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ELITES, POWER SOURCES and DEMOCRACY by DENZ YETKN
ELITES, POWER SOURCES AND DEMOCRACY by DEN İZ YETK İN Submitted to the Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University 2008 ELITES, POWER SOURCES AND DEMOCRACY APPROVED BY: Asst. Prof. Dr.Nedim Nomer: ……………………. (Dissertation Supervisor) Prof. Sabri Sayarı: ……………………. Prof. Tülay Artan: ……………………. DATE OF APPROVAL: …………………… To my parents... © Deniz Yetkin 2008 All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………vi Abstract...……………………………………………………………………………..…vii Özet…….……………………………………………………………………………….viii INTRODUCTION .…………………………………………………….......…………....1 CHAPTER 1..……………………………………………………………………………6 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF ELITE DISCUSSION 1.1 Machiavelli and His Followers……………………………………………....7 1.2 The Classical Elite Theorists……………………………………………......8 1.2.1 Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) and the ‘Governing Elite’…………..…….....8 1.2.2 Gaetano Mosca (1858- 1941) and the ‘Ruling Class’……….………...….21 1.2.3 Robert Michels (1876-1936) and the ‘Dominant Class’……………...…..23 1.2.4 C. Wright Mills (1916-1962) and ‘The Power Elite’………..……………26 1.3 Who are Elites? ……………………………………………………………30 CHAPTER 2 ..……………………………………………………………….………….32 POWER SOURCES, POWER SCOPE OF ELITES, AND THE POSSIBILITY OF DEMOCRACY 2.1 Power and Democracy in Classical Elite Theories...……………………….33 2.2. A New Approach to Elites, Power Sources and Democracy...…………….38 CONCLUSION ..……………………………………………………………………….47 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………….……..49 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my thesis supervisor Asst. Prof. Nedim Nomer. I believe that without his support and guidance the writing of this thesis would have been difficult. Moreover, I am grateful to Prof. Sabri Sayarı and Prof. Tülay Artan for their precious comments. Apart from academic realm, I also would like to thank all my friends: I am grateful to my friends at Sabancı University for making my study enjoyable. -
Seven Atheisms
SEVEN ATHEISMS Andrew Walker SEVEN ATHEISMS Exploring the varieties of atheism in John Gray’s book Seven Types of Atheism Andrew Walker Emeritus Professor of Theology, Culture and Education, King’s College London Christian Evidence Society christianevidence.org Text copyright © Andrew Walker 2019 Published by the Christian Evidence Society, London, 2019 christianevidence.com All rights reserved Editing and design: Simon Jenkins Cover photograph by PhotoDu.de / CreativeDomainPhotography.com. Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license Contents Introduction 5 The seven atheisms 19th century atheism 6 Secular humanism 8 Science as religion 12 Modern politicial religion 15 God-haters 18 Atheism without progress 22 The atheism of silence 25 Conclusion 27 Index 30 Introduction John Gray’s Seven Types of Atheism (Allen Lane, 2018) is an important book for both religious and non-religious readers. John Gray, who describes himself as an atheist, is nevertheless critical of most versions of atheism. His attitude to atheism is the same as his attitude to certain types of religion. This attitude is predicated upon Gray’s conviction that human beings are intrinsically dissatisfied and unpredictable creatures who can never get along with each other for any length of time. His view is based on a reading of human nature that sails close to the wind of the Christian concept of original sin, and is out of step with most modern forms of atheism. In particular, Gray is allergic to any forms of cultural progress in human behaviour especially if they are couched in positivistic or evolutionary terms. 5 ATHEISM 1 19th century atheism Gray sets out his stall in his first chapter, ‘The New Atheism: A Nineteenth- century Orthodoxy’. -
REVOLUTION GOES EAST Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University
REVOLUTION GOES EAST Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University The Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute of Columbia University were inaugu rated in 1962 to bring to a wider public the results of significant new research on modern and contemporary East Asia. REVOLUTION GOES EAST Imperial Japan and Soviet Communism Tatiana Linkhoeva CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA AND LONDON This book is freely available in an open access edition thanks to TOME (Toward an Open Monograph Ecosystem)—a collaboration of the Association of American Universities, the Association of University Presses, and the Association of Research Libraries—and the generous support of New York University. Learn more at the TOME website, which can be found at the following web address: openmono graphs.org. The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International: https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0. To use this book, or parts of this book, in any way not covered by the license, please contact Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. Visit our website at cornellpress. cornell.edu. Copyright © 2020 by Cornell University First published 2020 by Cornell University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Linkhoeva, Tatiana, 1979– author. Title: Revolution goes east : imperial Japan and Soviet communism / Tatiana Linkhoeva. Description: Ithaca [New York] : Cornell University Press, 2020. | Series: Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019020874 (print) | LCCN 2019980700 (ebook) | ISBN 9781501748080 (pbk) | ISBN 9781501748097 (epub) | ISBN 9781501748103 (pdf) Subjects: LCSH: Communism—Japan—History—20th century. -
The English Republic
72 The English Republic DOROTHY THOMPSON By the second half of the eighteenth century, England must have seemed the European country most likely to dispense with monarchical and aristo- cratic government. English kings had been by-passed, dethroned, even decapitated for the protection of the protestant faith and the sanctity of parliamentary government. Legitmacy in English monarchs came second to adhesion to acceptable political and religious views. The ruling house of Hanover was unpopular with many sections of the populace, a populace notorious for its and unruly and levelling behaviour. A cheap and expanding press fed a sophisticated and organised public opinion among the lower orders. In 1779 increasing concern with political and clerical authority errupted into major riots against catholic relief and against the refusal of parliament to modify the relief bill in response to mass petitioning. The riots, which took the name of the instigator of the petitions, Lord George Gordon, also took in attacks on poll booths and prisons, the symbols of state power. Two hundred people perished in the military confrontation by which the rioters were brought to heel, and other European states, particularly France, where central control and policing were more powerful, looked on in horror. By the opening of the twentieth century, however, the death of a monarch brought hundreds of thousands of mourners into the streets in England, and by the close of that century Britain was one among a group of north European countries in which a stable democracy existed under a monarchical system. It is one of the curious aspects of British history that there has not been in England, at least since the seventeenth century, a republican party. -
Notes and References
Notes and References Front and Introduction 1. Hu Yaobang's interview with Selig Harrison, Far Eastern Economic Review, 26 July 1986. 2. Ma Ying-cheou's interview with the author, Taipei, June 1989. 1 Geography and Early History On Taiwan's topography, see Anon. (1960) and Hseih (1964). On pre-history, see Chai (1967), Davidson (1988) and God dard (1966). Early contacts with the mainland Davidson (1988), Goddard (1966) and Reischauer and Fair bank (1958). Early foreign contacts Davidson (1988), Goddard (1966), Hsu (1970) and Reischauer and Fairbank (1958). Taiwan under the Dutch Campbell (1903), Davidson (1988) and Goddard (1966). The Koxinga interregnum Croizier (1977), Hsu (1970) and Kessler (1976). The 'Wild East' Davidson (1988), Goddard (1966) and Gold (1986). Taiwan joins international politics Broomhall (1982), Davidson (1988), Hibbert (1970), Hsu (1970), Wang and Hao (1980) and Yen (1965). Early modernisation Goddard (1966), Gold (1986) and Kerr (1974). 246 Notes 247 The Japanese annexation Davidson (1988), Hsu (1970), Jansen (1980), Kerr (1974), Li (1956), Reischauer and Fairbank (1958), Smith and Liu (1980) and Wang and Hao (1980). Taiwan under the Japanese Behr (1989), Davidson (1988), Gold (1986), Ho (1978), Kerr (1974) and Mendel (1970). REFERENCES l. The 'Dragon Myth' is cited in Davidson (1988). 2. Quoted in Campbell (1903). 3. Quoted in Hsu (1970). 4. Quoted in Gold (1986). 5. Quoted in Davidson (1988). 6. Fairbank (1972). 2 The Kuomintang The Kuomintang in 1945 Belden (1973), Bianco (1971), China White Paper (1967), Harrison (1976), Kerr (1974), Loh (1965), Seagrave (1985) and Tuchman (1972). Sun Yat-sen and the origins of the KMT Bianco (1971), Chan (1976), Creel (1953), Fairbank (1987), Gold (1986), Harrison (1976), Hsu (1970), Isaacs (1951), Schiffrin (1968), Spence (1982) and Tan (1971). -
20 JOMSA Only Foreign Head of State to Receive the Award Was the Taisho Emperor of Japan
(“Grand Merit Order”) instead of Da Bao Zhang (“Grand President Yuan on the anniversary of the Wuchang Precious Order”). Uprising but declined by Sun The sash for the sash badge (Figure 8) was Imperial • Li Yuanhong – awarded October 10, 1912 by President Yuan to Vice President Li on the anniversary of the yellow) and was worn over the left shoulder.21 The Wuchang Uprising insignia was to be worn on formal dress although it could also be worn with informal attire where required • The Taisho Emperor of Japan – awarded November for diplomacy.22 10, 1915 by President Yuan • Feng Guozhang (Figure 9) – awarded July 6, 1917 by President Li Yuanhong to Vice President Feng • Xu Shichang (Figure 10) – awarded October 10, 1918 by President Xu Shichang to himself on the anniversary of the Wuchang Uprising • Duan Qirui – awarded September 15, 1919 by President Xu Shichang to Premier Duan Qirui • Cao Kun (Figure 11)– awarded October 10, 1923 by President Cao Kun to himself on the anniversary of the Wuchang Uprising • Zhang Zuolin – awarded around 1927 by Zhang Zuolin to himself as Grand Marshal of China24 Seven were presidents (or equivalent, in the case of Zhang Zuolin). Notwithstanding the 1912 Decree, the Grand Order was also awarded to vice-presidents and premiers Figure 8: Illustration of the Republican Grand Order sash badge reverse with the name of the Order (Da Xun Zhang, 大勋章) in seal script. Compare the characters to that of the Imperial Grand Order in Figure 5 (www.gmic.co.uk). The regulations provided for the surrender or return of the insignia upon the death of the recipient, or upon conviction of criminal or other offences.23 Given the chaotic times of the early Republic, this did not necessarily occur in practice. -
Republicanism in Nineteenth Century England
NORBERT J. GOSSMAN REPUBLICANISM IN NINETEENTH CENTURY ENGLAND To one familiar with the attitude of "near devotion" accorded the monarchy by the majority of Englishmen today, it may come as a shock to discover a lack of this devotion in mid-Victorian England. A sampling of comments from the radical press is a striking example. Trie-regular arrival of Victoria's progeny evoked this impious sug gestion in the Northern Star: That, rather than reciting national prayers of thanksgiving, congregations should sing "hymns of despair for their misfortune in being saddled with another addition to the brood of royal Cormorants." 1 The National Reformer referred to "our good kind, and dear Queen, who... could easily dispense with the allowance which her loyal subjects make her... unless she desires to be the last of England's monarchs..." 2 Yet criticism of Victoria was mild in comparison with the criticism directed toward her immediate predecessors. Upon the death of George IV in June 1830, the Times had the following comment: "The truth is... that there never was an individual less regretted by his fellow- creatures than this deceased King... If George IV ever had a friend, a devoted friend - in any rank of life - we protest that the name of him or her has not yet reached us." 3 This attitude toward the monarchy can be explained partly by the personalities of some of the Hanoverians - George IV, for example, 4 partly by objections to the growing expense of monarchy, but it might also be explained by the feeling in some radical circles that the institution of monarchy was incompatible with the growth of demo cracy. -
Transnational Mathematics and Movements: Shiing- Shen Chern, Hua Luogeng, and the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study from World War II to the Cold War1
Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology 3 (2), 118–165 (2019) doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1461.2019.02118 Transnational Mathematics and Movements: Shiing- shen Chern, Hua Luogeng, and the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study from World War II to the Cold War1 Zuoyue Wang 王作跃,2 Guo Jinhai 郭金海3 (California State Polytechnic University, Pomona 91768, US; Institute for the History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China) Abstract: This paper reconstructs, based on American and Chinese primary sources, the visits of Chinese mathematicians Shiing-shen Chern 陈省身 (Chen Xingshen) and Hua Luogeng 华罗庚 (Loo-Keng Hua)4 to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in the United States in the 1940s, especially their interactions with Oswald Veblen and Hermann Weyl, two leading mathematicians at the IAS. It argues that Chern’s and Hua’s motivations and choices in regard to their transnational movements between China and the US were more nuanced and multifaceted than what is presented in existing accounts, and that socio-political factors combined with professional-personal ones to shape their decisions. The paper further uses their experiences to demonstrate the importance of transnational scientific interactions for the development of science in China, the US, and elsewhere in the twentieth century. Keywords: Shiing-shen Chern, Chen Xingshen, Hua Luogeng, Loo-Keng Hua, Institute for 1 This article was copy-edited by Charlie Zaharoff. 2 Research interests: History of science and technology in the United States, China, and transnational contexts in the twentieth century. He is currently writing a book on the history of American-educated Chinese scientists and China-US scientific relations. -
The Ideological Explorations of Chinese Communist Party and Chinese Kuomintang on Peacefully and Democratically Founding a New China
ISSN 1712-8056[Print] Canadian Social Science ISSN 1923-6697[Online] Vol. 11, No. 2, 2015, pp. 111-116 www.cscanada.net DOI: 10.3968/6229 www.cscanada.org The Ideological Explorations of Chinese Communist Party and Chinese Kuomintang on Peacefully and Democratically Founding a New China WU Kan[a],* [a]School of Marxism, Southwest University, Chongqing, China. launched an intense contest on the new procedures of the *Corresponding author. ideology of founding a democratic country. However, for Received 20 November 2014; accepted 12 January 2015 the studies on the Political Consultative Conference, the Published online 26 February 2015 academia usually analyzed from the view of multi-party cooperation, but seldom involved the explorations of CCP Abstract and KMT on the new procedure mode of peacefully and During the old Political Consultative Conference, Chinese democratically founding a new China, and even some Communist Party (CCP) and Chinese Kuomintang (KMT) scholars mentioned this, they didn’t give much details both raised the idea of peacefully and democratically and specific analysis. This paper makes an analysis of founding a new China, that is, under the condition of CCP and KMT’s explorations on the new procedures of peace, to draw up the draft constitution, determine the peacefully and democratically founding a new China from principle of universal suffrage, hold a national people’s the perspectives of history, politics and law. conference, and eventually establish a democratic constitutional coalition government; however, on the specific procedures, the two parties had quite different 1. CCP AND KMT’S PROPOSALS OF founding ideologies. The old Political Consultative PEACEFULLY AND DEMOCRATICALLY Conference is a judgment to the political wisdom of both sides. -
Title MARX and PARETO on SCIENCE and HISTORY: a COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Sub Title Author TARASCIO, VINCENT J
Title MARX AND PARETO ON SCIENCE AND HISTORY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Sub Title Author TARASCIO, VINCENT J. Publisher Keio Economic Society, Keio University Publication year 1972 Jtitle Keio economic studies Vol.9, No.2 (1972. ) ,p.23- 35 Abstract Notes Genre Journal Article URL http://koara.lib.keio.ac.jp/xoonips/modules/xoonips/detail.php?koara_id=AA00260492-19720002- 0023 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) MARX AND PARETO ON SCIENCE AND HISTORY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS VINCENT J. TARASCIO INTRODUCTION This paper is essentially a comparative analysis of the methodologies of Marx and Pareto. I shall abstract from the doctrines and theories themselves and focus attention on their philosophical underpinnings. This approach re- cognizesthat there is a substructure underlying a theoretical system, a theory of theories, which is more general than the superstructure itself. Hence the basis for differentiating the works of both writers can be found not only in the superstructure, which is most accessible to inquiry, but also the substructure. My choice of Marx and Pareto is threefold. The economic-sociology of both writers is extremely complex and the existing literature devoted to the works of each writer is far from cohesive. Secondly, there are interesting parallels in the works of both writers when viewed from a methodological perspective, although their theoretical systems appear to be quite different. Thirdly, since Pareto was familiar with Marx's work and referred to it in his own writings, there is the additional opportunity to investigate the tatter's influence on the former. The first part of the paper deals with the problem of ethical neutrality in relation to the sociological theories of both writers. -
Retrospectives: Pareto's Law Author(S): Joseph Persky Source: the Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol
American Economic Association Retrospectives: Pareto's Law Author(s): Joseph Persky Source: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Spring, 1992), pp. 181-192 Published by: American Economic Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2138416 Accessed: 25/09/2009 17:45 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=aea. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Economic Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Economic Perspectives. http://www.jstor.org Journal of EconomicPerspectives- Volume6, Number2-Spring 1992-Pages 181-192 Retrospectives Pareto's Law Joseph Persky This feature addresses the history of economic words and ideas. -
The Darkest Red Corner Matthew James Brazil
The Darkest Red Corner Chinese Communist Intelligence and Its Place in the Party, 1926-1945 Matthew James Brazil A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Doctor of Philosophy Department of Government and International Relations Business School University of Sydney 17 December 2012 Statement of Originality This is to certify that to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted previously, either in its entirety or substantially, for a higher degree or qualifications at any other university or institute of higher learning. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources has been acknowledged. Matthew James Brazil i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Before and during this project I met a number of people who, directly or otherwise, encouraged my belief that Chinese Communist intelligence was not too difficult a subject for academic study. Michael Dutton and Scot Tanner provided invaluable direction at the very beginning. James Mulvenon requires special thanks for regular encouragement over the years and generosity with his time, guidance, and library. Richard Corsa, Monte Bullard, Tom Andrukonis, Robert W. Rice, Bill Weinstein, Roderick MacFarquhar, the late Frank Holober, Dave Small, Moray Taylor Smith, David Shambaugh, Steven Wadley, Roger Faligot, Jean Hung and the staff at the Universities Service Centre in Hong Kong, and the kind personnel at the KMT Archives in Taipei are the others who can be named. Three former US diplomats cannot, though their generosity helped my understanding of links between modern PRC intelligence operations and those before 1949.