; Hindu p775, 890, 891; Hadrian, emperor of Hebrew Bible, 81, 82, 94, temple, p203; influence extraterritoriality, 772; Rome, 291–92, p292 95, 96, 99, 348, 350; of on Gandhi, 844; free-enterprise economy Hagakure: The Book of the Christian study of, 348, karma, 203–04; of, 891; past and present, Samurai (Tsunetomo), 350; influence of, 95, 96; reincarnation, 204; 775, p775; return of to 495, q495 Torah as first part of, 82 Upanishads, 203 China, 891 Hagia Sophia, p332, 333 Hebrews, ancient, 76–77, Hindu Kush, India, m109 Hong Xiuquan, 773 Haiti, 594, 862, 864; 80–85, 86–92, 93–102; Hindus, 385, 764, 845; Honshu, 485, m485 early, 81–83; movements Aristide as leader, 864; discontent in India and, Hooke, Robert, 676, c676 of, 81, 82, 84, 90, 92; 764; tensions between Duvaliers dictatorship, Hopewell, 580 864 religion, 81, 82–83, 87, Muslims and, 845 94–95; social structure hoplites, 123 Halcyon-bird, 166 Hipparchus, 185; scientific of, 97–98. See also contributions of, c185 Horace, 304, q304, 326 Hammurabi, king of Israelites, ancient Babylon, p22, 22–23, Hippocrates, 184, c185; Horyuji temple, 488, p489 Heian, Japan, 493, 495 24–25; biography, 22; scientific contributions Hosea, c91 code of (laws), 23, 24–25; Helena, 354 of, c185 House of Burgesses, 694 control of Euphrates Hellenistic Era, 178–79, Hippocratic Oath, 184 House of Commons, 537 and, 22 183–86; spread of culture Hippodrome, 320 House of Lords, 537 Handel, 686–87 and, 178, 183–86. See also Hiroshima, Japan, 829, House of Wisdom, 391 Han dynasty, c109, 244–45; Greece, ancient 830; bombing of, p829, Huang He (Yellow River), artifact, p109; civil service Hellenistic kingdoms, 829, 830 178–79, m179. See also 225 Index exam, 244, ptg244; Hispaniola, 594 diffusion of Buddhism Hellenistic Era Huang He valley, 225. See historians, 9, 173, 304, 666; during, 248; empire of, helots, 126, 127, 147 also China 244–45; government, 244; Greek, 173; Muslim, 393; Huguenots, 644; religious Henry IV, king of France Roman, 304 inventions, p245, 245–46; (Henry of Navarre), wars of France, 644–45 History of Rome (Livy), papermaking, p245, 245; 644–45 Huitzilopochtli, 587 Silk Road, m246, 246–47; 272, 304 Henry VIII, 648, p648, 665 humanism, 619–21, 634; trade, m246, 246–47 History of the Jewish War Henry, Patrick, 698 beliefs of, 619; Christian, Hanfeizi, 238, p238, 239; (Josephus), 343 634; Petrarch as father Legalism and, 238, 239 Henry, prince of Portugal History of the of, 619–20; printing (Henry the Navigator) Hanging Gardens of Peloponnesian War press as key to spread of Babylon, 29, p29; as one 661 (Thucydides), 173, 189 ideas of, 620–21; societal of Seven Wonders of the Hera, 155, p155 History of the Persian impact, 621; study of Ancient World, 29 heresy, 547, 643, 646, 675 Wars (Herodotus), 135 ancient works, 619

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humans, early • inventions

humans, early, c8, 8–15, 573, Ibsen, Henrik, 737 culture, 196, 197, 214–15; Indus River valley, 195. p574, 574–75; adaptations Icarus and Daedalus, 164–67 early, 190–217; East India See also India to the environment, 10, Ice Ages, 10–11, 573, 574 Company, 764–65; industrialism, 725 c14, 573, 574–75, 580; economy, 196, 764–65, iconoclast, 360 Industrial Revolution, archaeology and, 9–10, 846; first civilizations of, 724–30, m725; icons, 359–60 578–79; artifacts, 9, p10, 196–201; first empires, beginnings of, 726; p11, p14, p573, p575; art ideographs, 228 209–17; first prime benefits versus of, ptg10, 10, 11, 14, c14; Idylls, 183 minister of, 846; Five problems, 742–43; causes comparing, c14; Igbo, 463 Year Plans for raising of, 726; changes caused development of spoken standard of living, 846; igloos, 590 by, 732–43; coal, iron language, 11; geography, m109, 133, and, 726, 729; enclosure Illiad (Homer), 152, domestication of plants, 191, 193, 194, m195, movement and, 726; 157–58, 159, 177 580; farming revolution, 195–96, 199; government, Great Britain’s, 725–28, 13, c14, 574–75; food Immortals, 133 191, 197; Green 729; impact of on surpluses, 15; hunter- Imperial City, China, 432 Revolution, 846; Gupta women, 733–34; gatherers, 10, c14, 573, imperialism, 763: Boer empire, m213, 213–14; inventions and, 727–30; 574, p574, 580; Ice Ages War, 768; British empire Hinduism, 203–204, 845; pollution and, 743; social and, 10–11, 573, 574; in India, 764–65; imperialism and, 764–65, reforms during, 733, 743; invention of tools, 11; European rule of Africa, m765; independence spread of, 729–30; textile migration of, 573, m573; 766–68, m767; Latin from Britain, 843–44; industry and, 726, 727; Neolithic people, 12, America and, 770; rise Indian National urbanization during, 13–15, c14; Paleolithic of, 763; Southern Asia Congress, 843, 846; Indus 732, 733, 742; worker people, 10–11, c14; and, 764–65, m765; War River valley, 195–96; safety during, 733, 743; religion, 14; roles of men of 1898, 769–70 influence of Moguls on, working class, 732–33, and women, 10, c14; 386; intellectual tradition 736, 742–43; working imports, 666 specialization, 15; of, 214–15; invasion of conditions, 733, 736, 743. technological advances, impressionism, 737 by Alexander the Great, See also industry 15; trade, 15. See also Inca Empire, 578, 588–89, 177; language, 199; industry: American, 729; Neolithic Age; Özti; 599–600; artistic, leadership of Gandhi, coal, 419, 726, 727, 730; Paleolithic Age engineering, 843; life in, 199–201; European, 729; iron, Hundred Years’ War, 557 mathematical literature, math, science 727–28; Japanese, 778; Hungary, 746, 791, 839 achievements of, 588, in, 214–16; marriage in, rise of factories, 728; rise 589; culture, 588; defeat 201; Mauryan dynasty Huns, 322, m323 of railroads and, 728; of, 599–600; government, of, 210–12; Mohenjo- society and, 731–43; hunter-gatherers, 10, c14, 588; life in, 588; oral Daro, 196–97, p196; spread of, 729–30; steel, 573, 574, p574, 580; traditions,588; record nations of modern 728, 730; textile, 726–27; adaptations for the keeping in, 599; religion, Indian subcontinent, 195; working conditions and, environment, 10, c14, 588; social structure, 588; Neolithic villages of, 14; 733, 736, p736, 743, 778; 573, 574–75, 580; spread of smallpox in, political system, 197; Raj, urbanization and, 732. migration of, 573, m573. 599; unification through 765; religions of, 202–05, See also Industrial See also humans, early roads and language, 588; 843–44; river systems, Revolution Hussein, Saddam, 878, warfare, 599–600 195, 199; role of men and inferences, making, 406–07 894; capture of, 894; women, 201; sepoys, 765; incense, 62 inflation, 319, 806, 876 Iran-Iraq war, 878; social system of, 197, India, 14, m109, 133, 177, Innocent III, Pope, 543 Persian Gulf War, 878 190–217, 373, 380, 385, c200, 199–201; trade, 211, Inquisition, 547, 558 Hyksos, 60–61 388, 412, 418, 764–65, 373, 386, 388; varnas, “Hymn to the Nile,” 41 m765, 843–44, 845, m845, c200, 200–01; Vedas of, Institutional 214; western, 133 Revolutionary Party, Hypatia, 846, 890; Amritsar scientific 865 contributions of, c185 massacre, 843; Aryans India National Congress, and, 198–201, 202, 203; 843, 846 internal combustion hypertext transport engine, 730 protocol (HTTP), 889 astronomy, 216; British Indian Ocean, 195, 388 control of, 386; British Indochina, 847–48 International Monetary Index hypothesis, 679 Fund (IMF), 889 empire in, 764–65; Indonesia, 381, 846, 847; Buddhism, 202, 205–08; communism in, m847; Internet, 889 I building of nuclear independence of, 847 Inti, 588 weapons, 845, 890; caste Indra, c204 intifada, 878 Iberian Peninsula, 558 system, 199–201, c200, indulgences, 634–35, 636; Intolerable Acts, 697–98 Ibn Battuta, 464–65 206; conflict over Kashmir, 845; conflicts box, p635; pardons for Inuit, 590 Ibn Khaldun, q382 382, , with Pakistan, 845, m845, sins, 634–35, 636; selling inventions: compass, 420, 392, p392; biography, 392 846; Congress Party, 846; of, 634–35, 636 659, p659; electricity and, Ibn Saud, 792 creation of Muslim Indus River, 177, 195, 196, 729, 730; gunpowder, Ibn Sina, 391 empire in, 385–86; 198; settlements of, 108 420; heavy wheeled

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invest • Japan

plow, 525; horse collar, Ishtar Gate, p30 91–92; Canaan, as Jamestown, Virginia, 692, 525; internal combustion Isis, 49 Promised Land, 84; ptg692 engine, 730; iron drill Islam: acceptance of and Chaldeans and, 92; early, Japan, 413, 480–504, 774, bits, 245; iron plow, 230, impact on medieval 81–83; education of, 97, 777–779, 811–12, 818–19, p235; Leonardo’s, 621; Africa, 448, 464–65, 467; 98; fall of Israel and 825–26, 830, 847; Allies lightbulb, 729, 730; arts and literature, 389, Judah, 90–92; fighting stop advance of, 825–26; movable type, 419, 621; 391, 392, 393–94; beliefs, judges, 84; first Israelites, art and architecture, paper, 245, 621; plow, 21; 378, c378, 467; civilization 80–85; growth of 499–501, 503; attack of powered loom, 727; of, 368–95; economic Judaism, 93–102; King Pearl Harbor, 819; printing press, 620–621; structures, 386; empires David, 88, 89; kingdom bombing, c800, 829–30; printing process, 419–20; of, 379–86; Five Pillars of of Israel, m105; King Buddhism in, 413, 488, radio, 730; saddle and Islam, 378, c378; growth Saul, 87, 89; King 489, 492–93, 499; central stirrup, 231; sailboat, 21, of movements based on, Solomon, 89–90; religion government of, 777; 452; shadoof, 41; 876–77; Hijrah, 374; India of, 81–85; temple of, 89, Christianity in, 650, 777; spinning jenny, 727; and, 385–86; Iran’s 91, 92, 100; Ten class system, 777; steamboat, 728, 729; revolution and, 876–77; Commandments as “rule constitutional monarchy, steam engine, 727, 728; law code and rules of, of law,” 83; twelve tribes 728; control of steam locomotive, 726; 378; meaning of, 374; of, 81, 84, 87, 91. See also Manchuria, 779; control steel, 419; telegraph, 730; medicine, 391; Hebrews, ancient; Israel; of Taiwan, 774, 779; telephone, 730; wagon Muhammad, prophet of, Jews; Judah; Judaism culture, 499–500, 503; wheel, 21; water mills, 374–77; opposition to, Istanbul, 320, 384 daimyo, 496–97, 777; 526; waterwheels, 245. 375; preservation of Italy, 121, m121, 263, m263, drama, 501; early, See also math; science ancient texts, 391; Quran 519, 747–48, 766, 782, 805, 484–90; economy, 503, invest, 667 as holy book of, 377–78; 808, 814, 826, 891; 777, 778, 838; education, Iran, 382, 383, c857, 876, Rightly Guided Caliphs, aftermath of World 778; empire of, m778, 878, 890; Islamic 380, c381; rise of, 372–78; War I, 805, 808; Allied 778–779; Europeans in, revolution, 876, 878; science and mathematics, troop invasion of, 826; 777; feudalism in, 497; Khomeini as ruler, 878; 391; Shiites, 382; social city-states of, m609, first settlers, 486–87; Muslim ally to U.S. and structures, 389–90; spread 611–13, 614–15, 616–17; geography, 485, m485; Europe, 876, 878; state of, m380, 380–81, 448, constitutional monarchy, gives up control of sponsor of terrorism, 890; 464–65, 467; state of, 374; 748; Fascist Party, 808; Indochina, 847; taking of hostages, 878 struggles within, 382–83; geography of, 263, m263, government of, 488, Iraq, 382, 792, c857, 878, Sufis, 381; Sunnis, 382; 611; government of, 747, 492–94, 495, 496, 497, 890, 894; conflict with teachings of in 748, 808, 826, 891; 777, 778; Great Iran, 878; Kuwait connection with Judaism Mussolini’s dictatorship, Depression, 811; “Great invasion, 878; Persian and Christianity, 81, 83, 808, 826; nationalism in, Peace,” 777; impact of Gulf War, 878; UN 91, 95; Umayyad caliphs, 747–48; Ostrogoths in, Korean War on, 838; monitoring of, 878; U.S. 380; women and, 390. 514; Renaissance in, industry, 777, 778; invasion of, 894. See also Muslims 609–17, 619–24; rise of, invasion of China and See also Hussein, Saddam Israel, 14, 81, 90, 91, 92, 102, m747, 747–48; role of southeast Asia, 819; Ireland, 363, 364, 519 343, 874–75, m875; Arab- King Victor Emmanuel invasion of Manchuria, Israeli conflict and, and prime minister 811–12; Jomon, 486; Irish Republican Army 874–76; Camp David Camillo di Cavour, 747; Kamakura, 495; life in, (IRA), 892 Accords, 876; creation of totalitarian state, 808; 498–504; literature, 501; iron, 71, 727–28; industry Jewish nation of, 102; Triple Alliance, 782; medieval, 480–504; Meiji and, 727–28; education in ancient, 97, World War II, 814–16, era, 778; military, 778, ironworking, 419, 448; 98; fall of, 91, 92; 818, 826. See also Florence, 779, p779, 811–12; myth weapons, 27 founding of after World Italy; Renaissance; of creation of, 487; Iron Curtain, 833, 839–40; War II, 874; invasion of Venice, Italy occupied country, 838; Index life behind, 839, 840 Egypt, 875; kingdom of, Ivan I, 540 Pacific War, m825, 90; peace treaty with “Iron Curtain” speech, Ivan III, czar of Russia, 540 825–26; recovery after 833, q833 Jordan, 879; prophets of, World War II, 838; Ivan IV, czar of Russia, 540 Iroquois, 592 91, c91, 344; settlements religions of, 488, 489, in Gaza and West Bank, Ivory Coast, 870 490, 492–93, 499, 650; Iroquois League, 592; law 878; Six Day War, 875; rights of women and code of, 592 terrorism and, 879; J workers, 838; rise of irrigation, 18, 21, 22, 29, 41, twelve tribes of, 81; wars, imperial, 777–79; role of 230, 234, 247, 389, 417, 874–75. See also Israelites, Jackson, Andrew, 754 women, 501, 504, 778, 503, 577, 579, 591. See ancient; Jews; Judaism; 838; Roosevelt’s also agriculture; farming Judah; Judaea Jacob, 81; family tribes of, 81 economic policies Isabella, queen of Spain, Israelites, ancient, 76–77, Jacobins, 717 toward, 819; samurai, 558, 646 80–85, 86–92, 93–102, James I, king of England, 494–95, 777; Shinto, 490; Isaiah, c91 m105; Assyrians and, 649, 692, 693 shoguns, 494–97, 650,

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Jefferson, Thomas • language

777; social structures, religious laws of, 344–45; past and present, p536; Knossos, palace at, 118 495, 503, 504, 777, 778; Maccabees and, 96; trial jury, 537 kofun, 487 society in, 494–97, 777, messianic prophecies, Justinian Code, 330 Kongo, kingdom of, 838; support of zaibatsu, 344; Muslim rule of, 646; Justinian, emperor of 450–51 811; trade, 503, 777; Nazi Party and, 809, 827; Byzantine Empire, treaties, 777–78; Yamato, Nebuchadnezzar and, 92; Korea, 409–10, 411, 413, 329–30; conquests of, 429, 837–838, 890–91; 487–88; Yayoi, 486–87; persecution of, 81, 82, 96, 330; law code, 330 wars, 494–95, 497, 779; 101, 646; Pharisees, 100; 38th parallel, 837, 838; war trials in, 830; world rebellions of, 92, 343; China and, 409–10; power, 779; World Romans and, 100–01, 343; K Mongol control of, 429; War II, 811–12, 819, Sabbath as day of spread of Buddhism to, 413. See also Korean War; m825, 825–26 worship and rest, 94; Kaaba, 374, p377; pilgrim- North Korea; South Sadducees, 100; ages to, 377, p377 Jefferson, Thomas, 698, Korea p698, 699 settlement in Middle kaiser, 748 East, 792, 874; Spanish Korean Peninsula, 409 Jenner, Edward, 738 Kalidasa, 215 Inquisition and, 558; Korean War, c800, 837, 838, Jeremiah, c91 spread of ideas and Kamakura, Japan, 495 m838 Jericho, 14, 84, p84; battle values, 81, 96; way of life, kami, 490 kosher foods, 98 for, p84 97, c97, 98; Zionists, 792 kamikaze, 495 Krishna, c204, 214 Jerome, Saint, 322, p322, Jimmu, emperor of Japan, Kammu, emperor of Krishna and Maidens, ptg214 q322, 362 487 Japan, 493 Kristallnacht, 827 Jerusalem, 89, 90, 92, 94, Joan of Arc, 556, p556, Karakorum, Mongolia, 428 101, 132, m132, 343, 347, q556, 557; biography, 556 Krushchev, Nikita, 835, karma, 203–04 836, p836 547, 875, m875; John, king of England, 537 rebuilding of, 94; Six Kashmir, 846; conflicts Kshatriyas, 200, c200 Johnson, Lyndon, 840–41; Day War and, 875; between Pakistan and Great Society, 841; Kush, civilization of, 67, temple in, 100, 101 India over, 845 Vietnam and, 849 c68, m68, 68–72, m70; art Jesuits (Society of Jesus), Kashta, king of Kush, 71 of, 69; capitals of, 70, 71; joint-stock company, 667 643, 644, 650; Ignatius of Kemal, Mustafa, 791 economy of, 69, 70; Loyola as founder of, 644 Jomon, 486 Kennan, George F., Egyptian influence on Jesus of Nazareth, p344, Jordan, 14, 81, 792 833–34; containment 70, 71; geography, 68, 69, 344–47, p345, p346, q346, Joseph II, king of Austria, policy, 834 70; importance of iron ptg347; 348; biography, 688, p688 Kennedy, John F., 835, to, 71; kingdom of 346; crucifixion of, 347; Josephus, 105, q105, 343 836, p836, 840; Cuban Kerma, 69; military, 71; Nubia, 69–70; rise of, disciples of, 344; life of, Joshua, 84; battle for Missile Crisis, 836, c836 70–71; rule of Egypt, 67; 344–45, 347; resurrection Jericho, 84, ptg84 Kente clothe, 474, p474 as foundation for rulers of, 71, 72; slavery, journeyman, 530 Kenya, 850 Christianity, 347, 350; 72; trade in, 69, 70, 71, 72 teachings of, 344–45, Judaea, 100, 343, 344, 347; Kenyatta, Jomo, 850, p850 Kuwait, 878; Iraqi invasion 346, 348; use of parables, Judah becomes, 343; rule Kepler, Johannes, 674–75, of, 878 of King Herod, 100 345, p345 c676 Kyoto, Japan, p480, 493, Jews, 90, 91, 92, 94–102, Judah, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, Kerma, kingdom of, 69 497, 503, 778 100, 343; education in, 343, 547–58, 558, 792, Khadija, 376 Kyoto Protocol, 890 98; fall of, 92; founding 809, 827, 874–76; anti- Khanbaliq, China, 428 Kyushu, 485, m485 Semitism, 548, 809; of, 90; return of Jews to, Khan, Genghis, 424–27, Arab-Israeli conflict, 94; Roman conquer and p427, q427 874–76; Balfour rule of, 100, 343 ; Mongol L Declaration, 792; Judaism: as first Empire under, m424, 424–27, m425 clothing, 98; conflict monotheistic religion, labor unions, 736 Khan, Kublai, ruler of over Palestine, 792; 81; beliefs, 82, 83, 95; “laissez-faire” economics, Mongol, p428, 428–29, Diaspora, 96; diet of, 98; destruction of Temple, 735, 741 101; ethical teachings, 495 education and, 97, 98; laity, 355, c355 Index Essenes, 100, 101; exile 82, 83, 95; God as moral Khomeini, Ayatollah and return of to Judah, lawgiver, 82; growth of, Ruhollah, 878, p878 Lakshmi, c204 94; expulsion of, 548, 93–102; Hanukkah, 96; Khufu, king of Egypt, 52 lamas, 208 Hebrew Bible, study in, m548; family, Kievan Rus, 539–40 language: Arabic, 381, 388, importance of, 97–98; 81, 82, 83, 95; justice in, 390–91, 467; Bantu, 469; fortress at Masada, p343; 95; major Jewish King, Martin Luther Jr., development of, 120, founding of Israel, 874; holidays, c96; 840 199, c199, 228; evolution Greeks and, 95–96; observance of law in, 82, Kitab al-lbar (Khaldun), of written forms of, 85, holidays celebrated by, 83; origins of, 81, 94; 392 120, 228; Hebrew, 81; c96; Holocaust, 827; jury system, 536, p536, 537; knights, 524, 526; code of Latin, 292, 304, 326, 328, Jesus’ teachings about grand jury, 537; linking chivalry, 526 352, 552; Quechua, 588;

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Laozi • Mandela, Nelson

Sanskrit, c199, 214; Legalism and, p238, 239; thought, 619, 621; Swahili, 469; vernacular, natural, 550, 681–82; Qin Japanese, 501; moral and M 552, 620, 634 dynasty, 243; Quran, 378; religious references of, Laozi, p238, 238, q239; rights of citizens and, 158, 214, 215, 619; MacArthur, Douglas, 826, Daoism and, c238, 238–39 273; Roman influence on, Muslim, 393; mythology, 829, 838 latifundia, 278 325–26; Roman system 155–56; odes, 304; Nobel Maccabees, 96 of, 273, 325–26; “rule of,” Prize for, 866; novelists, La Salle, 692 Maccabeus, Judas, 96 273; standards of justice, 737; oral tradition of, Last Supper, 347, ptg347 273; U.S. system of as 158, 159, 214, 449, 470, Macedonia, m117, 146, 174, Last Supper, The compared to Roman, 273; 476; plays, 304, 626; 175, 178–79; attack on (Leonardo), 623–24; veto of, 696; written, 273 poetry, 157–58, 214, 304, Greece, 175–76; empire Latin, 292, 304, 326, 328, League of Nations, 791, 420–21, 626, 736; realism, breaks apart, 178–79; 352, 552; as basis for 792; mandate system, 736–37; Renaissance, geography and culture, modern European 792; U.S. Senate and, 791 620, 626; Roman, 304; 175 languages, 304, 326; Leahy, William, 829 romanticism, 736; Machiavelli, Niccolò, 614, p614, q614, 615 manuscripts, 619, p619, Lebanon, 81, 542, 792 Russian, 737; satires, 620 304; Tang dynasty, Machu Picchu, 588, 589, legacy, 178, 187 Latin America, 749, 751, 420–21; written in the p589 Legalism, c238, 239, 241 769–70, 860–68; vernacular, 620 Madinah, 376, m383 legionaries, Roman, 266, agriculture, 861; Lithuania, 791 Magna Carta, p266, p267; armor, 537, q537, 682, caudillos, 751; 863–64; Liu Bang, emperor of Han, shield, spear, 266, p266 699; historical importance challenges in, 751, 244, c247, p247 of, 537, 682, 699 860–68; class divide in, legions, 266 Livia, empress of Rome, Magyars, 518, 519 751; Cold War and, 863; Lend Lease Act, 816 308 debt, 862; democratic Mahabharata, 214–15 Lenin, Vladimir, c758, 794, Livy, 304, 326; historian of movement in, 862; drug p795, q795 Mahayana Buddhism, 208, 795, , 810, Rome, 304 trade, 862; economy, p810; biography, 795; 499 861–62; exports, 861, control of Russia, 796 Locke, John, 681–82, 683, Maimonides, 646, p646 p683, q683, 699; m861; fight for freedom, Leo III, emperor of Maine, 769 749, 750; Good Neighbor biography, 683 Byzantine, 360 main idea, understanding, Policy and, 862; Great London, tower of, 648 78–79; and supporting Depression, 862; Leonidas, king of Sparta, lords, 523–26, 532–33 details, 370–71 imperialism and, 770; 135–36 lord-vassal system, 523–26, independence, m749; Leopold II, king of Makeda, queen of Sheba, 532–33 modernization of Belgium, 767–68 451–52 Mexico, 864–65; Monroe Leviathan (Hobbes), 681 Los Alamos, New Mexico, Makkah, 373, 374, 375, Doctrine and, 751; liberalism, 735 829 m383, m385, 389, 465, 555; Black Death in, 555; nationalism in, 749, 751; Liberia, 767, 768, 870 Louis XIV, king of France, new nations of, 749; 687, q687 pilgrimage to, p375, 465 Li Bo, 420, p420, q420 political conflicts, 751; Louis XVI, king of France, Malawi, 850 Libya, 766, 850, 890 population growth, 861, 716, 718 Malay Peninsula, 763, 847 862; Portuguese, Spanish Libyans, 67; conquerors of Louisiana Territory, 751 Malaysia, 847 and, 749; reforms in ancient Egypt, 67 Louis-Philippe, king of South America, 866–68; lightbulb, 729, 730 Mali, medieval, 448–49, France, 746 c451; economic religious conflicts, 751; Liliuokalani, queen of Loyola, Ignatius of, 644, structures, 449, c451, society and, 751, 861, Hawaii, 770 862; trade, 861, 862; p644, q644; founder of 462; government and limited government, 700 United States and, Jesuits, 644 political structure of, 769–70, 861–62 Li Po. See Li Bo 462; location, c451;

Luoyang, 248 Index Mansa Musa, 462, 465, Latins, 264, 266 Lister, Joseph, 738 Lusitania, 787 466; religion, 65; 467; Latium, Italy, 263, 265 literature: British, 736, 737; Lutheranism, 636–37, 639, changes in during trade and 449, c451, 462 Latvia, 791 640; creation of, 636–37; Renaissance, 620; Malintzin, 597; translator Germans and, 639; Lavoisier, Antoine and Chinese, 420–21; for Cortes, 597 politics and, 639 Marie, 676, c676 Egyptian, 60; epics, 20, Mamun, 390 Luther, Martin, 634–37, law: belief in moral, 82, 378; 157, 159, 183, 215; mandate, 230 Code of Hammurabi, 23, European, 552; fables, p636, 638, p638, q653; Mandate of Heaven, 230 24–25; common, 537; 158; French, 737; Greek, biography, 638; creation courts of, 537; from God 155–56, 157–58, 160–61, of Lutheranism, 636; mandates, 792; mandate in Torah, 82; ideas about, 164–67, 183; Hellenistic Ninety-Five Theses as system, 792 681–82, 683; influence of Era, 183; Indian, 214–15; beginning of Mandela, Nelson, 852, Justinian Code, 330; influence of Greek and Reformation, 636 872, 873, p873, q873; juries and, 536, p536, 537; Roman writings on later Luxembourg, Germany, 625 biography of, 873; first

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Manhattan Project • microscope

black president of South number system based on discovery of vaccines, slavery and, 587; social Africa, 872; leader of 10, c44, 51; number 738; Egyptian, 50; Greek, structures, 584–85, 587 anti-apartheid system based on 20, 585; 184; Gupta, 216; herbal Mesopotamia, m3, 16–23, movement, 872 number system based on treatments in, 50, 216, 27, 30, 81, 132, m132, Manhattan Project, 829 60, 21, c44; quipu, 588, 245, 671; Hippocratic 197, 291, 384; artisans of, p599 manorialism. See manorial ; Sumerian number oath, 184; identification c44; Assyrians, 27–28; system, 21; 360-degree system of disease, 391; Babylon, 23; Chaldeans, circle, 21 invention of tools for, manorial system, 526–27 29; city-states, 19, p19, matrilineal, 469 216; medical books, c44, 23; comparing to Egypt, manors, 526–27, p527 Matthew, Saint, 355, p356 50; medical drawings, c44; “cradle of Mansa Musa, 449, 462, 465, 391, p391; Muslim, 391; Maurya, Chandragupta, civilization,” 20; p465, 466, p466; plastic surgery, 216; 210; centralized cuneiform writing, 20, biography, 466; rule of, specialization in, 50; government of, 210; c44; development of 462, 465, 466; spread of disease, 391; founder of India’s first writing, 20; early strengthening of Islam, sterilization of medical empire, 210 civilizations of, 16–25, 465 equipment, 738; study of m17; economic structure Mauryan dynasty, m210, manufacturing, 530; anatomy, blood of, c44; economy of, c44; 210–11; fall of, 211; first quality standards in, 530 circulation, 305, 391, 676; education in, 21, p21; empire of India, m210, surgery, 216. See also geography, 17, m17, 18, Mao Zedong, 837, p837, 210–11; religion and, 211, science 20; government of, 19, 885, q885, 886; Cultural 212; rulers of, 210, 211; meditation, 499, p499 20; Hammurabi, 22, 23, Revolution, 885 trade and, 211 Mediterranean region, 24–25; inventions of, 21; Marathon, 134–35; battle Maya, 583–85, 596; art and 263, m263, 287, 291, 348; laws of, 23, 24–25; life in, of, 134–35, m134 architecture, p583, 584; spread of Christianity to, 20; literature, 20; Marat, Jean-Paul, 717 culture, 584–85; 348 Ottomans conquer, 384; Marconi, Guglielmo, 730 development of Mediterranean Sea, 40, 81, political structure of, Marshall, George C. 834 mathematical system, 19–20; religion, 19; 585; development of 365- 95, m117, 118, m132, 246, Marshall Plan, 834, 840 373, 384, 388, 611 rulers, 19–20, 22, 23, 24, day calendar, 585; 25; Sargon, 23; scientific Martel, Charles, 515, 523; Meiji, 778 development of written and mathematic ideas as basis for language, 585; geographic Meir, Golda, 876, 877, feudalism, 523 advances, 21, c44; location of, 575, 583; p877, q877; biography, society in, 20; martial arts, 499, 500, p500; government, 583–84, 585; 877; conflict with Egypt, Sumerians, 18–21; linking past and present, political system of, 876 students today in, 21, 500 584–85; religious beliefs Memphis, Egypt, 44, 60 p21; writing, 20 and practices, 584; role of martyr, 353 Menander, 183 messiah, 101, 344, 347, 348; Marxism, 735–36 women, 585; social structure, 584; sports, 584, Mendel, Gregor, 738 Jewish prophecy and, 344 Marx, Karl, 735, p735, q735, p584; study of astronomy, Mennonites, 637 metalworking, 486 736 585; trade, 575–76, 584; mercantilism, 666, 692, 696 Metternich, Klemens von, Mary I, queen of England, warfare, 584 mercenaries, 611 p723, 723 649, p649 Mayflower, 693 Meroë, Kush, 71, 72 Mexico, 13, 14, 574, 575, Mary Magdalene, 347 m575, 583, 596–97, 862, Mayflower Compact, 693, Mesa Verde National Mary, Saint (mother of 864–65; climate and 694, q693 Park, 578–79 Jesus), 546 geography of, 574, 575, mayors, 515 Mesoamerican Masada, Israel, 343; ruins 583; economy, 865; Mbeki, Thabo, 872 civilizations, 574–76, at, p343 farming in, 13, m13, 575; McKinley, William, 769 m575, 583–87; mass, 546 independence, 749; measles, 597, 669 achievements of, 585; Institutional math: algebra, 391; agricultural systems, Medici, Catherine, de’, Revolutionary Party, 865; algorithms, 216; Chinese 575; art and architecture, 644, 647, p647 Mayan ancestors, 583–85; numbering system, c236; 583, ptg583, 587; Medici family, 613, 614 modernization, 864–65; counting based on 10, development of nationalization of oil Index Medici, Lorenzo de’, 614 c44, 51; fractions, c44, 51; calendar, 585; wells, 865; Neolithic geometry, 21, 42, 182, medicine: acupuncture, development of written villages of, 14; political 185–86; Greek, c185, 246, 671; bone-setting, language, 585; economic reforms, 865; Revolution 185–86; Gupta, 215; 216; causes of disease, structures, 575; of 1911, 864–65; trade, Indian, 215–16; Hindu 738; Chinese, 245; geographic structures, 575, 576, 865. See also Arabic numerical discovery of anesthesia, 575–76, 583; government Aztec Empire; Maya system, 215–16, 391; 738; discovery of and political structures, method of number bacteria, 738; discovery 583–84, 585–86; Micah, c91 calculations, 588; of cells, 676; discovery of knowledge of seasonal Michelangelo. See Mayan, 585; number genetics, 738; discovery changes, 585; religious Buonarroti, Michelangelo system based on 60, c44; of Radium, 739; beliefs, 584, 585, 586, 587; microscope, 676, 678, p678

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Middle Ages • Mycenaeans

Middle Ages: China in, civilization, c108; and, 426, 429, 611–12; use 374–75; teachings of, 404–37; early, 512–21; collapse of civilization, of terror, 426; warriors of, 374, 377 Europe, medieval, 118; control of eastern 424, 425–26, p426, 427, multinational 508–59; Japan, medieval, Mediterranean, c116, 429, 540. See also Khan, corporations, 862 See 480–504; late, 553–58. 118; culture, 118, 119; Genghis; Khan, Kublai mummy, 50, 64, 65; cat, 64 also Europe, medieval; trade, 116, 118, 119 Mongolia, 424. See also Munich, Germany, 815 Japan, medieval Minos, king of Crete, 165 Mongol Empire middle class, 735 Muqaddimah (Khaldun), missionaries, 362, p362, monks, 362, p362, 364, 520 q382, 392 Middle East, 14, c381, 389, 363, 364, 435–36, 520–21, Monks Mound, 581 791, 792, 874–76; after Murasaki Shikibu, 501, 539, 650; past and monopoly, 576 World War I, 791; Arab- present, 362, p362 502, p502, q502; monotheism, 81 biography, 502 Israeli conflict, 874–76; Mississippi, 592 Arab nationalism, 792; Monroe Doctrine, 751 Muscovy. See Moscow; see Mississippians, 580–81; creation of kingdom of Monroe, James, 751 also Russia architecture of, 581; Saudi Arabia, 792; farming, 581; rise of monsoons, 195–96 music: African, 475–76, mandates, 792; new cities in, 581 Montenegro, 783 p475; 476, 545 countries in, 792; Mississippi River, 592 Montesquieu, 682, p682, Muslims, c387, 387–94, 433, population, 876; 448, 515, 519, 541–43, resources, 876; terrorism Mitterand, Francois, 891 q682, 700; concept of separation of powers, 646, 666, 845, 876, 878, and, 892; Zionist mobilization, 784 682 884; achievements of, settlement of 792 Moche, 577–78; agricultural 390–92, 393–94, 433; Montezuma II Middle Kingdom, Egypt’s, techniques, 577; art, 577, Albanian, 884; art and (Moctezuma), 596–97, 60–61; arts and p577, 578; engineering, architecture, 389, 393–94; 598, p598; biography, literature, 60; culture of, 577; geography, 577; beliefs about American 598; Cortés defeat of, 597 60; Hyksos, 60–61 trade, 577 and European ideas and Montgomery, Bernard, “A Midsummer Night’s Moguls, 385–86, 764; values, 876; cities of, 826, 828 Dream,” 627–32 economy of, 386; 388–89; Crusades and, Midway Island, 826 Muslim empire of, Morelos, José María, 749 541–43; culture, 388–90, migrations: to America, 573, 385–86; trade, 386 More, Sir Thomas, 648 p389, p390; decline of m573; Bantu, 469, m469 Mohawk, 592; government Morocco, 766, 850 rule of, 384, 386; empires of, 380–81, 384–86; militarism, 782 of, 592 Morse, Samuel, 730 everyday life of, 388–90; military: Greek, 122–23, Mohenjo-Daro, 196; mortal, 164 inventions, 391; Iranian, 126–27, 134–37, p144; artifacts and ruins, p196 mosaics, 333, p333 876, 878; language, 390; Japan, 494–97; Kushite, Moluccas, 666 Moscow, Russia, 540, Moguls, 385–86; 71; Mongol, 424, 425–26, Mona Lisa (Leonardo), m540, 689, 794; growth Portuguese defeat of p426, 427, 429, 540; ptg622, 624, of, 540 fleet, 666; religion and, Mycenaean, 120; Persian, 377, 381, 392; role of men 133, 134–37; Roman, monasteries, 357, 362, Moses, 82, 83, p83; parting p362, 413, 519, 520; of the Red Sea, ptg82 and women, 390; rule of 266–67, 279, 280–81, Spain, 646; slavery of Mont St. Michel, p520 Mosque of the Prophet, 287–88; Shang dynasty, non-, 389–90; social monastic religious orders, 376; tomb of 227; Sparta, military, 115, structure, 389–90; split 363 Muhammad, 376, p376 p115, 126–27, p126. See into Sunnis and Shiites, also individual country Monet, Claude, 737; mosques, p384, 389, 393, 382; tensions between listings; wars Nympheas, 737 p393 Hindus and, 845; trade Mill, John Stuart, 735 money: as form of Mound Builders, 580–81; and, 388, 396; ways of mills, 733, 743 exchange, 121; coins, domestication of plants, life, c387, 387–94, p389, Milosevic, Slobodan, 884 121, 388, 529; common 580; trade, 580 p390. See also Islam currency, 294; distrust of, Minamoto clan, 494–95 Mountain, the, 717, 718 Mussolini, Benito, 808, Index 320; euro based on Minamoto Yoritomo, 495 Mount Olympus, 155 p808, 814–15; alliance Roman, 294, p294; single with Hitler, 814–15; minaret, 394, p394 monetary system, 242, Mount Sinai, 82, 83, p83 Mount Vesuvius, 290, p290; Fascist Party, 808; World Ming dynasty, c430, m431, c247 War II, 814–15, 826 430–36; beginnings and eruption of, 290, p290; Mongol Empire, 383, m424, Mutsuhito, emperor of rise of, 431–32; culture, modern-day, 290, p290 424, m425, 425–26, 428–29, Japan, 778 432; fall of, 436; maritime 495, 540; Black Death and, Mozart, Wolfgang expeditions, 433, 434, 554; conquests of, 425–26; Amadeus, 687, p687 Myanmar, 847 435; reforms of China, invasion of Kievan Rus, Muhammad, 374–76; Mycenae, 119; ruins at, p119 432; shipbuilding 540; maritime expedition, biography, 376; prophet Mycenaeans, 118, 119–20; technology, 433, 435; 429; nomadic life of, 424; of Islam, 374–76; culture, 119; Dark Age trade and, 434, 435 religion of, 426, 428; rule relationship of caliphs of, 121; decline and Minoans, 113, 118, ptg118, in China, 428–29; rulers to, c381; government of, collapse of civilization, 119; calendar, p118, p147; of, 425–27, 428–29; trade 375; opposition to, c116, 120; kingdoms and

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mythology, Greek • Nubia

government of, 119–20; 592; Chinook, 591; Neolithic Age (New Stone Nkrumah, Kwame, 850, religion, 119; spread of Chumash, 591; Age), 12, m13, 13–15, c14; p851 culture, 120; trade, Columbian Exchange arts and crafts of, c14; Noah, 95 119–20; war and, 120, and, m668, 668–69; benefits of settled life, 15; nobles, 45, 46, 60, 125, 129, compared to Paleolithic 157–58 confederations, 592; 492, 493, 494, 503, Age, c14; domestication mythology, Greek, c155, disease and, 596; early 516–19, 523–26, 537, 557, of plants and animals, 13; 155–56 civilizations of, 578–81; 614–15, 684, p684, 688, economic specialization, myths, 155, 156, 165, 487 enslavement of, 664; 715, 732; Frankish, 515, 15; farming revolution, geography, climate and, 519; samurai as warriors 13, 15; growth of villages 590, 591, 592; for, 494; shift of power during, 14; human N governments of, 592; to, 523; urban, 614; War adaptations, c14; life in, Grand Council of, 592; of the Roses and, 557 Nagasaki, Japan, 777, 830 Great Peace, 592; Haida, 12, 14–15; Ötzi, man of, Noh plays, 501; used to 591; Hidatsa, 591; 12, p12; role of men and Nanjang, China, 819 teach Buddhism, 501 Hohokam, 579; women, c14 Naomi, 99, ptg99; biogra- nomads, 10, 132, 198, 199, phy, 99 Hopewell, 580; Inuit, 590; Nero, emperor of Rome, Iroquois League, 592; 288, p288; reign and 242, 245, 373, 376, 383, Napata, Kush, 70 Jesuit missionaries and, accomplishments of, c288 409, 424, p424, 445, Napoleon. See 469–70, 518, 576, 579, Bonaparte, 650; laws of, 592; life in Neruda, Pablo, 866, p866, Napoleon. the Eastern Woodlands, q866 585; Aztec, 585; Bantu, 469–70; Bedouins, 373; Napoleonic code, 720 592; life in the Pacific Netherlands, 625, 664 Northeast, 591; life in the hunter-gatherers as, 10; Nara, Japan, 492 New Deal, 807 Southwest, 591; life on Magyars, 518; Mongols, Narmer, 43–44 New Kingdom, 61–62 424, p424; Seljuk Turks, Nasser, Gamal Abdel, the Great Plains, 591–92; life on the West Coast, New Testament, 355–56 383; Toltec, 576; 874–85; popularity of, Xiongnu, 242, 245 874, 875; Suez crisis, 875 591; Mandan, 591; Newton, Isaac, 675–76, Mississippians 580–81; c676, 677, p677, q677; Noriega, Manuel, 864 Natchez, 592; social classes Mohawk, 592; Mound biography, 677; scientific Norman conquest, 535–36 of, 592 Builders, 580; Natchez, contributions of, 675–76 Normandy, 535–36, 557, 828 nationalism, 720, 723, 592; Navajo, 591; New York, New York, 892; North Africa, m121, 121, 745–49, 751–54, 771–79, Oneida, 592; Onondaga, act of terrorism and, 892 792, 843, 846, 850, 851, 178, 274, 357, 380, c381, 592; Pawnee, 591; people Nicaragua, 862, 863; 384, 448, m448, 611, 766; 884; Africa, 850, 851; and cultures of, m590, Arab, 792; Balkan, 783; Sandinistas and contras, European control of, 766; 590–92; people of the 863; U.S. involvement trade of, 448, m448 cause for World War I, Far North, 590; Pomo, in, 863 North America, m13, 781; Chinese, 774–75; 591; Pueblo, 591; Seneca, Nicholas II, czar of 578–81, 590–92; early democracy in Great 592; Tlingit, 591; Zuni, Russia, 793, p793 civilizations of, 578–81; Britain, 745; Eastern 591 European, 884; fall of Niger delta, 450 early farming in, m13, natural law, 550, 681 communism and, 884; Nigeria, 469, 850, 851, 870 m13, 578, 579; people and natural rights, 681–82, 685; cultures of, m590, 590–92. independence in Latin Niger River, m469 America, 749, m749, 751; of women, 685 See also American Nile River, 39, 40, 49, 60, Indian, 843, 846; Navigation Acts, 696 Revolution; Americas; 69, 446 Japanese, 777–79; Nazareth, 344, 346 Native Americans Nile River valley, Palestine, 792; reform in 38–46, North American Free Nazi Party, 809, 815, 827; m39; geography of, Austria and Hungary, Trade Agreement anti-Semitism of, 809, 39–40, 41; life in, 45–46; 746; revolutions of 1848; 827; concentration (NAFTA), 865, 889 rise of Italy and river people, 41–42; camps, 809, 827; Hitler North Atlantic Treaty Germany, m747, 747–48; settlement of, 39–40, as leader of, 809; Organization (NATO), United States, 751–54 today, 40, p40; united Holocaust, 827; Egypt and, 43–44. See 835 Nationalist Socialist restrictions on human also Egypt, ancient North Carolina, 592 German Workers’ Party. rights, 809, 827 Northern Renaissance, See Nazi Party Nimitz, Chester, 826 Index Nebuchadnezzar, 625–26 nationalize, 865 Nineteenth Amendment, Chaldean king, 29, 92 841 North Korea, 890, 892; nation-states, 746–47, 749, Nefertari, queen of Egypt, nuclear weapon 791, 792, 850 Ninety-Five Theses, 636, 66 q653 development, 890; Native Americans, 578–81; terrorism and, 892 Nefertiti, queen of Egypt, Nineveh, 28; one of Acoma, 591; Adena, 580; 64 note taking, 260–61 Algonquian, 592; world’s first libraries, 28 Nehru, Jawaharlal, p843 Anasazi, 579–80; , nirvana, 205 novels, 432 Apache, 591; Cahuilla, 846 Nixon, Richard, 849, 881, Novgorod, Russia, 540 591; California, 591; Nelson, Horatio, 720 p881; diplomatic Nubia, 69–70. See also Cayuga, 592; Cherokee, neo-Confucianism, 414 relations and, 881 Kush, civilization of

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nuclear proliferation • persecution

nuclear proliferation, 890 Onin War, 497 Paine, Tom, 699 partnerships, 728 nuclear weapons: building Onondaga, 592; government Pakistan, 845–46, 890; Parvati, c204 of, 829, 845, 890; of, 592 building of nuclear Passover, celebration of, limitations on, 881; On the Structure of the weapons, 845, 890; 82, p82, c96, 347 Manhattan Project, 829; Human Body (Vesalius), independence, 845; Pasteur, Louis, 738, p738, role in Cold War, 836; 676 tensions with India, 739, c739 spread of, 890; in World 845–46 OPEC. See Organization of Pataliputra, 210 War II, 829–30 Paleolithic Age, 10–11, c14; Petroleum Exporting paterfamilias, 307, 308 numbering systems: Countries. adaptations to the patriarchs, 355 Chinese, c236; based on opium, 772 environment, 10, c14; 10, c44, 51; based on 20, arts and crafts, ptg10, patricians, 269, 270–71, 278 Opium War, 772 585; based on 60, 21, c44; c14; importance of fire Patrick, 363, 519 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 829 Indian-Arabic, 215–16, and, 10; nomadic life of, Patton, George, 828 391; Sumerian, 21 oracle, 156; bones, 228, p228; people, 10; roles of men Paul III, Pope, 643 nuns, 362, 363, 545 Greek at Delphi, 156, and women, 10, c14 Paula, 362 Nuremberg, Germany, 830 ptg156 Palestine, 101, 102, 362, Paul of Tarsus, 348, 349, Nympheas (Monet), 737 oral history, 470 384, 542, 792, 874–75, 879; acceptance of Israel’s p349, 362 Nzinga, queen of Orange Free State, 768 right to exist, 879; Arab- Pavlov, Ivan, 739, c739 Matamba, 470, p471; Oregon Territory, 751 Israeli conflict, 874–75, biography, 471 Oresteia (Aeschylus), 161 Pax Romana, 287; good 879; Balfour Declaration emperors of, c292 Organization of African and, 792; founding of Peace of Augsburg, 639 Unity (OAU), 852 Israel and, 874; O Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, Organization of Petroleum nationalism, 792; 819; Japanese attack oases, 373, 445 Exporting Countries Palestinian Authority, (OPEC), 876 on, 819 Ocatavian, emperor of 879; UN division of into Orlando, Vittorio, 791, p791 Jewish and Arab states, peasants, 636–37, 715, 746, Rome, 282–83, 287–88, 773, 793, 794, 810, 289. See also Augustus, Osaka, Japan, 777 874; Zionist settlers in, 792 864–65; resistance to emperor of Rome Osiris, 49, 50, p50 collectivization, 810; Palestine Authority, 879 Oda Nobunaga, 777 Ostia, Italy, 293 revolution in Mexico, Palestine Liberation odes, 304 Ostrogoths, 322, m513, 514 864–65; unrest in China, Organization (PLO), Odoacer, 324 Otto I, emperor of Holy 773; uprisings in Russia, 875–76 793, 794 Odysseus, 158 Roman Empire, 519 Pan Africanism, 852 Peisistratus, 129 Odyssey (Homer), 157, 158, Ottoman empire, 384–85, Panama, 599, 770, 861; 159 m385, 611, 659, 766, 783, Peloponnesian War, c112, independence, 861; U.S. Oedipus Rex (Sophocles), 784, 791; architecture, 384, c138, m144, 144–46, 146, p384; breakup of after relations with, 769, 770, 176; impact of, 176 161 861, 864 World War I, 791; Central Peloponnesus, m117, 120, oil: Latin American, 862, Power in World War I, Panama Canal, 769, p769, m125 867–68; Middle Eastern, 784; expansion of, m385; 770; building of, 769, 792, 874, c874; OPEC and, PEMEX, 865 government, 385; religion, 770; impact of War of 876; U.S control of, 792, peninsula, 117 385 1898 on building, 770 862; wells, 874, p874; world Pentagon, 892–93; terrorist Ötzi, 12, p12; biography, 12; Panchantantra, 215 production, g875 attack on, 892–93 weapons of, 12, p12 Panchen Lama, 208 Old Kingdom, Egypt’s, Pepin, king of Franks, 515 Oxford, England, 550 Papacy. See pope 47–52; pyramids, 50–52; perestroika, 882 religion, 49–50; rulers of, oxygen, 676 Papal States, 515 Pergamum, 178 48 papermaking, 42, 245, Index Old Stone Age, 10 p245; China, 245; Pericles, 113, 140, 141, P q141, p141, p145, q145; Old Testament, 88 Egyptian, 42; linking past and present, 245 achievements of, 140–41; oligarchy, 126–27, 129, 147 Pachacamac, 588 “Age of,” 138–47; papyrus, 42 Olmec Empire, m575, Pachacuti, Inca king, 588, biography, 141; 575–76; first planned city, 589, p589, q589; parables, 345; Jesus democracy and, 141, 575; trade, 575 biography, 589 teaching, p344, p345 145; funeral oration, 145; Olympics, 128, p128; first, Pacific Northwest, 590; life Pariahs (Untouchables), ruler, leader, general, 108, p108; past and in, 590; Native American c200, p200, 200–01 statesman, 140–41 present, 128 people of, m590, 591; Paris, France, 538, 550, 644, Perón, Juan, 866 Omar Khayyam, 392, p392, natural resources, 591 828 Perry, Matthew, ptg777, 393, q393; biography, 392 Pacific Ocean, 599 Parliament, 537, 681, 697 777–78; arrival in Edo Oneida, 592; government of, Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, Parthenon, p112, 141, p141, Bay, ptg777 592 shah of Iran, 876, p878 c162, p162, 163 persecution, 353

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Persia • Qaddhafi,Muammar al-

Persia, m132, 132–37, 382, philosophy, 169, 235–39; 815–16; nation-state, 791; Princip, Gavrilo, 784 383, m383, 392 freedom of speech and, revolutions in, 882 Principia (Newton), 676, 677 Persian Empire, 30, m132, 684; idea of absolute polis, 122–23 printing, 419–20, 620–21, 94, 132–33; defeat of right and wrong, 170; Politics (Aristotle), 171 660; impact on spread of Socratic method, 170; Chaldeans and, 94; politics, political ideas, ideas, 620, 621; invention use of reason, 684–85 expansion and rise of, political systems: of movable type, 419, 132–33; fall of, 137; Phoenicia, 132, m132 absolutism, 681, 686–89; 620; invention of the government and Phoenicians, 84; alphabet, Assyrian, 28; printing press, 620–21 political organization of 85, c85, 120 conservatism, 892; prioritizing, 760–61 of, 133–34; military of, physics, 185, 186, 738–39 fascism, 808; liberalism, privateers, 664 133; religion of, 133; 735; Lutheranism and, rulers of, 132–33, 134–35; pictographs, 228 procurator, 343 639; Marxism, 736; proletariat, 736 Spartans and, 146. See pilgrimage, 376, p377, 378, natural law and, 681–82; propaganda, 786 also Persian Wars c378, 465, 466; of Mansa provinces as political Persian Gulf, 28 Musa, 465, 466 districts, 28; reason and, prophecies, 156 Persian Gulf War, 878 pilgrims, 213, 547 681–82, 683, 685–86; prophets, 87, 91, 377; major Persian Wars, m134, Pilgrims, 693 Roman, 278–79; Hebrew, 91, c91 134–37, p136, 177 pilum, 266, p266 separation of powers in, protectorates, 763 perspective, 623; use of in Pinochet, Augusto, 867; 682; socialism, 735–36; Protestantism, 639, 643–45, art, 623 dictator of Chile, 867 utilitarianism, 735. See 664, 665 also government Peru, 578, 862. See also Inca Pi Sheng, 419 Protestants, 636, 640, 693; Empire Polo, Marco, p428, q428, Piye, king of Kush, 71 Calvinism and, 640; Petén, 583 428–29, p429; 612; Catholics and, 643–45; Pizarro, Francisco, Peter, the Apostle, 348 Pompeii, Italy, 290, p290 Lutheranism and, 636 599–600, 664; defeat of Pompey, 280, p280 Peter the Great, 688–89, Inca, 600 proverbs, 89, 470 ptg689 pope, 356, 359, 360, 361, 515, provinces, 28 plague, 82, 319, 554; 519, 623, 636, 643, 648 Petrarch, Francesco, p619, bubonic, 554; ten plagues, provisional government, popular sovereignty, 700 619–20; humanism and, 82. See also Black Death 794 619–20 population: city, 732; Planck, Max, 739, c739 Prussia, 687 pharaohs, p45, 48, 49, p49, migrations, 469, m469; plane geometry, 185–86 Ptolemy, 305, 660, 671, 672, 50, 60, 62, 63, 64–66, p66, 573, m573; shifts, 120, Plataea, battle of, 137, 139 230, 417, 555, m573, 576; p672; scientific 67; embalming of, 49, contributions of, 305, 660 p49, 50 plateau, 446 urban, 610; United States, pueblos, 579–80 Pharisees, 100 Plato, 144, c170, p170, 171, 754. See also migrations Puerto Rico, 769 Pheidippides, 135; modern 172; biography, 172; porcelain, 418, 421–22, p422 marathon and, 135 ideas of, 170, c170 Port Arthur, Russia 779 Punic Wars, m274, 274–76; Philadelphia, Plautus, 304 Portugal, 435, 472, 473, 558, Pure Land Buddhism, 499 Pennsylvania, 700 playwrights, 161, 183, 304, 660, 851, 892; Puritans, 649, 693 Philip II, king of France, 625 exploration, 660, 661; Puteoli, Italy, 293 grants independence to 538, 543 plebeians, 269, 270–71, Putin, Vladimir, 883 colonies, 851; slave trade Philip II, king of 273, 278; Council of the and, 472–73, 661; trading pyramids, 34, p34, 50–52, Macedonia, 175–76 Plebs, 270; political empire of, 666; war with c51, p51, p52, p70, 71, Philip II, king of Spain, reforms by, 270–71 Muslims, 558, 666 p576, 577, 584, 587, p587; 649, p649, 664 Plutarch, 126, q126 astronomy, math and Poseidon, 155, p155 Philip IV, king of France, poetry, 88, 157–58, 214–15, building of, 51; Great Potsdam, Germany, 833 538 392, 393, 420–21, 470, Pyramid, 52; Great Philippine Islands, 650, 501, 552, 620, 736; Praetorian Guard, 287–88 Temple, 587, p587; 769–70, 825–26, 846; British, 736; Cuban, 867; praetors, 270 inside, p51, c51; Kushite, independence, 846; epics, 20, 157, 159, 183, predestination, 640–41 p70, 71; Mayan, p576, rebellion against U.S. 215, 304, 552; Greek, 584; Moche, 577; predicting, 36–37 Pyramid of the Sun, 577; Index Rule, 770; World War II, 157–58; Indian, 214; prehistoric people, 9–15, 825–26 Muslim, 392, 393; of Tikal, p576 573–75, p574; migrations King David, 88; political, Pythagoras, 169, 185, c185; Philistines, 87, 88, 89, 101 of, m573. See also 867; Renaissance, 620; Pythagorean theorem, philosophers, 140, 684, humans, early symbolist, 737; Tang, 169; scientific p684; Chinese, 235–39; prehistory, 9 French, 684–86; Greek: 420–21; tanka, 501; contributions of, c185 140, ptg169, 169–70, c170, troubadour, 552; of previewing, 6–7 p172, 184; important William Wordsworth, 736 Prince, The (Machiavelli), Q contributions of, c170, Poland, 791, 815–16, 828, 614, 615 184; influences on today, 882; democratic, 882; Prince Who Knew His Qaddhafi, Muammar al-, c170, 184 Hitler’s invasion of, Fate, The, 53–58 850

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Qin dynasty • Roman Catholic Church

Qin dynasty, m241, 241–43, 36–37; previewing, 6–7; 385, 412–13, 645, 685, Renoir, Pierre-Auguste, 772, 774; government, prioritizing, 760–61; 692, 693; government 737 241–42, 243; Great Wall, questioning, 510–11; and, 48, 208, 212, 228, reparations, 791, 805–06 242 reading for meaning, 230, 462; Greek, 155–56; representative democracy, Qin Shihuangdi, emperor 712–13; responding and Hinduism, 203–04, 213; 139, c140, 537, 538, 694 reflecting, 300–01; humanism and, 619; of China, 241–42, 243, republic, 265–66 p243, q243; biography, sequence clues, 340–41; human sacrifice in, 584, Republic (Plato), 170 243; government of, taking notes, 260–61; 587, 588; Incan, 588; 241–42, 243; legalism text structure, 222–23; influences on society, 81; responding and reflecting, and, 241, c247 summarizing, 570–71; Islam, 368–95, m380; 300–01 understanding concepts, Quebec, 692 Jewish, 81–85, 95, 96, resurrection, 347, 348 712–13 133; Lutheranism, Revolution of 1911, 864–65 Quechua, 588 636–37, 639; Mayan, 584; Reagan, Ronald, 881, 892; rhetoric, 307, 357 Quetzalcoatl, 597 arms race, 881; backing Mesopotamian, 19; Rhineland, Germany, 814 quipu, 588 of Islamic groups, 881; monotheism in, 64, 81; Quran, 377–78, 393, 465, conservative policies of, music and, 476, 545; Rhine River, 292, 323 472; influence on 892; pressure of the persecution based on, 81, Rhodes, Cecil, 768 Muslims’ daily life, 378; Soviets, 881; “Remarks 82, 96, 101, 646, 649; Richard I, king of source of Islamic beliefs at the Brandenberg popular, 546; Reformation, England, 542–43 and practices and law, Gate,” 882, p882, q882 633–50; religious orders, Rightly Guided Caliphs, 377; slavery and, 472; realism, 736–37 363, 545–46; religious 380, c381 texts, 81, 82, 91, 94, p94, study of, p377, 465 reason, 678, 681 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, rights: basic, 735; equal, Reconquista, 558 334, p334; Roman, 309–10, 734. See also citizens; R Red Brigades, 892 c310, 324, 326; sacraments government; natural rights Red Sea, 40, 60, 82, 446; in, 546; Samaritans, 91; rabbis, 101 parting of by Moses, Shang dynasty and, Rim-Sin, 22 racial segregation, 840 ptg82 227–28; Shinto, 490; Tang Rhodesia, 850; radio, 730 Reed, John, 794, p794, q794 dynasty and, 412–13; independence, 850 Vedas as hymns and radium, 739 Reformation, 634–37, 638, Roberts, Lawrence, 889 prayers for, 214; wars 639–41, 642–46, 647, Robespierre, Maximillien, rain forests, p445, 445, about, 643, 644–45; 648–50; Counter-, 718–19 450–51; kingdoms of, worship of gods and 643–46; English, 648–49 Roentgen, Wilhelm K., 450–51; Mayan goddesses, 81, 309–10, 739, c739 civilization in, 575–76 reforms, 411 c310; worship of one raja, 199 refugees, 870, 874, 884; God, 64, 81; Rolfe, John, 692 Rama, 215 African, 870; Arab, 874; Zorastrianism, 133. See Roman Catholic Church, Balkan, 884, p884; Cuban, 356, 359, 360–61, 515, Ramayana, 214–15 also individual listings 863; Vietnamese, 849 519–21, 546, 634–36, 638, Ramses II, king of Egypt, “Remarks at the regents, 344, 493 Brandenburg Gate,” 639, 643–46, 648, 649, 650, 65, 66, p66, 67 715, 718, 720; reincarnation, 204, 206; 882, q882 Raphael. See Sanzio, condemnation of Galileo, caste system and, 204, 206 Raphael Remus, 264 675; Council of Trent, 643, relativity, theory of, 739 rationalism, 678 Renaissance, 608–17, p643; Counter- religion: African, 463, 619–26; art, 609–10, 612, rationing, 786 Reformation and, 643–46; m463, g463, 464–65, 467; 613, 614, 619, 621, 622, English Reformation and, Re, 49 Aryan, 203; Aztec, 586, ptg622, 623–24, 625–26; 648–49; French Revolution reading skills: analyze and 587; Bantu, 469; based beginnings of, 609–10, and, 719, 720; Inquisition clarify, 606–07; building on reason, 685; 614–15; cartography and, 547; Martin Luther vocabulary, 192–93; Buddhism, 205–06, 208, and, 660; Crusades and, and, 634–36, 638, Index cause and effect, 482–83; 248, 412–13, 489, 492–93, 611, 619; emphasis on missionaries, 650; compare and contrast, 499; Calvinism, 640–41, the secular, 609; impact monastic religious orders, 442–43; context clues, 649; Christianity, 81, 83, of printing press on 363; political roles of 152–53; discussion 91, 326, 338–65, 545–47, spread of ideas, 620, 621; clergy, 355, 360; practices, questions, 882–83; 635–37, 639–41, 643–46, influence of Greek and rituals, sacraments of, extending the text, 648–50; common beliefs Roman thought on, 619, 546; Protestants and, 858–59; inferences, of Christians, Jews and 621; humanism and, 643–46; punishment of 406–07; main idea, 78–79; Muslims, 377; Counter- 619–21; Italian, 609–15; Jews, 547; Reformation main idea and Reformation, 643–46; life of an artist, 624; and, 633–39, 648–50; supporting details, deism, 685; Egyptian, literature, 620, 626; religious orders of, 370–71; making 49–50, 64; English meaning of, 609; 545–46; rise of, 519–21; connections, 114–15; Reformation, 648–50; Northern, 625; scientific role of in preservation of monitor and adjust, European, m645; 644–46; study and, 621; spread Roman learning and 656–57; predicting, freedom of, 354, 381, of, 620–21, 625–26 religious texts, 520;

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Roman civilization • science

scientific discoveries and, of Centuries, 270; birth Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, Sadducees, 100 675, 684; selling of of, 265–66; citizenship 685–86 Sahara, 40, 381, 445, 446, indulgences, 634–35; and, 281; corruption in, Royal Standard of Ur, 19, 447 social class of clergy, 715; 278–79; Council of the p19 sailboats, 21, 452 spiritual roles of clergy, Plebs, 270–71, 279; Rubaiyat (Khayyam), 392 saints, 333, 546 360; split from Eastern dictators of, 271, 279, 281, rubber trade, 767–68; Orthodox Church, 361; 284–85; expansion of, Saladin, king of Egypt, 542 workers on rubber spread of Christianity 274–76; fall of, 277–83; Salamis strait of, 136; plantation, ptg768 and, 519–21; view of government of, 269–73, battle of, p136, 136–37 Rubicon River, 280; church-state relations, 287–88; Julius Caesar, salt mines, m448, 449, p449 “crossing the Rubicon,” 359; Voltaire and, 684–85. 280–81; Law of Nations, salt trade, 448, 449, c451 See also Christian Church; 273; law, system of, 273; 281 salvation, 350, 636 Christianity; religion legacy of, 273; military of, Ruhr Valley, Germany, 805 Samaria, 90 Roman civilization, 298–335; 266–67, 279, 280–81, “rule of law,” 273 art and architecture, 303, 287–88; patricians, 269, Russia, 539–40, 688–89, 722, Samaritans, 91 326, 333, p333; Byzantine 270–71, 278; plebeians, 746, c758, 779, 782, 784, Samuel, 87 Empire, 327–34; culture 269, 270–71, 273, 278; 790, 793, 794, 810, 883; samurai, 494 of, 303–05, 326; economy political reforms, 279, 1905 uprising, 793; Sandinistas, 863 of, 292–93, 319, 320; 281, 284; politics of, Bolsheviks, 794; San Martín, José de, 749 education in, 334; 278–79; poverty in, Chechnya, war with, emperors, 287–89, c288, 278–79; Punic Wars, 882; communists, 796; Sanskrit, 199, c199, 214 291, 320, 321; expansion m274, 274–76; Senate, duma, 793, 794; Sanzio, Raphael, 623, 624 of, m293; fall of, 317–26; 270, 271, 272, 278; trade, economy, 793; end of Sarajevo, Bosnia, 783, 784 fall of Rome, 322–24; 293, m293; transition to Romanov dynasty, 793; Saraswati, 204 family life in, 307–08, empire, 282–94; expansion of, 539; Saratoga, Battle of, 699 p309; Germanic invasion triumvirates in, 280–81, fighting between the Sargon, king of of, 322–24; inflation in, 282; Twelve Tables, 273; Reds and Whites, 796; Akkadians, 23 319; influence in the unification of, 267 formation of soviets, modern world, 325–26; romanticism, 736 794; free-enterprise satires, 304 Latin, 304; legacy of, Rome, 343–44, 352; reforms, 883; govern- satrapies, 133 325–26; life in ancient, beginnings of, 262–67; ment of, 539; impact of satraps, 133, 177 302–10; literature, 304; culture, 271; civilization Treaty of Versailles on, Saudi Arabia, 792 religion, 309–10; sculpture, of, 298–335; early 791; independence of, 303; slavery during, Saul, king of Israelites, 87, influences on, 264–65; 883; Kievan Rus, 539–40; 308–09; sports and 88 First Triumvirate of, 280; Lenin’s government, contests, p306, 306–07, savannas, 69, 445, p445, 446 geography, m263, 263–64; c758, 794, 810; Middle p307; trade, 332–33; Savonarola, Girolamo, Germanic influence on, Ages, 539–40; militarism, women in, 308, 333–34 616, q616 514; gods and goddesses 782; Mongol conquest Roman Empire, 100–01, of, c310; law, 273; legacy of, 540; Moscow, 540, Saxons, m513, 514 286–94; Augustus, rule of, 325–26; origins of 689; political reform in, Scandinavia, 518 of, q287, 287–88, 289, Roman civilization, 746; provisional govern- scapegoats, 548 p289, 356; Christianity in, 263–65; Second ment, 794; Serbian ally, 348, 352, m352, 354, 355, schism, 361; between Triumvirate of, 282; 783, 784; socialists, 794; 356; conflict with Jews, Catholic and Eastern Senate, 270; spread of taxation, 793; Triple 100–01; decline and fall Orthodox Churches, 361 Christianity to, 348, 352, Entente, 782; war with of, 319–24; Diocletian’s Schliemann, Heinrich, 119 m352. See also Roman, France, 722; war with reforms, 320; early, 286–94; scholasticism, 550 civilization of; Roman Japan, 779; World War I, economy of, 292–93, 319, Empire; Roman Republic 784, 790, 793; Yeltsin as School of Athens 320; good emperors of president, 883. See also (Raphael), 624 Pax Romana, 291–92, c292, Romulus, 264 Soviet Union science: Arabic language p292; government of, 288, Roosevelt, Franklin D. Ruth, 98, 99, ptg99; and, 672; astronomy, 21, 292–93; Jewish migration 807, p807, 816, 817, p817, biography, 99 30, 51, 185, 216, 391, 585,

Index q817, 819, q819, 829, 833; in, 343; Julio-Claudian c670, 671, 673–75; atomic cash-and-carry policy, Rwanda, 870, m870 emperors, 288, c288; theory, 738–39; 816; economic policies location of territories in; barometer, 675; causes of toward Japan, 819; Lend S military, 319; persecution disease, 738; chemistry, of Christians and, 353; Lease Act, 816; New 391, 676; classification of prosperity and unity of, Deal, 807; World War II, Sabbath, 94 substances, 391, 671, 673; 290–94; road system, 294; 816, 817, 819 sacraments, 546 contributions of slavery in, 319 Roosevelt, Theodore, 770; Sadat, Anwar el-, 876; scientists, c185, 185–86, Romania, 791, 882 building of Panama attack of Israel, 876; 216, 391, 674–79, 729, 730, Roman Republic, 265–267, Canal, 770 Camp David Accords, 738, 739, c739, 740, 741; 268–76, 277–85; Assembly Rosh Hoshana, c96 876 Darwin’s theories, 741;

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scientific method • Soviet Union

development of Seneca, 304 Singapore, China, 763, 890 Makeda, 452; temple instruments of, 675, 676; Seneca people, 592; sinkholes, 583 built by, 89, p90 discoveries during the government of, 592 Sita, 215 Solon, 124, 129; government Industrial Revolution, separation of powers, 682, Siva, 204, p204 reforms of, 129 738–41; discovery of 700 Six-Day War, 815 Somalia, 870 anesthesia, 738; discovery sepoys, 765 of bacteria, 738; discovery slavery, 389–90, 472–73, Somoza, Anastasio, 863 of cells, 676; discovery of sequence clues, using, m473, 669, 693, 767; Song dynasty, m411, gases, 676; discovery of 340–41 Egyptian, 62; European 411–12 genetics, 738; discovery Serbia, 783, 791, 884; trade in, 472–73, m473, Songhai, medieval, 449, of radium, 739; discovery assassination of 767; Greek, 121, 122, 125, c451, 462, 465; economy, of vaccines, 738; early Ferdinand, 783; Balkan 126, 129, 142; Kushite, 72; c451; government, 462; scientists, 671; establish- League, 783; Treaty of Muslim of non-Muslims, location, c451; religion, ment of physics, 185, 186; Bucharest, 783 389–90; Roman, 308–09, 465; trade, c451 Einstein’s theories, 739, serfs, p524, 525, 688, 689, 319, p319; slave ships, Song of Roland, 552, q552 746 740; gunpowder, 420; p472; Sumerian, 20; Sophists, 169–70 hypothesis in, 679; Sermon on the Mount, 344, within Africa, 472 Sophocles, 161 impact of exploration on, p344, 348 Slavs, 539–40, 783, 827 South Africa, 768, 851, 852, 673; influence of Greeks “The Seventeen Article Slovenes, 783 and Romans on, 671–72; Constitution” (Shotoku), 872, 873; Africanism and, Slovenia, 884 Islamic, 672; Latin and, 488, q488 852; African National smallpox, 596, 597, 599, Congress, 852, 872, 873; 672; math and, 21, 42, 51, Shakespeare, William, 669; impact on apartheid in, 852, 872, 151, c185, 185–86, 215–17, p618, 626, 627–32 Americas, 596, 597, 669 873; armed uprisings, 585, 672; medicine, 184, Shang dynasty, m226, 216, 391, 671; Middle Smith, Adam, 735 872; Boer War, 768; 226–29; artists, p229, p231; European imperialism, Ages, 671–73; rationalism, cities of, 226–27; culture, social class, 233, 249 678; physics, 738–39; 768; first democratic 227–28; development of social contract, 682, 685–86 elections, 872, p872; reason and, 678–79; language and writing, scientific method, 678–79; social Darwinism, 741 independence, 851; 228; military, 227; socialism, 735–36 Mandela’s election as Scientific Revolution, religion, 227–28, c247; 670–79; seven-day Social Security Act, 807 first black president, 872; role of women, 227; struggle for freedom, 872; calendar, 30; standardiza- social structure, 226–27 society: African, 469–70, tion of weights and trade sanctions, 872 sheikh, 373 472–73; Aryan, 199–201; measures, 243, 294; Aztec, 587; Byzantinian, South America, m13; Shiite Muslims, 382 telescope and, 674, p674, 328, 333–34; Central civilization of, m577, 675; theory of relativity, Shikoku, 485, m485 American, 575–76; 577–78; early farming in, 739; 365-day calendar, 51, Shinto, 490, 499 Chinese, 233–34, 415–22; m13; economy, 577–78; 585. See also astronomy; shipbuilding, 518, 529, 613, classless, 736; Egyptian, food surpluses, 577; inventions; math; 659–60 45–46; European, 513–16, geography, 577. See also medicine shogunate, 495, 496, 650 518–21; French, 715; Inca Empire; Latin America scientific method, 679, c679 shoguns, 494–497, 650, 669, Greek, 118, 119, 120, Scientific Revolution, 777 154–63, 168–73, 182–87; Southeast Asia, 206, 213, 435, 763, 819, 846–47, 670–79, c676. See also Shotoku, prince of Japan, Inca, 588; Indian, 197, m847; European science 488, q488, 489, p489; 199–201; industry and, imperialism and, 763; Scipio, 276 biography, 489; creation 731–41; Islamic, 388–90; Geneva Accords, 848; of a constitution, 488; Japanese, 495, 503, 504, scribes, 20, 21, 42, 45 independence, 846–47; government reforms of, 777, 778, 811–12; Latin sculpture, 163, 183, 229 Japanese invasion of 488 American, 861, 862; Second Continental Mesoamerican, 584–85, during World War II, 819 shrines, 19, 490, 499, 500 Congress, 699 587; Mesopotamian, 20; South Korea, 890, 891; Index Shushruta, 216 sects, 499 Muslim, 389–90; Native democratic, 891; Siberia, Russia, 811 secular, 609; interests American, 590–92; social economic growth, 891 during Renaissance, 609 Sicily, island of, 263, m263, classes, 715, 732–33, 777; South Slavs, 783 274, 275, 555 working classes, 732–33, Security Council, 830 South Tyrol Museum of Siddhartha Gautama, 736, 742–43 Seine River, 513 Archaeology, 12 prince, 205, 207, p207, Socrates, p109, 150, 168, soviets, 794 Seleucid Empire, 178 q207. See also Buddha, the p168, p170, 170–71; ideas Soviet Union, 810, 818, 826, Selimiye Mosque, 384; silk farming, 417, p417 of, 170, c170 prayer at, p384 831–41, 875, 881–82; arms Silk Road, m246, 246–47, Socratic method, 170, c172 race, 881; arms treaty, Seljuk Turks, 383, 384 411, 428, 429, p429, 554, solid geometry, 182, 186 881; breakup of, m883; seminary, 643 611 Solomon, king of Israelites, Cold War, 831–41; Senate, Roman, 270, 271, Sinai Peninsula, 875, m875, p89, q89, 89–90, 343, 452; collectivization of 272, 278 876 meeting with Queen farming, 810; division of

Index 1001 977-1005_EM_869371 10/13/04 2:37 PM Page 1002

space exploration • theater

Germany and, 833, m834, spinning jenny, 727 Suleiman I, sultan of 420–21; Empress Wu, 834–35; economic crises, Spirit of Laws, The Ottoman, 384 female ruler of, 411; 881; efforts to spread (Montesquieu), 682, q682 sultan, 383, 384, 385 government, 411, 414; life communism, 832, 833, in, 412, p412; military, “Spring Landscape” (Duo Sumer, 18, p18, 19, p19, 20, 839–40; fall of Berlin 411; neo-Confucianism Fu), 421 21; building techniques Wall, 882; Gorbachev’s of, 19; city-state, 19, p19; in, 414; religion in, reforms, 881–82; industry Stalin, Joseph, p810, 815, 412–13, 414–15; 818, 826, p826, 833–35; culture, 19, 20–21; and, 810, 839; invasion of tanka, 501 collectivization and, 810; development of writing, Afghanistan, 881; 20, 21; economy, 20; Taoism. See Daoism invasion of by Hitler, division of Germany, geography, 19; Tarquins, ruling family of 818; life behind the Iron 834–35; Five Year Plans, 810; “scorched earth” inventions, 21, 22; life in, Rome, 265 Curtain, 839–40; Reagan p18, 20; literature, 20–21; and, 881–82; revolts policy, 818; spread of taxes and taxation, 28, 48, communism and, 833–34; rise of, 18; religion of, 89, 94, 234, 243, 247, 288, against communist 19; roles of men and policy, 839–40; space Ukraine famine, 810 c381, 381, 382, 385, 386, women, 20; scientific 411, 426, 436, 448, 488, exploration, 836, 839, Stamp Act, 697; riots and mathematical 492, 494, 530, 537, 540, c839, p839; Stalin’s against, p696 advances, 21; slavery in, 543, 634, 636, 646, 660, “scorched earth policy,” “Standard Treaty,” 766, q766 20; social classes of, 20 818; support of Egypt, 688, 697, 715 state-sponsored terrorism, 875; treaty with Hitler, summarizing, 570–71 Tea Act, 697 892 815; World War II, 818, Summa Theologica technology, 11, 41, 418–20, 825–26, 828. See also Cold steamboat, 728, 729 (Aquinas), 550, 551 888–89; Chinese, 418–20, War; Russia; Stalin steam engine, 728, p728 Sundiata Keita, king of 422; computers, 888–89; space exploration, 839, steam locomotive, 726–27, Mali, 449, 464 first use of, 11; c839, p839 p726–27, 728 Sundiata: The Hungering navigation, 659; revolution in, 888–89. Spain, 121, 343, 380, 514, steel: leading industrial Lion, 454–59 See also inventions; 515, 558, 594–95, 646, 660, metal, 729; mill, p732; Sunni Ali, emperor of science 664, 769, 770, 815, 892; process of turning into, Songhai, 449, 462, 464 telegraph, 730 arrival in the Americas, 728 Sunni Muslims, 382 594–95; conquer of telephone, 730 steppes, 424 Sun Yat-sen, 774, 776, p776, Mexico, 595–97; Cuban telescopes, 674, 675; Stevens, John Lloyd, 583 q776; biography, 776; rebellion against, 769; Galileo’s, 674, p674; Nationalist Party, 774; democratic, 892; Stevens, Nettie, 739, c739 Hubble, 674, p674 pagoda at tomb of, p776; Extremadura, 596; Stimson, Henry, 829 three-stage plan, 774 Temple of Delphi, p150 impact of Reformation stocks, 667, 806–07 Temple of Karnak, p65, on, 646; Jewish settlement Susa, 133 Stoicism, 184 66, 67 of, 343; Muslim rule of, Susanowo, 487 Ten Commandments, 83, 646; search for a sea route stoics, 184 suttee, 201 q83; Ark of the Covenant, to Asia, 594; spread of Stone Age, 9, 10 Swahili, 469 83, p83; as basic moral Islam to, 380; U.S. gains Stonebreakers, The synagogues, 94, 98, 100 laws, 83; Moses with, p83 Florida from, 751; (Courbet), ptg737 Visigoths, 514; war with Syria, 60, 132, 177, 380, 384, Ten Days That Shook the St. Petersburg, Russia, 426, 541, 792, 875, 892 World, 794, q794 England, 664; war with 689, 793 Muslims, 558; war with Tenochtitlán, 586, p586, United States, 770 Strategic Arms Limitation T 594, 597; largest city of Treaty (SALT), 881 Spanish Armada, 664; Americas, 594 defeat of, p664 stupas, 211, p211 Tabascans, 597; defeat of Teotihuacán, 575–76; first Spanish Inquisition, 558, subcontinent, 195 Aztec and, 597 planned city of 646 submarines, 785, 787–88, Taharqa, king of Kush, 72, Americas, 575 Sparta, 113, p113, 115, p115, 816; wartime use of, 785, p72 terror, 426; Mongol use of, 124–30, m125, p126, 127, 787–88, 816 Taino, 595; arrival of the 426 p127; compared to Sudan, 69, 870, 871 conquistadors, 595 terrorism, 876, 892–93, m893; major terrorist Index Athens, 125–30; Sudetenland, Germany, 815 Tai Ping Rebellion, 773 culture, 126–27, p127; attacks, m893; September Sudras, 200, c200 Taiwan, 774, 837, 890 government, 126, 127; 11, 2001, 892–93; state- Taj Mahal, 394, p394 life in, 126–27; military, Suez Canal, 874–875; crisis sponsored, 892; war on, 115, p115, 126–27, p127; over, 874–75 Takamatsu castle, 497 893 wars and, 135–36, 144–46 Sufis, 381 Tale of Genji, The textile, 726; industry, 726, Spartacus, 309; slave revolt Sui dynasty, 409–11; (Shikibu), 501, 502 727 in Rome, 309 building of the Grand Taliban, 893 text structure, 222–23 specialization, 15 Canal, 410, p410 Talmud, 102, q102 Thailand, 774 spheres of influence, 763, Sukarno, Achmed, p846, Tang dynasty, m409, 411, theater, 160, p160, 161, p161, m773, 773–74 846–47 412, p412; culture of, 501 ; actors’ masks, p161,

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Thebes, Egypt • United States

p501; Hellenistic Era of, c714; Greek civilization, Arabic as language of, triumvirate, 280, p280, 282 183; modern, 160, p160; c150, c154, c168, c174, 388; British, 768, 772; Trojan Horse, p157, 157–58 ruins of a Greek, p160 c182; Greeks, ancient, camels and, 447; Trojan War, 120, 158 c112, c116, c124, c131, Chinese, 772; colonial Thebes, Egypt, 60, 67 Trotsky, Leon, 796, p796 Themistocles, 135–36 c138; India, early c190, trade routes, m695; c194, c202, c209; “death road,” 445; Troy, m117, 157–58; battle theocracy, 208 Industrial Revolution, diamond, 768; drug, 862; of 157–58 Theocritus, 182, 183, q183 c710, c724, c731; Islamic embargoes, 863; global, Truman Doctrine, 834 Theodora, empress of civilization, c368, c372, 889–90; gold, 447, 448, Truman, Harry, 829, p832, Byzantine, 330, p330, c379, c387; Israelites, 449, 768; Greek colonies 833, 834, 835, 837; q330, 331, p331; ancient, c76, c80, c86, c93; and, 121; growth of atomic bomb and, 829; biography, 331 Japan, medieval c480, industry and, 121; Gupta division of Germany, Theodosius, emperor of c484, c491, c498; Empire and, 213; 833, 835; Korean War, Rome, 322, 354 Latin America, c860; Harappan, 197; impact of 837 nationalism, c744, c771; theology, 550, 640; Crusades and, 611; Italian Tudors, 648 Renaissance and scholasticism and, 550 city-state, 611–12; Latin Tu Fu. See Duo Fu Reformation, c604, c608, American, 861–62; Marco theory, 671 Tunisia, 766, 850 c618, c633, c642; Roman Polo and, 612; Mayan, Theravada Buddhism, 206 civilization, c298, c302, 576, 584; mercantilism Turkey, 384–85, 783, 791, Thermopylae, 136 c317, c327; Rome, rise of, and, 696; Minoan, 118, 834 Third Estate, c715, 715–16 c258, c262, c268, c277, 119; Moche, 577; Mongol Tutankhamen, king of c286; today’s world, c856, Thousand and One Nights, Empire and, 426, 429, Egypt, 65; gold mask of, c860, c887; World War The, 393 611–12; monopoly, 576; p65 War I, c750, c762, c789; Thrace, 133 Muslim, 388; Mycenaean, Tutu, Desmond, 872 World War II, c800, c813; 119; North African trade Three Gorges Dam Twelve Tables, 273 c824 routes, m448; opium, 772; Project, 410, p410 Tito, Josip Broz, 884 Two Treatises of product specialization Government (Locke), 682 Thucydides, q141, q146, Titus, emperor of Rome, and, 121; restrictions, 696; 173, q173, q189 290 river, 449, c451; routes, tyranny, c112, c124, 125–26 Thutmose III, pharaoh of Todaji temple, 493, p493 213, m246, 246–47, m448; tyrant, 125–26, 147 Egypt, 62 token, to select jurors, p129 rubber, 767–68; salt, 447, Tzu Hsi, empress of 448, 449; sanctions, 872; China, 774 Tiananmen Square, 886 Tokugawa Ieyasu, 777 Silk Road, m246, 246–47, Tiberius, emperor of Tolstoy, Leo, 737 Rome, 288, p288, c288 411, 428, 429, p429, 554, U Toltec, 576 m473 Tiber River, 263, m263, 611; slave, 472–73, ; tools: artifacts, 9, 11, p11, South Africa, 768; 264, 293 U-Boats, 787–88 12, p12, 14, p14; Toltec, 576; United States, Tibet, 208, 411 invention of, 11, 15, 769, 770, 881, 889; Ukranians, 539 Tigris River, m17, 18, 27, 382 230, 231, 235 Zhou dynasty, 231; Umar, c381 Tikal, 576; pyramid in, p576 Torah, 82, 91, 94, p94, 98, Zimbabwe, c451 Umayyad caliphs, 380, 382 Timbuktu, 381, 449; 100, 101; children Trafalgar, Battle of, 720 unemployment insurance, trading city, 465, 467; studying, p98 tragedy, Greek, 160 807 center of Muslim Toricelli, Evangelista, 675 transportation, p726–27, Unexpected Treasure, The, learning, 381, 465 torii, 500 728, 730 (Schmidt), 820 time lines: Africa, medieval, Torquemada, Tomás de, 646 Transvaal, 768 Union of Soviet Socialist c440, c444, c460, c468; “Tortoise and the Hare, Republics (USSR), 810. Americas, c568, c572, treason, 431, 599 The” (Aesop), 158 See also Soviet Union c582, c593; China in the Treaty of Bucharest, 783 totalitarianism, 808, United Fruit Company, 862

Middle Ages, c404, c408, Treaty of Paris, 699 Index c416, c423, c430; China, totalitarian states, 808, 809; United Nations (UN), 830, Treaty of Versailles, 791, 837–38, 870 rise of early, c220, c224, Germany as, 809; Italy as 805, 809, 814; criticism of, first, 809 United Nations General c232, c240; Christianity, 805, 809, 814 rise of, c338, c351, c358; total war, 785 Assembly, 830 trench warfare, c784–85, Cold War, c800, c831, United States: annexation Toure, Ahmed Sekou, 851 p784–85, 785 c880; Egypt, ancient, c34, Tours, battle of, 515 of Texas, 752; “baby c38, c47, c59, c68; trial jury, 537 boom,” 840; beginning Enlightenment and Toussant-Louverture, tribes, 81, 373, 424 of civil rights Francois-Dominique, 749 Revolution, c654, c658, Tribonian, 330 movement, 840; Boxer Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 777 c670, c680, c690, Europe, tribunes, 270 Rebellion and, 774; medieval c508, c512, c522, trade: African trading building of roads and tribute, c534, c544, c553; first empires, 447, 448, 451, 60, 89, 411, 540, 586 canals in, 729; Civil War, civilizations, c4, c8, c16, c451, m452; agreements, Tripoli, 542, 766 p752, 752–54; Cold War, c26; French Revolution, 865, 889–90; Anasazi, 579; triumph, Roman, 270 831–41; comparing

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United States Constitution • women

Africa and, c446; urban, 610; population, 610 Volga River, 513, 539 472–73; trade, 447, comparing Athenian Urban II, Pope, 541, p541 Voltaire, p684, 684–85 448–49, c451, 472–73, 767 conservative political urbanization, 732 voting: rights, c140, 734, Westar VI satellite, p856 movement, 890, 892; urban nobles, 614–15; in 735, 745, 746, 752, 754 West Bank, 14, 875, m875, democracy and, c140; 878; intifada, 878; Israeli failure to ratify Treaty of city-states, 614 Uthman, c381 settlement of, 875; Six- Versailles, 791; foreign W Day War and, 875 holdings, 861–62; foreign utilitarianism, 735 West Berlin, 834–35, 882; military involvement, Walesa, Lech, 882 airlift to, 835; blockade, 861–62, 863–65, 878, 894; warlords, 409 foreign policy of V 834–35; Reagan’s visit War of 1898, 769–70 containment, 834; Great to, 882 Depression, 806–07; Vaisyas, 200, c200 War of the Roses, 557 Western Front, 785, m787 growth of, 751–52, c752, Valley of the Kings, 60, 62 warrior codes, 122, 494, Western Wall, 101 754; Gulf of Tonkin Vandals, 323–24 495; Bushido, 494, 495; West Germany, 834, 835, influence on modern Resolution, 849; van Eyck, Jan, 625 882 immigration to, 754; thought, 494 Vargas, Getúlio, 866; “A Wild-Goose Chase: impact of westward wars: American Civil War, Brazilian dictator, 866 The Story of Philemon expansion on Native 752–54; American and Baucis,” 311–16 Americans, 752; varnas, 200–01 Revolution, 698–699; Boer William, king of England imperialism and, 769–70; vassals, 496, 497, 523 War, 768; Crusades, (William the Industrial Revolution in, 541–43; Franco Prussian vault, 303 Conqueror), 535–36 729–30; Latin America Vedas, the, 214 War, 748; French and, 770, 861–62; Lend- Revolution, c714, 714–19, Wilson, Woodrow, q786, Venezuela, 867–68; Lease Act, 816; life in, c718, c719; Hundred 786–87, 788, 791, p791, democratic, 867; 840–41; loans to Allies, Years’, 557; Korean War, 865; declaration of war, economy, 867–68; 787; “Manifest Destiny,” c800, 837, 838, m838; 788; Fourteen Points, military leadership of, 752; Marshall Plan, 834, Mycenaean, 120, 157–58; 791; League of Nations, 868 840; nationalism in, Peloponnesian, c112, c138, 791; Mexico and, 865 751–54; natural Venice, Italy, 529, 610, 613, m144, 144–46, 146, 176; Winter Palace, 794 resources of, 729; ptg613, p613; art of, 613; Persian, m134, 134–37, Winthrop, John, 693 city-state, 610, importance neutrality during early p136, 177; Punic, m274, Wittenberg, Germany, 635 years of World War II, of in Renaissance, 610; 274–76; religious, 541–43, Wollstonecraft, Mary, 685, 816; Open Door Policy, shipbuilding, 613; trade 644–45; Revolution of p685, q685 774; policy of détente, and, 610–11 1911, 864–65; Six-Day, 881; political rights in, Vera Cruz, Mexico, 575, 865 875; Thirty Years’ War, women: after World War II, 841; Aztec, 587; 754; relations with Iran, vernacular, 552, 620, 634; 645; Trojan, 120; Vietnam Byzantine, 333; 878; relations with Iraq, translation of Bible into, War, 747–49; War of 1898, Christianity and, 353; 878, 894; slavery and, 634 769–70; War of the Roses, 752–53; Suez Canal and, composers, 545; Verrazano, Giovanni da, 557; World War I, c758, 875; terrorist attacks education of, 308, 778; 664 783, 784–88, m786, m787; on, 892–93; trade World War II, 813–19 Enlightenment and, 685; Versailles, France, 716, 791 agreements, 865, 867, 824–30 government and, 235, Vesalius, Andreas, 676 334, 470, 471, 504, 585; 890; treaties, 778, 791; Warsaw Pact, 835 Truman Doctrine, 834; Vespasian, emperor of Greek, 129, 143; in the Washington, George, 698, Vietnam War, 848–49; Rome, 290 workplace, 733–34, p734; 700 Japanese, 501, 504, 777, voting rights, 754; war veto, 270 on terror, 893; Waterloo, Battle of, 722 778; judges, 84; Mayan, Victor Emmanuel, king of war with Mexico, 752; Watt, James, 727 584–85; Muslim, 390; Italy, 748, p748 westward expansion, weapons of mass natural rights of, 685; Vienna, Austria, 723 p751, 751–52, m753; destruction (WMD), 894 Nazi attitude toward, Vietnam, 809; novelist, 502; women in, 754; 763, 847–49; as Wellington, duke of, 722 World War I, 786–88; French protectorate, 763 regents, 334; religious, Index Wendi, emperor of China, World War II, 816, 819, Vietnam War, 847–49 84, 362, 545, 556, 557; 409–10 rights of, 46, 308, 331, m825, 825–26; World Vikings, 518–19, 535, 539 War II cash-and-carry West Africa, 447–49, m767, 333–34, 585, 685; role of Virgil, 304, 326 policy, 816 767, 850; economies, in Aryan culture, 201; United States Virginia, 692, 693, 694 c451; empires of, 447–49; role of in early China; Constitution, 700 Virginia Company, 692 European arrival in, 472; 227, 234–35; role of in Vischer, Hans, 445 European imperialism, Neolithic and Paleolithic universities, 550 767; influence of Islam Ages, c14; rights of, 734, Untouchables, p200, Visigoths, 322, 323, 324, 514 on 464–65, 467; location 737, 752, 754; role of in 200–01; today, 200, p200 Vistula River, 513 of, 448, c451; nationalism Shang dynasty, 227; Upanishads, 203, 213 vocabulary, 192–93 in, 850; slave trade, Roman, 308; rulers, 330,

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woodblock printing • Zuni

331, 452, 470, 471, 504, civilians to, 785–86; 42, 61, 70, 585; Japanese, 558, 585, 594, 664, 665, nationalism and, 781; 501; Mayan, 585; Z 688, 689; sports and, 127; trench warfare, c784–85, Muslim, 393; Nubian, 70 suffragists, 752, p752, p784–85; use of Wu, empress of China, 411 Zaibatsu, 811–12 754; utilitarianism and, submarine U-Boats in, Wu Wang, 229 Zaire, 851 735; voting rights and, 785, 787–88; U.S. entry Wycliffe, John, 635 Zakkai, Johanen ben, 101 734, 752, 754, 841; into, 786–88; weapons warriors, 470, 504 of, 785; Western Front, Zama, battle of, 276 woodblock printing, 419 785, m787 X Zambia, 850 Wood, Michael, q180 World War II, 813–19, Zealots, 101, 343 wool, 529, 611, 612 824–30; Allied leaders, Xavier, Francis, 650 Zen Buddhism, 499; monk 826, p826, 829, 830, 833; meditating, p499 Wordsworth, William, 736 Xenophon, 143, q143 Axis powers, 825; Battle Zeno, 184 worker safety, 733, 743 Xerxes, king of Persia; of Britain, 816, p816; p131, 135; invasion of zero, invention of, 215 working class, 732–33, 736, Battle of the Bulge, 828; Greece, c112 Zeus, 155, p155, 156 742–43; in socialist beginnings of 815–16, Xia dynasty, 226 thought, 736 818–19; bombing of Zheng He, 433, p434, 434, working conditions, 733, Pearl Harbor, 818–19; Xiongnu, 242, 245 435; biography, 434; 736, ptg736, 743, 778, 793 D-Day, 828; casualties, voyages of, m433, 433, 434, 435 Works Progress 830; dive-bomber, p800; Y Administration (WPA), dropping the atomic Zheng Zhenxiang, 227 807 bomb, 829–30; fall of Zhou dynasty, 108, 229–31, Yalta, Soviet Union, 833 work stoppages and France, 816; France and m230; agriculture, 230; Yamoto, 487, 488; Taika strikes, 736 Britain’s declarations of discoveries and war, 816; Germany and and, 488 inventions, 230; fall of, World Trade Center, 892, Italy declare war on the Yangdi, emperor of China, 231; government, p892, 893; terrorist attack U.S., 819; Holocaust, 410–11 229–30; 230; religion, on, 892–93 827; invasion of Yayoi, 486–87 230; trade and World Trade Organization Normandy, 828; manufacturing, 231 (WTO), 889 Yeltsin, Boris, 883, p883; invasion of Poland, defeat of hard-liners, Zhu Yuanzhang, emperor World War I, c758, 783, 815–16; invasion of 883; Russian reformer, of China, 431, 432 784–88, m786, m787; Soviet Union, 818; 883 ziggurat, 18, p18, 19, 29; aftermath of in Russia, Pacific War, m825, ruins of, p4 793–96; Allies, 784, 787, Yom Kippur, c96 825–26; soldiers in Zimbabwe, c451, 453, 851; 790; armistice, 790; landing craft on D-Day, Yong Le, emperor of assassination of Franz China, 431–32 ruins of, p453, m468; p828; U.S. declaration of trade and, c451, 453 Ferdinand and, 784; war against Japan, 819; Yoruba, 470, q470 Zimmermann, Arthur, 788 Balfour Declaration, 792; U.S. neutrality, 816; war Yuan dynasty, 428 Battle of Argonne Forest, Zionists, 792 trials, 830 Yuan Shigai, 774–775 790; beginning of, Zola, Émile, 737 Wozniak, Stephen, 889 Yucatán, 583 784–84; causes of, Zoroaster, 131, p131, 133 781–83; Central Powers, Wright, Wilbur and Yugoslavia, 791, 884; 784; changes in the Orville, 730 breakup of, 884; ethnic Zoroastrianism, 133 world, 789–96; Eastern writing: calligraphy, 501; cleansing, 884; NATO Zulu empire, 768; Boer Front, 790; Europe cuneiform, 20, c44; peacekeeping troops, War, 768; war with before, m781; “Great development of, 42, 61, 884; overthrow of British, 768 War,” 785; importance of 70, 585; hieroglyphics, Milosevic, 884 Zuni, 591 Index

Index 1005 1006-1010_EM_869371 9/23/04 6:01 PM Page 1006

Text Photo Credits 33 “The Mesopotamian View of Death” from Poems of Heaven and COVER (bkgd)Christie’s Images/CORBIS, (tl)Ric Ergenbright/ Hell From Ancient Mesopotamia, translated by N.K. Sandars (Penguin CORBIS, (tr)Paul Hardy/CORBIS, (b)Setboun/CORBIS; Classics, 1971), copyright © N.K. Sandars, 1971. Reprinted by GH1 (t)Dallas and John Heaton/CORBIS, (c)Jamie Harron permission of Penguin Group (UK). 53 From The Prince Who Knew his CORBIS, (b)Owen Franken/CORBIS; GH2 Getty Images; Fate: an Ancient Egyptian Tale, translated from hieroglyphs and GH3 Getty Images; Tools 0 (t)Ron Sheridan/Ancient Art & illustrated by Lise Manniche, copyright © 1982 by Lise Manniche Architecture Collection, (bl)AFP Worldwide, (br)James King- and IBIS. Used by permission of Philomel Books, A Division of Holmes/Photo Researchers, (bkgd)Getty Images; Tools 1 (t)Scala/ Penguin Young Readers Group, A Member of Penguin Group (USA) Art Resource, NY, (b)Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY; Inc., 345 Hudson Street, New York, NY 10014. All rights reserved. Tools 2 (t)American Museum of Natural History, (tc)Scala/Art 239 Excerpt from “Higher Good Is like Water” from The Essential Tao, Resource, NY, (bc)Chester Beatty Library, Dublin/Bridgeman Art translated and presented by Thomas Cleary. Copyright © 1991 by Library, (b)Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; Thomas Cleary. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Inc. Tools 3 (t)National Museums of Scotland/Bridgeman Art Library, 264 Excerpt from Virgil’s Aeneid, translated by Robert Fitzgerald. (c)Borromeo/Art Resource, NY, (b)Asian Art & Archaeology/ Translation copyright © 1981, 1982, 1982 by Robert Fitzgerald. CORBIS; Tools 4 (t)Richard T. Nowitz/CORBIS, (b)David Hiser/ Reprinted by permission of Random House, Inc. 311 “A Wild Goose Getty Images;Tools 6 (t)Lawrence Manning/CORBIS, (b)Vanni Chase: The Story of Philemon and Baucis” reprinted with the Archive/CORBIS; Tools 7 (c)Frans Lemmens Getty Images, (t)J. permission of Margaret K. McElderry Books, an imprint of Simon & Bertrand/Photo Researchers, (br)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; Tools 10 Matthews/Network/CORBIS Saba; Tools 11 (t)Dan Schuster Children’s Publishing Division from Roman Myths by Helms/NewSport/CORBIS, (tc)Tom Lovell/National Geographic Geraldine McCaughrean. Text copyright © 1999 by Geraldine Society Image Collection, (bc)Art Resource, NY, (b)CORBIS; McCaughrean. 420 “Seeing a Friend Off” and “Still Night Thoughts” Tools 12 (t)The Art Archive/Bibliothèque Nationale Paris, by Li Bo, from The Columbia Book of Chinese Poetry, translated by (tc)Christopher Liu/ChinaStock, (bc)Jean-Leon Huens/National Burton Watson. Copyright © 1984 by Columbia University Press. Geographic Society Image Collection, (b)NASA Media Resource Reprinted by permission. 421 “Spring Landscape” by Tu Fu, Center; Tools 13 (t)Ed Kashi/CORBIS, (b)Bettmann/CORBIS; translated by David Hinton, from The Selected Poems of Tu Fu, 0 (t)Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY, (c)John copyright © 1988, 1989 by David Hinton. Reprinted by permission Heaton/CORBIS, (b)Tom Lovell/National Geographic Society of New Directions Publishing Corp. 454 “Mali-The Madinka Image Collection; 1 (tl)Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York/Charles Empire: Sundiata: The Hungering Lion” from African Kingdoms of the Edwin Wilbour Fund/Bridgeman Art Library, (bl)Erich Lessing/Art Past, copyright © 1996 by Kenny Mann. Reprinted by permission of Resource, NY, (others)SuperStock; 2–3 ©Worldsat International Inc. the author. 470 “Dignity” by E.A. Babalola, from Ants Will not Eat 2004, All Rights Reserved; 2 (t)S. Fiore SuperStock, (c)Scala/Art Your Fingers: A Selection of Traditional African Poems, edited by Resource, NY, (bl)Giansanti Gianni/CORBIS Sygma, (bc)Louvre Leonard W. Dobb. Copyright © 1966 by Leonard W. Dobb. Museum, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library, (br)Metropolitan Museum Reprinted by permission of Walker and Company. 501 Tanka from of Art, Rogers Fund and Edward S. Harkness Gift,1929 (29.3.3); 3 (t the Kokinshu, from From the Country of Eight Islands by Hiroaki Sato to b)Sylvain Grandadam/Getty Images, Timothy Kendall/Museum and Burton Watson, copyright © 1981 by Hiroaki Sato and Burton of Fine Arts, Boston, Gary Cralle/Getty Images, (l to r)O. Louis Watson. Used by permission of Doubleday, a division of Random Mazzatenta/National Geographic Society Image Collection, House, Inc. 627 “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” from The Children’s SuperStock, Bettmann/CORBIS; 4–5 Georg Gerster/Photo Shakespeare by E. Nesbit. Copyright © 1938 by Random House, Inc. Researchers; 10 Michael Holford; 11 American Museum of Natural Reprinted by permission. 738 Excerpt from Gilgamesh by John History; 12 (tr)Giansanti Gianni/CORBIS Sygma, (bl)Kenneth Gardner and John Maier, copyright © 1984 by the Estate of John Garrett; 14 (l)Michael Holford, (r)Ron Sheridan/Ancient Art & Gardner and John Maier. Used by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, a Architecture Collection; 17 Hirmer Verlag; 18 Scala/Art Resource, division of Random House, Inc. 739 Excerpt from Genesis 12 from NY; 19 (l)Nik Wheeler CORBIS, (r)Michael Holford; 20 Scala/Art The Revised English Bible, copyright © 1989 Oxford University Press. Resource, NY; 21 (l)Mesopotamian Iraq Museum, Baghdad, Reprinted by permission. 740 Excerpts from The Essential Confucius, Iraq/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Will Hart/PhotoEdit; translated and presented by Thomas Cleary. Copyright © 1992 by 22 akg-images; 24 Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, Thomas Cleary. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Inc. NY; 25 Louvre, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library; 28 Boltin Picture 741 “Night” from The Rig Veda, translated by Wendy Diniger Library; 29 Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS; 30 S. Fiore/SuperStock; O’Flaherty (Penguin Classics, 1981), copyright © Wendy Doniger 31 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 34–35 Brian Lawrence/Image State; O’Flaherty, 1981. Reprinted by permission of Penguin Group (UK). 37 Gianni Dagli Orti CORBIS; 40 John Lawrence/Getty Images; 744 “Mali in the Fourteenth Century” from The African Past: 41 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 42 (l)Giraudon/Art Resource, Chronicles from Antiquity to Modern Time, by Basil Davidson. NY, (r)Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS; 43 (l)Caroline Penn/CORBIS, Copyright © 1964 by Basil Davidson. Reprinted by permission of (r)Kenneth Garrett; 48 Sylvain Grandadam/Getty Images; 50 (t)The Curtis Brown Ltd. 746 Excerpt from “Epic Description of the British Museum, (b)Musee du Louvre, Paris Explorer/SuperStock; Beseiged City” from The Broken Spears by Miguel Leon-Portilla. 51 Musee du Louvre, Paris/Explorer SuperStock; 52 John Heaton/ Copyright © 1962, 1990 by Miguel Leon-Portilla. Expanded and CORBIS; 60 Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS; 61 (l)Smithsonian updated Edition © 1992 by Miguel Leon-Portilla. Reprinted by Institution, (r)file photo; 63 Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers permission of Beacon Press, Boston. 747 From The Kidnapped Prince: Fund and Edward S. Harkness Gift,1929 (29.3.3); 64 Erich Lessing/ The Life of Olaudah Equiano, by Olaudah Equiano, adapted by Ann Art Resource, NY; 65 (t)Egyptian National Museum, Cairo/ Cameron. Copyright © 1995 by Ann Cameron. Reprinted by SuperStock, (b)Gavin Hellier/Getty Images; 66 (t)Michael Holford, (b)O. Louis Mazzatenta National Geographic Society permission of Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc. Image Collection; 69 Egyptian Expedition of The Metropolitan Glencoe would like to acknowledge the artists and agencies who Museum of Art, The Rogers Fund, 1930 (30.4.21)/The participated in illustrating this program: American Artists Rep., Metropolitan Museum of Art; 70 Timothy Kendall/Museum of INC.; Mapping Specialists, Inc.; Studio Inklink; WildLife Art Ltd. Fine Arts, Boston; 71 Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York/Charles

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Edwin Wilbour Fund/Bridgeman Art Library; 72 SuperStock; (tr)Vanni Archive/CORBIS, (b)Charles O’Rear/CORBIS; 168 Scala/ 73 Egyptian National Museum, Cairo/SuperStock; 76–77 Anthony Art Resource, NY; 169 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 170 (l)Mary Evans Pidgeon/Lonely Planet Images; 79 CORBIS; 81 Tom Lovell National Picture Library, (cl)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (cr)Museo Capitolino, Geographic Society Image Collection; 82 (l)North Wind Picture Rome/E.T. Archives, London/SuperStock, (r)Reunion des Musees Archives, (r)Leland Bobbe/Getty Images; 83 (t)The Israel Museum, Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 172 (t)SEF/Art Resource, NY, Jerusalem, (c)Stock Montage/SuperStock, (b)Laura Zito/Photo (b)Scala/Art Resource, NY; 175 file photo; 177 Robert Harding Researchers; 84 (l)Mary Evans Picture Library, (r)Charles & Josette Picture Library; 178 (l)Yan Arthus-Bertrand/CORBIS, (r)Archives Lenars/CORBIS; 87 Mary Evans Picture Library; 88 (t)Bettmann/ Charmet/Bridgeman Art Library; 180 David Lees/CORBIS; CORBIS, (b)Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library; 89 Stock 181 Sandro Vannini/CORBIS; 183 Araldo de Luca/CORBIS; Montage/SuperStock; 94 (l)Richard T. Nowitz/CORBIS, (c)Bill 184 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 185 North Wind Picture Aro/PhotoEdit, (r)SuperStock; 95 Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, Archives; 186 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 187 Sandro Vannini/ Merseyside, UK, National Museums Liverpool/Bridgeman Art CORBIS; 190–191 David Cumming/CORBIS; 196 (l)Robert Harding Library; 96 CORBIS; 97 (l)Christie’s Images Bridgeman Art Library, Picture Library, (c)National Museum of India, New Delhi, (r)Nathan Benn CORBIS; 98 Lawrence Migdale Getty Images; India/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Borromeo/Art Resource, NY, 99 SuperStock; 100 Richard T. Nowitz/CORBIS; 101 (t)Dave (br)Harappan National Museum of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan/ Bartruff/CORBIS, (c)Gary Cralle/Getty Images, (b)Paul Chesley/ Bridgeman Art Library; 200 (l)Carl Purcell/The Purcell Team, Getty Images; 102 Peter Turnley/CORBIS; 103 (t)Stock Montage/ (r)AFP Worldwide; 203 (l)Robert Harding Picture Library, SuperStock, (b)SuperStock; 106 (t)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (r)Borromeo Art Resource, NY; 204 (t)SEF/Art Resource, NY, (b)Louvre Museum, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library; 107 (t)Boltin (b)Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Art Resource, NY; Picture Library, (tr)Stock Montage/SuperStock, (c)Smithsonian 205 Rajesh Bedi/National Geographic Image Collection; Institution, (b)CORBIS; 108 (t)National Museums of Scotland/ 206 Borromeo/Art Resource, NY; 207 (l)Archivo Iconografico, Bridgeman Art Library, (c)Borromeo/Art Resource, NY, (b)file S.A./CORBIS, (r)Christie’s Images, London Bridgeman Art Library photo; 109 (t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (c)Hugh Sitton/Getty SuperStock; 208 Sheldan Collins/CORBIS; 211 (l)Robert Harding Images, (b)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 110–111 ©Worldsat Picture Library, (r)Hugh Sitton/Getty Images; 212 (l)Ancient Art & International Inc. 2004, All Rights Reserved; 110 (tl)Getty Images, Architecture Collection, (r)Hulton Archive/Getty Images News (c)Archives Charmet/Bridgeman Art Library, (bl)Scala/Art Services; 214 The British Library, London/Bridgeman Art Library; Resource, NY, (bcl)Christie's, London/Bridgeman Art Library/ 217 SEF/Art Resource, NY; 220–221 D.E. Cox/Getty Images; SuperStock, (bcr)Vanni/Art Resource, NY, (br)Scala/Art 223 file photo; 227 Asian Art & Archaeology CORBIS; Resource, NY; 111 (t to b)Robert Harding Picture Library, Victoria 228 Bridgeman/Art Resource, NY; 229 (bl)file photo, (br)The Art & Albert Museum, London/Art Resource, NY, Digital Vision, Archive/ Musee Cernuschi Paris/Dagli Orti, (others)Asian Art & (l to r) Alinari/Art Resource, NY, Sandro Vannini/CORBIS, Archaeology/ CORBIS; 231 file photo; 232 (l)Robert Frerck/ Hulton/Getty Images, National Geographic Society Image Odyssey Productions, (c)ChinaStock, (r)Dennis Cox; 234 Lawrence Collection; 112–113 Vanni Archive/CORBIS; 115 Foto Marburg/ Manning/CORBIS; 235 (t)Seattle Museum of Art/Laurie Platt Art Resource, NY; 117 Steve Vidler SuperStock; 118 (t)Gianni Dagli Winfrey, (b)Asian Art & Archaeology/CORBIS, (others)Christopher Orti/CORBIS, (bl)Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY; 119 (t)Alberto Liu/ChinaStock; 236 Chen Yixin ChinaStock; 237 Vanni/Art Incrocci/Getty Images, (b)Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY; Resource, NY; 238 (tl)Robert Frerck/Odyssey Productions, 122 The Art Archive/National Archaeological Museum (tc)ChinaStock, (tr)Dennis Cox, (b)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; Athens/Dagli Orti; 123 National Museums of Scotland/Bridgeman 243 (t)ChinaStock, (b)Robert Harding Picture Library; Art Library; 125 The Art Archive/E.T. Archive; 126 Foto 244 Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris; 245 (l)Ontario Science Centre, Marburg/Art Resource, NY; 127 (l)Bettmann CORBIS, (r)Michael (r)Dean Conger/CORBIS; 247 (l)The Art Archive/National Palace Holford; 128 (l)Tom Lovell/National Geographic Society Image Museum Taiwan, (others)The Art Archive/British Library; 249 (t)file Collection, (r)Dan Helms/NewSport/CORBIS; 129 (t)Nimatallah/ photo, (b)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 252 (l)Scala/Art Resource, Art Resource, NY, (b)The Brooklyn Museum, Charles Wilbour Fund; NY, (c)Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (r)Burstein Collection/ 130 Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; CORBIS; 253 (tl)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (c)Victoria & 131 (l)Mary Evans Picture Library, (c)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)Roger Albert Museum, London/ Art Resource, NY, (bl)Ronald Sheridan/ Wood/CORBIS; 132 SEF/Art Resource, NY; 133 The Art Archive/ Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (br)The British Museum, Acknowledgements Dagli Orti; 135 Bettmann/CORBIS; 136 Peter Connolly; 139 Steve London/Bridgeman Art Library; 254 (l)Cott Nero DIV f.25v Portrait Vidler/SuperStock; 141 (t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (b)Vanni of St. Matthew/British Library, London/Bridgeman Art Library, Archive/CORBIS; 142 Smithsonian Institution; 143 Nimatallah/Art (tr)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (br)Ancient Art & Architecture Resource, NY; 144 Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS; 145 Scala/Art Collection; 255 (t)Pierre Belzeaux/Photo Researchers, (c)Brian Resource, NY; 147 Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY; 150–151 Roger Lawrence/SuperStock, (l)Nik Wheeler; 256–257 ©Worldsat Wood/CORBIS; 153 Alinari/Art Resource, NY; 155 (cw from International Inc. 2004, All Rights Reserved; 256 (t)Ric Ergenbright, top)Bettman/CORBIS, The Art Archive/National Archaeological (c)Sean Sexton Collection/CORBIS, (bl)Robert Emmett Bright Photo Museum Athens/Dagli Orti, The Art Archive/Achaeological Researchers, (bcl)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (bcr)Danita Delimont Museum Tarquina/Dagli Orti, Lauros/Giraudon Bridgeman Art Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (br)Werner Forman/Art Library, Lauros/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, The Art Resource, NY; 257 (t to b)Brian Lawrence/SuperStock, Richard T. Archive/Archaeological Museum Venice/Dagli Orti, Fitzwilliam Nowitz CORBIS, Nabeel Turner/Getty Images, (l to r)Scala/Art Museum, University of Cambridge, UK/Bridgeman Art Library, Resource, NY, Scala/Art Resource, NY, Earl & Nazima Kowall/ Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, Peter Willi/Bridgeman Art CORBIS, Bettmann CORBIS; 258–259 Roy Rainford Robert Library, Wolfgang Kaehler/CORBIS; 156 Mary Evans Picture Harding/Getty Images; 261 Ronald Sheridan/ Ancient Art & Library; 157 James L. Stanfield/National Geographic Society Image Architecture Collection; 264 Francis Schroeder SuperStock; Collection; 158 Alinari/Art Resource, NY; 159 Scala/Art Resource, 265 (t)file photo, (b)Scala/Art Resource, NY; 266 Stock Montage; NY; 160 (l)SuperStock, (r)Eric Robert/CORBIS; 161 (t)Erich 267 Prenestino Museum, Rome/E.T. Archives, London/SuperStock; Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (b)Mary Evans Picture Library; 269 Michael Holford; 270 Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & 162 (tl)Joel W. Rogers/CORBIS, (tc)Dave Bartruff/CORBIS, Architecture Collection; 271 The Art Archive Archeological Museum

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Beirut/Dagli Orti; 272 North Wind Picture Archives; 273 Alinari/ Orti; 381 Burstein Collection/CORBIS; 382 Alison Wright CORBIS; Art Resource, NY; 278 The Art Archive/Archeological 383 Nik Wheeler; 384 James L. Stanfield/National Geographic Museum Aquileia/Dagli Orti; 279 Scala/Art Resource, NY; Society Image Collection; 385 Bettmann/CORBIS; 386 Chester 280 (tl)Archaeological Museum, Venice/E.T. Archives, London/ Beatty Library, Dublin/Bridgeman Art Library; 387 (l)Mary Evans SuperStock, (bl)Louvre, Paris Bridgeman Art Library, (c)Reunion Picture Library, (c)Bettmann/CORBIS; 388 Richard Bickel/CORBIS; des Musees Nationaux/ Art Resource, NY, (r)Ronald Sheridan/ 389 (t)Jeff Greenberg Photo Researchers, (b)The Art Archive/Harper Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; 281 (l)SuperStock, (c)Museo e Collins Publishers; 390 (l)Stapleton Collection, UK/Bridgeman Art Gallerie Nazionali di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)David Turnley CORBIS; 391 (t)R & S Michaud/Woodfin Library, (r)Mary Evans Picture Library; 282 Bettmann/CORBIS; Camp & Assoc., (b)Paul Dupuy Museum, Toulouse, France/Lauros- 283 North Wind Picture Archive; 284 Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY; Giraudon, Paris/Super-Stock; 392 Bettmann/CORBIS; 394 Galen 285 Bridgeman Art Library; 287 Victoria & Albert Museum, Rowell/CORBIS; 395 ARAMCO; 398 (t)Scala Art Resource, NY, London/ Bridgeman Art Library; 288 (t)C. Hellier/Ancient Art & (bl)Smithsonian Institution, (bc)Michael Holford, (br)Giraudon/Art Architecture Collection, (tc)Ronald Sheridan Ancient Art & Resource, NY; 399 (tl)Stock Montage, (tr)Michael Holford, Architecture Collection, (bc)The Art Archive/Museo Capitolino (c)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (bl)Roy Rainford/Robert Harding/Getty Rome/Dagli Orti, (b)The Art Archive/ Staatliche Glypothek Images, (br)Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library; Munich/Dagli Orti; 289 Robert Emmett Bright/Photo Researchers; 400 (tl)The British Museum/Topham-HIP/The Image Works, 290 (l)Seamus Culligan ZUMA/CORBIS, (r)Jonathan Blair/ (c)Angelo Hornak/CORBIS, (bl)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & CORBIS; 291 Ric Ergenbright; 292 (l)Roma, Museo Nazion/Art Architecture Collection, (br)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; Resource, NY, (cr)Staatliche Glypothek, Munich, Germany/E.T. 401 (tl)Aldona Sabalis/Photo Researchers, (tc)National Museum of Archive, London/ SuperStock, (others)Archivo Iconografico, Taipei, (tr)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY, (c)Ancient Art & S.A./CORBIS; 294 (tl)B. Wilson/ Ancient Art & Architecture Architecture Collection, (bl)Ron Dahlquist/SuperStock, (br)akg- Collection, (tr)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (others)The Newark images; 402–403 ©Worldsat International Inc. 2004, All Rights Museum/Art Resource, NY; 295 Michael Holford; 298–299 Picture Reserved; 402 (t)Stock Boston, (c)Peter Adams/Getty Images, (bl)Art Finders Ltd./eStock; 301 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 303 Nik Resource, NY, (bcl)Ali Meyer/CORBIS, (bcr)Mary Evans Picture Wheeler/CORBIS; 304 Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France, Library, (br)Kadokawa/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library; 306 Pierre Belzeaux/Photo 403 (t to b)Tom Wagner/Odyssey Productions, Greg Gawlowski/ Researchers; 307 (t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (b)Erich Lessing/Art Lonley Planet Images, Jim Zuckerman/CORBIS, (l to r)Museum of Resource, NY; 308 Scala/ Art Resource, NY; 309 (l)Stanley Searberg, Fine Arts, Houston, Texas, USA, Robert Lee Memorial Collection, (r)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 310 Reunion des Musees gift of Sarah C. Blaffer/Bridgeman Art Library, Courtesy Museum of Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 318 CORBIS; 319 Scala/Art Maritimo (Barcelona); Ramon Manent CORBIS, ChinaStock, Resource, NY; 320 The Newark Museum/Art Resource, NY; Christie’s Images/CORBIS; 404–405 CORBIS; 407 Kadokawa/ 321 (t)Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey/E.T. Archives, London/ Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; 410 (l)The Art Archive SuperStock, (b)C. Boisvieux/Photo Researchers; 322 Scala/Art Bibliothèque Nationale Paris, (r)Christopher Liu/ChinaStock; Resource, NY; 324 Mary Evans Picture Library; 325 (l)Sean Sexton 412 Ira Kirschenbaum/Stock Boston; 413 Bettmann/CORBIS; Collection/CORBIS, (r)Donald Dietz/ Stock Boston PictureQuest; 414 Snark/Art Resource, NY; 415 Michael Freeman/CORBIS; 328 Stapleton Collection, UK/Bridgeman Art Library; 330 Scala/Art 417 (l)Keren Su/CORBIS, (r)Philadelphia Free Library/ AKG, Berlin Resource, NY; 331 Andre Durenceau/National Geographic Society SuperStock; 419 Werner Forman Art Resource, NY; 420 The Art Image Collection; 332 (l)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY, (c)Brian Archive/British Library; 421 (l)The Art Archive/National Peace Lawrence SuperStock, (r)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Museum Taiwan, (c)Naomi Duguid/Asia Access, (r)Private Architecture Collection; 333 The Art Archive/Haghia Sophia Collection/Bridgeman Art Library; 422 (l)The British Museum Istanbul/Dagli Orti; 334 Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; Topham-HIP/The Image Works, (c)Laurie Platt Winfrey, (r)Seattle 335 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 338–339 Richard T. Nowitz/ Art Museum/CORBIS; 424 (t)National Museum of Taipei, CORBIS; 341 akg-images/Orsi Battaglini; 343 Nathan Benn CORBIS; (b)J. Bertrand/Photo Researchers; 425 James L. Stanfield; 344 (l)Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY, (r)Scala 426 Werner Forman Archive; 427 (t)Kadokawa/Ancient Art & Art Resource, NY; 345 (l)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (r)Tate Architecture Collection, (b)Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France/ Gallery, London/Art Resource, NY; 346 (t)Elio Ciol/CORBIS, Bridgeman Art Library; 428 The Bodleian Library, Oxford, (b)Scala/Art Resource, NY; 347 Louvre, Paris/Bridgeman Art Ms. Bodl. 264, fol.219R; 429 Hulton/Getty Images; 431 Christie’s Library; 348 The New York Public Library/Art Resource, NY; Images/CORBIS; 432 SEF/Art Resource, NY; 433 ChinaStock; 349 (t)Danita Delimont/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, 434 ChinaStock; 435 The Art Archive; 436 Bonhams, London, (b)Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Art Resouce, NY; 350 akg UK/Bridgeman Art Library; 437 Laurie Platt Winfrey; images/Orsi Battaglini; 353 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 356 Cott Nero 440–441 Peter Adams/Getty Images; 443 Werner Forman/Art DIV f.25v Portrait of St. Matthew/British Library, London/ Resource, NY; 445 (t)Christine Osborne/Lonely Planet Images, Bridgeman Art Library; 357 (t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (b)Alinari/ (tc)Frans Lemmens/Getty Images, (bc)Brand X Pictures, Art Resource, NY; 359 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 360 (t)Scala/Art (b)Michael Dwyer Stock Boston/PictureQuest; 449 Volkmar Kurt Resource, NY, (b)Michael Holford; 362 (l)Galleria dell’ Accademia, Wentzel/National Geographic Society Image Collection; Florence, Italy/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)PRAT/CORBIS; 363 C.M. 450 (l)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY, (c)The Metropolitan Dixon/Photo Resources; 364 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 365 Cott Museum of Art, The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Nero DIV f.25v Portrait of St. Matthew/British Library, London/ Gift of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1964 (1978.412.310), (r)The British Bridgeman Art Library; 368–369 Nabeel Turner/Getty Images; Museum, London/Bridgeman Art Library; 452 (t)Nik Wheeler/ Acknowledgements 371 Paul Dupuy Museum, Toulouse, France/Lauros-Giraudon, CORBIS, (b)Merilyn Thorold/Bridgeman Art Library; 453 MIT Paris/SuperStock; 373 (l)DiMaggio/Kalish/CORBIS, (r)Kevin Collection/ CORBIS; 461 (t)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY, Fleming/CORBIS; 375 Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris/Bridgeman (b)HIP/Scala/Art Resource, NY; 462 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; Art Library; 376 (t)C. Hellier Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, 464 Charles & Josette Lenars/ CORBIS; 465 Giraudon/Art (b)George Chan/Photo Researchers; 377 (l)AFP/CORBIS, Resource, NY; 466 (t)Courtesy Museum of Maritimo (Barcelona); (r)ARAMCO; 380 The Art Archive/Hazem Palace Damascus/Dagli Ramon Manent/CORBIS, (b)Steven Rothfeld/Getty Images;

1008 Acknowledgements 1006-1010_EM_869371 9/23/04 6:04 PM Page 1009

470 Jason Laure; 471 (t)National Maritime Museum, London, (bcl)Timothy McCarthy/Art Resource, NY, (bcr)SuperStock, (b)Maggie Steber CORBIS SABA; 472 Art Resource, NY; (br)The Art Archive/National History Museum Mexico 473 Michael Holford; 474 (l)Dennis Wisken/Lonely Planet Images, City/Dagli Orti; 567 (t to b)SuperStock, Dave G. Houser/CORBIS, (r)Lawrence Migdale/Getty Images; 475 (l)Werner Forman/Art Buddy Mays/CORBIS, (l to r)Victoria & Albert Museum, Resource, NY, (r)Andy Sacks/Getty Images; 476 Jason Laure; London/Art Resource, NY, National Portrait Gallery, London/ 477 Jason Laure; 480–481 Orion Press/Getty Images; 485 Masao SuperStock, National Portrait Gallery, London, North Wind Hayashi/Dunq/Photo Researchers; 486 (l)Scala/Art Resource, Picture Archives; 568–569 Robert Fried; 571 HIP/Scala/Art NY, (cl)The Art Archive, (others)Sakamoto Photo Research Resource, NY; 573 file photo; 575 Werner Forman/Art Resource, Laboratory/CORBIS; 487 Asian Art & Archaeology/CORBIS; NY; 576 (l)Bowers Museum of Cultural Art/CORBIS, (r)David 489 (t)Art Resource, NY, (b)mediacolor’s Alamy Images; Hiser/Getty Images; 577 Nathan Benn/CORBIS; 579 (t)Charles & 490 Frederic A. Silva/Lonely Planet Images; 492 Angelo Hornak/ Josette Lenars/CORBIS, (c)Dewitt Jones/CORBIS, (b)Richard A. CORBIS; 493 (t)AFP/CORBIS, (b)Tom Wagner/Odyssey Cooke CORBIS; 580 (l)Richard A. Cooke/CORBIS, (r)Mark Productions; 495 Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; Burnett; 581 Jim Wark Index Stock; 583 Doug Stern & Enrico 496 Bettmann CORBIS; 497 Dave Bartruff/The Image Works; Ferorelli/National Geographic Society Image Collection; 499 Nicholas Devore III Photograhers/Aspen/PictureQuest; 584 Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS; 585 (tl)Boltin Picture Library, 500 (l)Private Collection, Paul Freeman Bridgeman Art Library, (c)Michel Zabe/Museo Templo Mayor, (br)Museum of Ethnology, (r)Keren Su/CORBIS; 501 (l)T. Iwamiya/Photo Researchers, Vienna; 586 Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS; 587 (r)E.T. Archive, (r)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY; 502 (t)Mary Evans Picture (others)Michel Zabe/Museo Templo Mayor; 588 akg-images/ Library, (b)Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library; 503 Erich Ulrich Zillmann; 589 (t)The Art Archive/Museo Pedro de Osma Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 505 Mary Evans Picture Library; Lima/Mireille Vautier, (b)Jeremy Horner Getty Images; 508–509 Greg Gawlowski Lonley Planet Images; 511 Museo del 591 (l)Addison Doty/Morning Star Gallery, (r)J. Warden Prado, Madrid, Spain/Giraudon, Paris SuperStock; 515 Scala/Art SuperStock; 594 The City of Plainfield, NJ; 595 (l)Mary Evans Resource, NY; 516 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 517 (t)Ali Picture Library, (r)Dave Bartruff/CORBIS; 596 (l)The Oakland Meyer/CORBIS, (b)Vanni/Art Resource, NY; 518 Private Museum, (others)Biblioteca Colombina, Sevilla, Spain; Collection Bridgeman Art Library; 519 Hulton/Getty Images; 597 HIP/Scala/Art Resource, NY; 598 (t)Archivo Iconografico, 520 (l)Abbey of Montioliveto Maggiore, Sienna/E.T. Archives, S.A./CORBIS, (b)The Art Archive/National History Museum London/SuperStock, (c)Jim Zuckerman/CORBIS, (r)Ronald Mexico City/Dagli Orti; 599 Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY; Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; 526 Scala/ 601 Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS; 604–605 Bill Ross/CORBIS; Art Resource, NY; 528 (l)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (r)Guildhall 607 Musee du Louvre, Paris Giraudon, Paris/SuperStock; Library, Corporation of London, UK/Bridgeman Art Library; 610 akg-images; 611 Palazzo Ducale, Mantua, Italy/M. Magliari/ 529 (l)Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS, (r)Ancient Art & Bridgeman Art Library, London/SuperStock; 612 Scala Art Architecture Collection; 530 (l)akg-images, (r)Ronald Sheridan/ Resource, NY; 613 (l)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (r)Kindra Clineff/ Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; 531 akg-images; Index Stock; 614 Archiv/Photo Researchers; 615 Araldo de 532 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 533 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, Luca/CORBIS; 616 Super-Stock; 617 Archivo Iconografico, S.A./ NY; 535 Tom Lovell/National Geographic Society Image CORBIS; 618 (cr)Erich Lessing Art Resource, NY, (r)Art Resource, Collection; 536 (l)Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art NY, (others)Mary Evans Picture Library; 619 (l)Maiman Rick/ Resource, NY, (r)John Neubauer/PhotoEdit; 537 Ronald CORBIS Sygma, (r)Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library; Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; 539 Jim 620 The Pierpont Morgan Library/Art Resource, NY; 621 (l)The Brandenburg/Minden Pictures; 541 (l)Archivo Iconografico, Art Archive Manoir du Clos Luce/Dagli Orti, (c)Baldwin H. Ward S.A./CORBIS, (r)Robert W. Nicholson/National Geographic & Kathryn C. Ward CORBIS, (r)Alinari Archives/CORBIS; Society Image Collection; 542 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 545 Scala 622 (t)Timothy McCarthy/Art Resource, NY, (b)Musee du Louvre, Art Resource, NY; 546 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 547 Borromeo/ Paris/Giraudon, Paris/SuperStock; 623 Vatican Museums & Art Resource, NY; 549 (l)Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, Galleries, Rome/Canali PhotoBank; 624 Erich Lessing Art (tr)akg-images/Schutze Rodemann, (br)SuperStock; Resource, NY; 626 Snark/Art Resource, NY; 634 Scala/Art 550 Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Photo ©Bildarchiv Preussicher Resource, NY; 635 (t)Michael Hampshire/National Geographic Kulturbesitz; 551 (t)Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas, Robert Society Image Collection, (b)Sammlungen des Stiftes,

Lee Memorial Collection, gift of Sarah C. Blaffer/Bridgeman Art Klosterneuburg, Austria/Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; Acknowledgements Library, (b)The Art Archive/Dagli Orti; 554 Museo del Prado, 636 akg-images; 637 (l)Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz Art Madrid, Spain Giraudon, Paris/SuperStock; 556 A. Woolfitt/ Resource, NY, (r)Getty Images; 638 (t)SuperStock, (b)Dave G. Woodfin Camp & Assoc. PictureQuest; 562 (t)Laurie Platt Winfrey, Houser CORBIS; 640 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; (b)The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Michael C. Rockefeller 641 Hulton/Getty Images; 643 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; Memorial Collection, Gift of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1964 644 Mary Evans Picture Library; 646 (t)Nik Wheeler/CORBIS, (1978.412.310); 563 (cw from top)Scala/Art Resource, NY, Erich (b)CORBIS; 647 (t)Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Art Lessing Art Resource, NY, Vanni/Art Resource, NY, Private Resource, NY, (b)The Art Archive/Chateau de Blois/Dagli Orti; Collection, Paul Freeman Bridgeman Art Library, Seattle Art 648 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 649 (t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, Museum/CORBIS, The British Museum, London/Bridgeman Art (b)Michael Holford; 651 The Pierpont Morgan Library/Art Library, CORBIS; 564 (t)akg-images/Ulrich Zillmann, (cl)The Resource, NY; 654–655 Buddy Mays/CORBIS; 657 (t)Hermitage, Pierpont Morgan Library/Art Resource, NY, (cr)Vatican Museums St. Petersburg, Russia/Bridgeman Art Library, (b)Michael & Galleries, Rome/Fratelli Alinari/SuperStock, (bl)Peabody Holford; 659 (t)Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA, Essex Museum, Salem, MA, (br)North Wind Picture Archives; (c)SuperStock, (b)Michael Holford; 660 Bettmann/CORBIS; 565 (t)Christie’s Images/CORBIS, (c)National Portrait Gallery, 663 (l)The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of J. Pierpont London/SuperStock, (bl)Bluestone Production/SuperStock, Morgan, 1900(00.18.2), (cl)Stock Montage, (c)Collection of The (br)Independence National Historical Park; 566–567 ©Worldsat New-York Historical Society, (cr)Reunion des Musees International Inc. 2004, All Rights Reserved; 566 (t)Jeremy Nationaux/Art Resource, NY, (r)North Wind Picture Archives; Horner/Getty Images, (c)David Hiser/Getty Images, (bl)The Art 664 National Maritime Museum, London; 665 National Portrait Archive/Museo Pedro de Osma Lima/Mireille Vautier, Gallery, London SuperStock; 666 Reunion des Musees

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Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 671 Scala/Art Resource, NY; Art Resource, NY; 774 Bettmann/CORBIS; 775 (l)Hulton-Deutsch 672 Louvre, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library; 673 Bettmann/ Collection/CORBIS, (r)Derek M. Allan; Travel Ink/CORBIS; CORBIS; 674 (l)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (r)Denis Scott/CORBIS; 776 (t)Keystone, Paris/Sygma, (b)Bettmann/CORBIS; 777 Courtesy 675 Jean-Leon Huens/National Geographic Society Image of the United States Naval Academy Museum; 779 Culver Pictures; Collection; 677 (t)North Wind Picture Archives, (b)Mike Southern; 782 (l)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)CORBIS; 783 Bettmann/CORBIS; Eye Ubiquitous/CORBIS; 679 Snark/Art Resource, NY; 785 Imperial War Museum; 788 Bettmann/CORBIS; 681 Bettmann/CORBIS; 682 Stefano Bianchetti CORBIS; 791 Bettmann/CORBIS; 793 Bettmann/CORBIS; 794 CORBIS; 683 (t)National Portrait Gallery, London, (b)Bettmann/CORBIS; 795 (t)Bettmann/CORBIS, (b)Pete Turnley/CORBIS; 796 Bettmann/ 684 (l)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY, (r)Erich Lessing/Art CORBIS; 800–801 Bettmann/CORBIS; 803 J.A. Mills/AP/Wide Resource, NY; 685 Tate Gallery, London/Art Resource, NY; World Photos; 805 (l r)Bettmann/CORBIS; 806 Bettmann/ 686 Mozart Museum, Prague, Czech Republic, Giraudon/ CORBIS; 807 Bettmann/CORBIS; 808 L’Illustration/Sygma/ Bridgeman Art Library; 687 (t)The Art Archive/Society Of The CORBIS; 809 Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; 810 Hulton- Friends Of Music Vienna/Dagli Orti, (b)akg-images/SuperStock; Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; 812 Bettmann/CORBIS; 815 Bettmann/ 688 (l)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY, (r)Reunion des Musees CORBIS; 816 The Library of Congress; 817 (t)Hulton Archive/ Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 689 (l)Michael Holford, Getty Images, (b)Bettmann/CORBIS; 826 Bettmann/CORBIS; (r)Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia Bridgeman Art Library; 827 CORBIS; 828 CORBIS; 829 National Geographic Society; 692 Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities; 832 AP/Wide World Photos; 833 AP/Wide World Photos; 693 Private Collection/Picture Research Consultants; 696 (c)The 835 Black Star; 836 (tl tr)Bettmann/CORBIS, (b)Lester Cole/ Royal Collection, ©Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, (others)The CORBIS; 837 Bettmann/CORBIS; 840 Prache-Lewin/Sygma/ Library of Congress; 697 North Wind Picture Archives; CORBIS; 841 CORBIS; 843 Bettmann/CORBIS; 844 J.A. Mills/ 698 ©Virginia Historical Society. All Rights Reserved; 699 Frances AP/Wide World Photos; 846 Bettmann/CORBIS; 848 (tl r)Bettmann/ Tavern Museum, New York, NY; 701 Michael Holford; CORBIS, (br)Charles Bonnay/TimePix; 850 Black Star; 851 Bettmann/ 704 (t)Vatican Museums & Galleries, Rome/Canali PhotoBank, CORBIS; 856–857 CORBIS; 859 Courtesy Ronald Reagan Library; (b)Boltin Picture Library; 705 (tl)Werner Forman/Art Resource, 863 Bettmann/CORBIS; 864 (l c)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)CORBIS; NY, (tc)Scala Art Resource, NY, (tr)Betmann/CORBIS, (bl)Michel 865 (t)Annie Griffiths Belt/CORBIS, (b)Pablo San Juan/CORBIS; Zabe Art Resource, NY, (bc)The Pierpont Morgan Library/Art 866 Bettmann/CORBIS; 867 (l)The Bridgeman Art Library, Resource, NY, (br)©Virginia Historical Society. All Rights (r)Ricardo Azoury/CORBIS; 871 CORBIS; 872 Louis Gubb/ Reserved; 706 (t)Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, JB Pictures; 873 Reuters/Mike Hutchings/Archive Photos; NY, (b)The Royal Pavilion Libraries and Museums, Brighton and 877 Bettmann/CORBIS; 878 (t)Leonard DeRaemy/Sygma/ Howe; 707 (tl)Mary Evans Picture Library, (tr)London Aerial CORBIS, (b)CORBIS; 879 UPPA/Photoreporters; 881 Wally Photo Library/CORBIS, (cl)Bridgeman Art Library, (cr)Archive McNamee/CORBIS; 882 Courtesy Ronald Reagan Library; Photo/Express News/D.E.1, (bl)CORBIS, (br)CORBIS; 883 (l)Bernard Bisson & Thierry Orban/Sygma/CORBIS, 708–709 Worldsat International Inc. 2004, All Rights Reserved; (r)Reuters/CORBIS; 884 Chris Rainier/CORBIS; 885 Bettmann/ 708 (t)Robert Holmes/CORBIS, (c)CORBIS, (bl)Erich Lessing/Art CORBIS; 888 Doug Martin; 889 Ed Kashi/CORBIS; 890 Bojan Resource, NY, (blc)Christie’s Images/CORBIS, (brc)Hulton/ Brecelj/CORBIS; 892 Robert Clark/Aurora Quanta; 898 (l)Archive Archive by Getty Images, (br)Bettmann/CORBIS; 709 (t)Black Photo, (lc)Collection of Stuart S. Corning. Photo: Rob Huntley/ Star, (c)Chris Rainier/CORBIS, (b)CORBIS, (bl bcl bcr)Bettmann/ Lightstream, (rc)Black Star, (r)Bernard Bisson & Thierry Orban/ CORBIS, (br)Reuters/Mike Hutchings/Archive Photos; Sygma/CORBIS; 899 (t)Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS, 710–711 PICIMPACT/CORBIS; 713 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, (tc)Mongerson-Wunderlich Gallery, Chicago, (bc)NASA, (b)CORBIS; NY; 716 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 717 AKG, Berlin/ 900 (bkgd)CORBIS, (l)Picture Finders Ltd. eStock, (r)Sylvain SuperStock; 718 (l)Stock Montage, (c)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY, Grandadam/Getty Images; 901 CORBIS; 930 Getty Images; (r)Photo Researchers; 719 Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art 931 Egyptian National Museum, Cairo/SuperStock; 932 Scala/ Resource, NY; 720 Robert Holmes/CORBIS; 721 Erich Lessing/ Art Resource, NY; 933 SuperStock; 934 Vanni/Art Resource, NY; Art Resource, NY; 723 Austrian Information Service; 726 Archive 935 Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Art Resource, NY; Photos; 727 Bettmann/CORBIS; 729 The Library of Congress; 936 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 938 Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 732 (l)Bettmann/CORBIS, (r)Mary Evans Picture Library; 939 Mary Evans Picture Library; 940 Biblioteca Colombina, Sevilla, 733 Bettmann/CORBIS; 734 (l)Mary Evans Picture Library, (r)Jose Spain; 941 (l)Art Resource, NY, (r)National Portrait Gallery, London/ Luis Pelaez/CORBIS; 735 Culver Pictures; 736 Explorer, Paris/ SuperStock; 942 J.A. Mills/AP/Wide World Photos; 943 Bettmann/ SuperStock; 737 (l)SuperStock, (r)Christie’s Images/CORBIS; CORBIS 738 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 740 (t)Art Resource, NY, (b)Hulton/Archive by Getty Images; 741 Bettmann/CORBIS; 742 Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; 743 Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; 745 London Aerial Photo Library/CORBIS; One-Stop Internet Resources 748 (t)Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS, (b)Bettmann/CORBIS; This textbook contains one-stop Internet resources for teachers, students, and parents. Log on to jat.glencoe.com for more information. 750 (t)Christie’s Images/CORBIS, (b)Pablo Corral/CORBIS; Online study tools include Chapter Overviews, Self-Check Quizzes, an 751 Mongerson-Wunderlich Gallery, Chicago; 752 (t b)Brown Interactive Tutor, and E-Flashcards. Online research tools include Brothers, (l r)Bettmann/CORBIS; 753 CORBIS; 758–759 CORBIS; Student Web Activities, Beyond the Textbook Features, Current Events, 761 Bettmann/CORBIS; 763 Roger Viollet/Liaison/Getty Images; Web Resources, and State Resources. The interactive online student 764 (tl)Bridgeman Art Library, (tr)Laurie Platt Winfrey, Inc., edition includes the complete Interactive Student Edition along with textbook updates. Especially for teachers, Glencoe offers an online Acknowledgements (b)North Wind Picture Archives; 766 Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Teacher Forum, Web Activity Lesson Plans, and Literature Connections. CORBIS; 768 Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; 772 Bridgeman/

1010 Acknowledgements