How to Assess Rangeland Condition in Semiarid Ecosystems?

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How to Assess Rangeland Condition in Semiarid Ecosystems? How to assess rangeland condition in semiarid ecosystems? The indicative value of vegetation in the High Atlas Mountains, Morocco Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln vorgelegt von Gisela Baumann aus Suhl Köln 2009 Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Michael Melkonian Prof. Dr. Michael Bonkowski Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 16. Oktober 2009 Danksagung Ich bedanke mich herzlich bei Herrn Prof. Dr. Michael Melkonian und Herrn Prof. Dr. Michael Bonkowski für die Übernahme der Gutachten im Rahmen dieser Dissertation. Herrn Bonkowski sei ebenfalls gedankt für die Bereitstellung der Laboratorien zur Analyse eines Teils der marokkanischen Bodenproben. Dem IMPETUS Projekt danke ich für die Finanzierung meiner Arbeit. Mein größter Dank gilt Anja Linstädter, der inoffiziellen Betreuerin dieser Arbeit. Sie hat mich konstruktiv durch drei Jahre Doktorarbeitszeit geleitet, nie aufgehört zu Höchstleistungen anzuspornen und immer klug zwischen den Interessen der Doktorandin und denen des Projekts abgewogen. Ohne sie wäre das Kölner Herbarium kein so netter Arbeitsplatz und der schnelle Abschluss der Arbeit nicht möglich gewesen. Vielen Dank für Deine Geduld in Diskussionen und bei den Schlusskorrekturen sowie für Deine Unterstützung bei schwierigen Verhandlungen mit dem ‘Schwesterprojekt’. Ich danke Dr. Manfred Finckh und Anna Augustin für die Zusammenarbeit im Untersuchungsgebiet, die Bereitstellung von Daten und ihre Zugeständnisse bei meiner Feldarbeit innerhalb der Weideausschlusszäune. Manfred verdanke ich unter anderem eine schnelle Einführung in die Flora des Gebietes. Die Ergebnisse der hier vorliegenden Arbeit wären ohne seine jahrelange Forschung in Südmarokko nicht möglich gewesen. In Sachen Flora gilt dem Herbarium in Montpellier, Frankreich, und ihren Mitarbeitern Peter A. Schäfer sowie Joel Mathez mein großer Dank. Sie haben mir drei Wochen lang die Möglichkeit gegeben, das älteste und beste Marokko-Herbar zu Vergleichszwecken zu nutzen, haben mich beherbergt und mir mit ihrer Erfahrung weiter geholfen. Vielen Dank an Pierre Fritzsche für die schönen gemeinsamen Feldaufenthalte, für die Hilfe in Sachen Kartenmaterial, manch verzweifelte Diskussion, vor allem aber für seine Freundschaft und Geduld. ‘Meinem’ Diplomanden Julian Brenner danke ich für die erfolgreiche Zusammenarbeit und die Weitergabe seines umfangreichen Wissens zur multivariaten Statistik. Birgit Kemmerling und Romina Drees danke ich für ihre Kollegialität und Hilfe bei den Schlusskorrekturen. Jenny Eisold sei gedankt für die Weitergabe ihrer Erfahrung und ihres Vorwissens in Sachen Feldarbeit, lokales Wissen und ‘plant functional types’. Wir vier Mädels waren das ‘konstante Element‘ im Kölner Herbarium - vielen Dank für Eure Unterstützung! Meinen marokkanischen Feldassistenten Daoud El Mellali, Redouane Oumouche, Hamid El Mansouri und vor allem Aziz Labdi bin ich zu allergrößtem Dank verpflichtet. Sie haben mich nicht nur bei meinen Feldarbeiten begleitet und dabei bereitwillig geholfen, sie haben auch unablässig Übersetzungsarbeit geleistet und mir dadurch einen ganz besonderen Zugang zu ihrem Land und der Kultur der Berber ermöglicht. Aziz, Dir danke ich von ganzem Herzen für Deine tiefe Freundschaft. Du hast mit/wegen mir am 11. Oktober 2008 Dein Leben aufs Spiel gesetzt. Ohne Dich hätte ich manche Situation nicht durchgehalten, Du hast der teilweise end/sinnlosen Feldarbeit einen rundum fröhlichen Anstrich verliehen. Ich danke den Wächtern der beteiligten IMPETUS-Klimastationen und Weideausschluss-zäune - Abdallah Reddaoui, Hassan Lmkdim, Mohammed Ait Richa, Mohammed Ait Ali, Mohammed Ait Lahsen - und ihren Familien für ihre überbordende Gastfreundschaft und ihre Hilfe bei meiner Arbeit, sei es beim Transport von Materialien, Besorgen von Diesel, Installieren von Käfigen oder einfach dem Knüpfen hilfreicher Beziehungen. Sie haben mich und meine Helfer immer spontan in ihren Häusern aufgenommen und in manchen Fällen wie einen Teil der eigenen Familie behandelt. Vielen Dank! Der marokkanischen IMPETUS-Crew sei gedankt für ihre bereitwillige Hilfe. Jamal Ait El Hadj war ein wahrer Fuchs in Sachen marokkanische Behörden, Genehmigungen und offizielle Kontakte. Abdelsalam, Nour-Eddine und Achmed haben mich aus so mancher verzweifelten Autosituation in den Bergen herausgeholt und mir bei vielen kleinen Wegen in Ouarzazate zur Seite gestanden. Es sei den unverwüstlichen Toyota Hilux Geländewagen für den Transport von Mensch und Material auf Pisten sowie unzähligen Mulis für den Transport von Pflanzen, Wasser, Beton, Zelten usw. über unerreichbare Bergpfade gedankt!!!! Einige IMPETUS Kollegen anderer Fachgebiete haben zum Gelingen dieser Arbeit beigetragen, so zum Beispiel Holger Kirscht, Anna Klose und Oliver Schulz. Weiterhin danke ich den unermüdlichen Helfern Evelyn Oettershagen und Susanne Wargenau im Geographischen Institut sowie dem Team des Bodenkunde-Labors im Institut für Pflanzenernährung, Bonn, insbesondere Angelika Veits, für die Übernahme der Bodenanalysen (über 150 kg). Vielen Dank an meinen Bruder Hannes und Henrik von Wehrden für Diskussionen und Korrekturen. Ich danke weiterhin dem netten Rest meiner Kölner Arbeitsgruppe - Karen, Jan, Agniella, Kristijan und Nico - für ihre freundschaftliche Unterstützung, kleinere Korrekturen und fruchtbare Diskussionen. An dieser Stelle auch herzlichen Dank an meine Kölner WG, die während meiner Marokko-Aufenthalte verschiedene Zwischenmieter ausgehalten und mich vor allem in der Endphase moralisch unterstützt hat. Ein abschließender großer Dank geht an meine Eltern, die ihre Kinder mit einer gehörigen Portion Achtung und Toleranz gegenüber jeder Kultur in dieses Leben entlassen haben. Ich bin sicher, sie haben im Verlaufe dieser Arbeit mit mir gefühlt. Abstract The natural resource base of the world’s drylands is under continuous threat, particularly due to immense population growth, climate and land use change. Since the majority of these ecosystems are used as rangelands for domestic livestock, forage is (beneath drinking water) one of the most required ecosystem goods. For local land users as well as policy-makers it is crucial to quantify the actual supply of forage and try to predict potential limitations in the future. Ecological indicators as easily interpretable surrogates for complex ecological processes play an important role to assess rangeland condition. However, in highly stochastic arid and semiarid ecosystems it is still a challenge to identify reliable indicators detecting anthropogenic change against a background of natural variability. The present dissertation investigates three currently discussed rangeland indicators and their significance along a steep gradient of natural variability in southern Morocco. The research was conducted on four altitudinal levels along the southern slopes of the High Atlas Mountains. The transect represents a steep aridity gradient stretching from arid climate in the Basin of Ouarzazate to subhumid climate in the high mountain areas. First, the production (ANPP) and rain-use efficiency (RUE) of the vegetation was analyzed by means of an ecological field experiment comparing grazed, 1 year and 7 years rested vegetation. It revealed that ANPP and RUE are suitable and relatively ‘fast‘ indicators to quantify the actual supply of forage, but not to detect long-term and irreversible degradation processes. For that, the new parameters ANPPrel and RUErel are suggested, which standardize the production on the amount of initial biomass. In contrast to ANPP and RUE, they focus on the vitality of perennial forage plants which is altered on a longer time scale and allows a better comparison across ecosystems. Second, plant functional types (PFT) were tested as indicators. Particularly response groups and response traits were assembled to quantify grazing impact. In contrast to the initial goals of PFT research, those indicators were shown to be locally limited, since their predictive value was strongly influenced by resource stochasticity (aridity). It is deduced that using response groups and response traits for range assessment in arid and semiarid ecosystem is only reliable if their application is restricted to the local scale. Third, this work examines the local ecological knowledge of nomadic land-users in the research area. An interdisciplinary study among herdsmen of a local Berber fraction discovered that the ‘reliability’ of plants and pastures functions as a local indicator which influences local range management. The ‘reliability’-concept integrates several spatial and temporal scales. It provides a new opportunity to quantify anthropological information and to compare it to ecological data. The present work depicts an important milestone for the application of ecological indicators in range assessment. It is essential for land users and policy-makers to choose the appropriate indicator level not only to economize costs and manpower, but also to reduce bias in indication processes. A combination of several hierarchically operating indicators is suggested for arid and semiarid ecosystems, for example measures of ANPP/RUE to quantify actual forage supply of pastures and ANPPrel/RUErel to detect areas affected by long-term degradation. Results of this work further build a data base for two different vegetation models. In the context of rapid climate and land use change we cannot afford further debates whether environmental changes have been caused by human impact or are just an impression
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